Pope Gregory XI

See also Vicedomino de Vicedominis, a pope-elect who took the name Gregory XI.

Pope Gregory XI

Papacy began	30 December 1370
Papacy ended	27 March 1378
Predecessor	Urban V
Successor	Urban VI (Roman claimant) Clement VII (Avignon claimant)
Orders
Ordination	2 January 1371
Consecration	3 January 1371
Created Cardinal	29 May 1348 by Clement VI
Personal details
Birth name	Pierre Roger de Beaufort
Born	c. 1329 Maumont, Limousin, Kingdom of France
Died	27 March 1378(1378-03-27) Rome, Papal States
Other popes named Gregory

Papal styles of Pope Gregory XI

Reference style	His Holiness
Spoken style	Your Holiness
Religious style	Holy Father
Posthumous style	None

A bolognino of Gregory XI.

Pope Gregory XI (Latin: Gregorius XI; c. 1329 – 27 March 1378) was Pope from 30 December 1370 to his death in 1378.^[1] He was the seventh and last Avignon Pope,^[2] and the most recent French pope.

Biography

He was born Pierre Roger de Beaufort in Maumont in the modern commune of Rosiers-d'Égletons, Limousin, around 1330. The nephew of Pope Clement VI,^[3] he succeeded Pope Urban V at the papal conclave of 1370 and was the seventh and last of the Avignon Popes.

Papacy

During his pontificate, vigorous measures (e.g. burning at the stake, confiscation of property) were taken against proponents of Lollardy which had found acceptance in Germany, England, and other parts of Europe. Efforts were made to reform corrupt practices in the various monastic orders such as collecting fees from persons visiting holy sites and the exhibiting of faux relics of saints.

Gregory confirmed a treaty between Sicily and Naples at Villeneuve-lès-Avignon on 20 August 1372, which brought about a permanent settlement between the rival kingdoms, which were both papal fiefs.^[4]

John Wycliffe's 19 Reformation articles on church-related items as he wrote in his On Civil Dominion ^[5] and 21 proposed reformation articles of Johannes Klenkoka's Decadecon ^[6] were submitted to Pope Gregory XI in the early part of the 1370s. Gregory formally condemned fourteen articles of Decadecon in 1374 ^[7] and nineteen propositions of Wycliffe's On Civil Dominion in 1377.^[5]

His decision to return to Rome on 17 January 1377, is supposedly attributed in part to the stirring words of Catherine of Siena.^[8] This had been attempted by Gregory's predecessor, Urban V, without success. The project was delayed by a conflict between the pope and Florence, known as the War of the Eight Saints. The pope put Florence under interdict during 1376.^[9]

Death

Gregory XI did not long survive this trip, dying on 27 March 1378.^[10] He was buried the following day in the church of Santa Maria Nuova.^[11] After his death the College of Cardinals was pressured by a Roman mob that broke into the voting chamber to force an Italian Pope into the papacy.^[12] The Italian chosen was Urban VI. Soon after being elected, Urban gained the Cardinals' enmity.^[13] The cardinals withdrew from Rome to Fondi, where they annulled their election of Urban and elected a French pope, Clement VII,^[13] before returning to Avignon in 1378.

Subsequently, the Western Schism created by the selection of rival popes forced the people of Europe into a dilemma of papal allegiance. This schism was not resolved fully until the Council of Constance (1414–1418) was called by a group of cardinals. Boldly, the council deposed both current popes and, in 1417, elected Martin V as their successor. The chaos of the Western Schism thus brought about reforming councils and gave them the power over who was elected, replacing (for a time) the College of Cardinals.

Footnotes

↑ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope Gregory XI". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
↑ Richard P. McBrien, Lives of the Popes, (HarperCollins, 2000), 245.
↑ George L. Williams, Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes, (McFarland Company Inc., 1998), 43.
↑ Hayez, Michel (2002). "Gregorio XI, papa". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 59. Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana.
1 2 "The Condemnation of Wycliffe". Plato.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2013-06-23.
↑ "first Quarter of the 14th Century stooping (county Hoya), 1374 Avignon". Deutsche-biographie.de. 2012-06-13. Retrieved 2013-06-23.
↑ Ocker, p. 62
↑ Francis Thomas Luongo, The Saintly Politics of Catherine of Siena, (Cornell University Press, 2006), 25.
↑ Francis Thomas Luongo, The Saintly Politics of Catherine of Siena, xii.
↑ Carol M. Richardson, Reclaiming Rome: Cardinals in the Fifteenth Century, ed. A.J. Vanderjagt, (Brill, 2009), 1.
↑ F Donald Logan, A History of the Church in the Middle Ages, (Routledge, 2002), 308.
↑ Joseph Dahmus, A History of the Middle Ages, (Doubleday Book Co., 1995), 381.
1 2 Joseph Dahmus, A History of the Middle Ages, 381.

References

Hanawalt, G.Barbara. The Middle Ages: An Illustrated History, 1998, Oxford Univ. Press, p. 143
Cairns, E.Earl. Christianity Throughout the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church, 1996, Zondervan, pp. 241 & 248–250
Ocker, Christopher, Johannes Klenkok: a friar's life, c. 1310–1374 , American Philosophical Society, 1993, ISBN 0-87169-835-8

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pope Gregory XI.

Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Urban V	Pope 30 December 1370 – 27 March 1378	Succeeded by Urban VI (Rome claimant) Clement VII (Avignon claimant)

Popes of the Catholic Church

List of popes canonised Tombs extant non-extant Antipope Pope emeritus Papal resignation Pope-elect

1st–4th centuries During the Roman Empire (until 493) including under Constantine (312–337)	Peter Linus Anacletus Clement I Evaristus Alexander I Sixtus I Telesphorus Hyginus Pius I Anicetus Soter Eleuterus Victor I Zephyrinus Callixtus I Urban I Pontian Anterus Fabian Cornelius Lucius I Stephen I Sixtus II Dionysius Felix I Eutychian Caius Marcellinus Marcellus I Eusebius Miltiades Sylvester I Mark Julius I Liberius Damasus I Siricius Anastasius I

5th–8th centuries Ostrogothic Papacy (493–537) Byzantine Papacy (537–752) Frankish Papacy (756–857)	Innocent I Zosimus Boniface I Celestine I Sixtus III Leo I Hilarius Simplicius Felix III Gelasius I Anastasius II Symmachus Hormisdas John I Felix IV Boniface II John II Agapetus I Silverius Vigilius Pelagius I John III Benedict I Pelagius II Gregory I Sabinian Boniface III Boniface IV Adeodatus I Boniface V Honorius I Severinus John IV Theodore I Martin I Eugene I Vitalian Adeodatus II Donus Agatho Leo II Benedict II John V Conon Sergius I John VI John VII Sisinnius Constantine Gregory II Gregory III Zachary Stephen II Paul I Stephen III Adrian I Leo III

9th–12th centuries Papal selection before 1059 Saeculum obscurum (904–964) Crescentii era (974–1012) Tusculan Papacy (1012–1044/1048) Imperial Papacy (1048–1257)	Stephen IV Paschal I Eugene II Valentine Gregory IV Sergius II Leo IV Benedict III Nicholas I Adrian II John VIII Marinus I Adrian III Stephen V Formosus Boniface VI Stephen VI Romanus Theodore II John IX Benedict IV Leo V Sergius III Anastasius III Lando John X Leo VI Stephen VII John XI Leo VII Stephen VIII Marinus II Agapetus II John XII Benedict V Leo VIII John XIII Benedict VI Benedict VII John XIV John XV Gregory V Sylvester II John XVII John XVIII Sergius IV Benedict VIII John XIX Benedict IX Sylvester III Benedict IX Gregory VI Clement II Benedict IX Damasus II Leo IX Victor II Stephen IX Nicholas II Alexander II Gregory VII Victor III Urban II Paschal II Gelasius II Callixtus II Honorius II Innocent II Celestine II Lucius II Eugene III Anastasius IV Adrian IV Alexander III Lucius III Urban III Gregory VIII Clement III Celestine III Innocent III

13th–16th centuries Viterbo (1257–1281) Orvieto (1262–1297) Perugia (1228–1304) Avignon Papacy (1309–1378) Western Schism (1378–1417) Renaissance Papacy (1417–1534) Reformation Papacy (1534–1585) Baroque Papacy (1585–1689)	Honorius III Gregory IX Celestine IV Innocent IV Alexander IV Urban IV Clement IV Gregory X Innocent V Adrian V John XXI Nicholas III Martin IV Honorius IV Nicholas IV Celestine V Boniface VIII Benedict XI Clement V John XXII Benedict XII Clement VI Innocent VI Urban V Gregory XI Urban VI Boniface IX Innocent VII Gregory XII Martin V Eugene IV Nicholas V Callixtus III Pius II Paul II Sixtus IV Innocent VIII Alexander VI Pius III Julius II Leo X Adrian VI Clement VII Paul III Julius III Marcellus II Paul IV Pius IV Pius V Gregory XIII Sixtus V Urban VII Gregory XIV Innocent IX Clement VIII

17th–20th centuries Revolutionary Papacy (1775–1848) Roman Question (1870–1929) Vatican City (1929–present) World War II (1939–1945)	Leo XI Paul V Gregory XV Urban VIII Innocent X Alexander VII Clement IX Clement X Innocent XI Alexander VIII Innocent XII Clement XI Innocent XIII Benedict XIII Clement XII Benedict XIV Clement XIII Clement XIV Pius VI Pius VII Leo XII Pius VIII Gregory XVI Pius IX Leo XIII Pius X Benedict XV Pius XI Pius XII John XXIII Paul VI John Paul I John Paul II

21st century	Benedict XVI Francis

Book Category Pope portal Catholicism portal

Catholic Church

Organizations, papacy, teachings and liturgical traditions

Doctors
of the
Church

Pope Francis

Preceding
popes

Institutes
and societies

Associations
of the Faithful

Charity

Vatican II

Particular
churches

Liturgical rites

Catholicism portal
Pope portal
Index

History of the Catholic Church

General	History of the Catholic Church History of Christianity History of the Papacy History of the Roman Curia Timeline of the Catholic Church Art in Roman Catholicism Catholic Ecumenical Councils Catholic religious institutes Christian monasticism Papal States Role of the Christian Church in civilization

Church beginnings	Jesus Twelve Apostles Saint Peter Paul the Apostle Saint Stephen John the Apostle Great Commission Council of Jerusalem Apostolic Age Apostolic Fathers Ignatius of Antioch Irenaeus Pope Victor I Tertullian

Constantine to Pope Gregory I	Constantine the Great and Christianity Arianism Archbasilica of St. John Lateran First Council of Nicaea Pope Sylvester I First Council of Constantinople Biblical canon Jerome Vulgate First Council of Ephesus Council of Chalcedon Benedict of Nursia Second Council of Constantinople Pope Gregory I Gregorian chant

Early Middle Ages	Third Council of Constantinople Saint Boniface Byzantine Iconoclasm Second Council of Nicaea Charlemagne Pope Leo III Fourth Council of Constantinople East–West Schism

High Middle Ages	Pope Urban II Investiture Controversy Crusades First Council of the Lateran Second Council of the Lateran Third Council of the Lateran Pope Innocent III Latin Empire Francis of Assisi Fourth Council of the Lateran Inquisition First Council of Lyon Second Council of Lyon Bernard of Clairvaux Thomas Aquinas

Late Middle Ages	Pope Boniface VIII Avignon Papacy Pope Clement V Council of Vienne Knights Templar Catherine of Siena Pope Alexander VI

Protestant Reformation Counter-Reformation	Protestant Reformation Counter-Reformation Thomas More Pope Leo X Society of Jesus Ignatius of Loyola Francis Xavier Dissolution of the Monasteries Council of Trent Pope Pius V Tridentine Mass Teresa of Ávila John of the Cross Philip Neri Robert Bellarmine

Baroque Period to the French Revolution	Pope Innocent XI Pope Benedict XIV Suppression of the Society of Jesus Anti-clericalism Pope Pius VI Shimabara Rebellion Edict of Nantes Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution

19th century	Pope Pius VII Pope Pius IX Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary Our Lady of La Salette Our Lady of Lourdes First Vatican Council Papal infallibility Pope Leo XIII Mary of the Divine Heart Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart Rerum novarum

20th century	Pope Pius X Our Lady of Fátima Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII Pope Pius XII Pope Pius XII Consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary Lateran Treaty Pope John XXIII Second Vatican Council Pope Paul VI Pope John Paul I Pope John Paul II World Youth Day 1995 2000

21st century	Catholic Church sexual abuse cases Pope Benedict XVI World Youth Day 2002 2005 2008 2011 2013 Pope Francis

By country or region	Belize Brazil Canada Cuba France Germany Great Britain Haiti Hispano-America Ireland Italy Japan Mexico Norway Poland Portugal Spain United States Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam

Pope portal Vatican City portal Catholicism portal

Popes and Anti-Popes of the Western Schism

↓ Gregory XI moves back to Rome ↱ Clement VII's election begins the Western Schism ↓Council of Pisa ↓ Council of Constance Clement VII Benedict XIII Urban VI Boniface IX Innocent VII Gregory XII Alexander V→ John XXIII │ 1376 │ 1386 │ 1396 │ 1406 │ 1416 = Avignon = Rome = Pisa

Archdeacons of Canterbury

High Medieval	Valerius Ansketil William John Helewise Walter Roger de Pont L'Évêque Thomas Becket Geoffrey Ridel Herbert Poore Philip of Poitou Henry de Castilion Henry Sandford Simon Langton Richard de Sancto Johanne Stephen de Monte Luelli/of Vienne Hugh de Mortuo Mari William Middleton Robert of Gernemue Richard de Ferings

Late Medieval	John de Langeton Simon de Faversham Bernard Ezius de le Breto Guichard de le Breto Simon Convenis John Bruton Raymond de Roux Hugh de Angoulême Simon de Montacute Robert de Stratford Bernard Sistre Pierre Roger Simon Islip William Cardinal de la Jugee Henry de Wakefield Aymar Roche John de Fordham William Pakington Adam Mottrum Thomas Butiller Richard Clifford Robert Hallam Angelo Cardinal Acciaioli John Wakering Henry Rumworth/Circeter William Chichele Prospero Cardinal Colonna Thomas Chichele Thomas Winterbourne John Bourgchier Hugh Peynthwyn

Early modern	William Warham Edmund Cranmer Nicholas Harpsfield Edmund Gheast Edmund Freke William Redman Charles Fotherby William Kingsley George Hall William Sancroft Samuel Parker John Battely Thomas Green Thomas Bowers Samuel Lisle Sir John Head William Backhouse John Lynch

Late modern	Houstonne Radcliffe Hugh Percy James Croft Edward Parry Rodney Eden William Walsh Leonard White-Thomson Edward Hardcastle Karl Sopwith Alexander Sargent Michael Nott Bernard Pawley John Simpson Michael Till John Pritchard Patrick Evans Sheila Watson Philip Down & Stephen Taylor, Joint Acting

Authority control	WorldCat Identities VIAF: 44329137 LCCN: n79059155 ISNI: 0000 0001 1631 2023 GND: 11871869X SUDOC: 029499070 BNF: cb12111339x (data) ULAN: 500355721

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Monday, May 02, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.