Guitarrero Cave

Guitarrero Cave

Shown within Peru
Location	Yungay Province, Ancash Region, Peru
Region	Andes
Coordinates	09°12′00″S 77°42′00″W / 9.20000°S 77.70000°WCoordinates: 09°12′00″S 77°42′00″W / 9.20000°S 77.70000°W
History
Periods	Archaic, Early and Middle Horizon

Guitarrero Cave is located in the Callejón de Huaylas valley in Yungay Province, in the Ancash region of Peru. The cave stands 50 meters above Rio Santa and 2,580 meters above sea level.^[1]

Archeological findings

Guitarrero Cave has evidence of human use during 8000 BCE and possibly as early as 10,560 BCE.^[2] A human's mandible and teeth found in the cave have been carbon dated to 10,610 BCE.^[1]

Above all that, there were a series of Archaic period campfires, dated between 8,500 and 7,000 BCE.^[2] Wood, bone, antler and fiber cordage were among the artifacts that were recovered from the level, as well as willow leaf, tanged, lanceolate, and concave base Ichuna/Arcata projectile points. A single grinding slab and a bone flesher were also recovered from this part of the area.^[2]

Levels were included in the Early and Middle Horizon occupations, cist tombs, and wall paintings between about the 1000 BCE–1000 CE.

In the 1960s, archeologists discovered artifacts in an extraordinary state of preservation at the site. Remarkably, textiles, wood and leather tools, and basketry have been preserved intact. Some of the evidence of early domesticated beans Phaseolus, chili, corn and other cultivars have been argued for Guitarrero.^[2]

Fiberwork found in the cave dates back over ten-thousand years – the earliest found in South America. The cave held utilitarian containers made by twisting, looping, and knotting plant fibers.^[3]

The people of Guitarrero Cave are possible ancestors of the Chavín culture.^[1]

Cultigens

Some of the earliest cultivated plants in South America have been found in the cave. They include:

• Ají pepper (Capsicum baccatum): first appears at Guitarrero cave in 8,500 BCE
• Oca (Oxalis tuberosa): first appears 8,500–7,500 BCE
• Aji (Capsicum chinense): first appears 8,000–7,500 BCE
• Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris): first appears 8,000–7,500 BCE
• Pallar bean (Phaseolus lunatus): first appears 8,000–7,5000 BCE
• Lúcuma (Lucuma bifera): first appears 8,000–5,500 BCE
• Olluco (Ullucus tuberosus): first appears 6,000 BCE at the cave es:Tres Ventanas in Peru,^[4] and next at Guitarrero cave 5,500 BCE.
• Zapallo (Cucurbita sp.): first appears 7,000 BCE
• Maize or corn (Zea mays): possibly first traces but not conclusively identified from 6,200 BCE. Maize has been identified in the Ayacucho Region of south central Peru as early as 4,400 and 3,100 BCE.^[1]

See also

• Andean preceramic

Notes

1. Weber, George. "Guitarrero cave (Ancash, Peru)." Possible Relatives in the Americas. 11 July 2007 (retrieved 23 Feb 2010)
2. Lynch, Thomas F.; Gillespie, R.; Gowlett, John A. J.; Hedges, R. E. M. (1985). "Chronology of Guitarrero Cave, Peru". Science 229 (4716): 864–7. doi:10.1126/science.229.4716.864. PMID 17777927.
3. Stone-Miller, 17
4. ENGEL, F. 1970. La grotte du Megatherium et les ecologies du Haut-Pliocene peruvien. Semiotica, 1, 413-436.

References

• Stone-Miller, Rebecca. Art of the Andes: from Chavín to Inca. London: Thames and Hudson, 2002. ISBN 978-0-500-20363-7.