Guo Wei

Guo Wei
Emperor Taizu of (Later) Zhou (more...)
an illustration from Sancai Tuhui (1609)
1st emperor of Later Zhou
Reign	13 February 951 – 22 February 954
Successor	Chai Rong (Emperor Shizong), nephew of 1st wife
Born	10 September 904 modern Longyao County, Hebei
Died	22 February 954 (aged 49) modern Kaifeng, Henan
Burial	in modern Xinzheng, Henan 34°32′17.95″N 113°41′55.90″E / 34.5383194°N 113.6988611°E
Spouse	Lady Chai (柴氏) (dec. ?) Lady Yang (楊氏) (dec. 940s) Lady Zhang (張氏) (dec. 950) Consort Dong (董德妃) (dec. 953)
Issue Among others	Daughter (m. Zhang Yongde)
Full name Surname: Guō (郭) Given name: Wēi (威) Courtesy name: Wénzhòng (文仲)[1] Era dates Guǎngshùn (廣順), began on 13 February 951 Year 1: 9 February 951 – 29 January 952 Year 2: 30 January 952 – 17 January 953 Year 3: 18 January 953 – 5 February 954 Xiǎndé (顯德) Year 1: 6 February 954 – 26 January 955 Posthumous name Emperor Shèngshén Gōngsù Wénwǔ Xiào (聖神恭肅文武孝皇帝)[1] Temple name Tàizǔ (太祖; "Grand Progenitor")
Father	Guo Jian (郭簡)
Mother	Lady Wang (王氏)

Guo Wei
Chinese	郭威
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Guō Wēi Wade–Giles Kuo^1 Wei^1 Yue: Cantonese Jyutping Gwok^3 Wai^1 Southern Min Hokkien POJ Kok Ui

Guo Wei (郭威) (10 September 904^[1] – 22 February 954^[2]), also known by his temple name Taizu (太祖), was the founding emperor of imperial China's short-lived Later Zhou during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, reigning from 951 until his death.

Nicknamed "Sparrow Guo" (郭雀兒) for a sparrow-shaped tattoo on his neck,^[3] he rose to high position in the Later Han as an assistant military commissioner. He founded the Later Zhou in 951.

Early life

When Guo Wei was born in 904 in Yaoshan (堯山; in modern Longyao County, Hebei), the Tang Dynasty had disintegrated into regions controlled by warlords fighting amongst one other. Guo was just a toddler when his family moved to Taiyuan (in modern Shanxi), as his father Guo Jian (郭簡) became the prefect (刺史) of Shunzhou (順州, modern Shunyi District, Beijing), serving the Taiyuan-based warlord Li Keyong. Shortly afterwards, Guo Jian was killed by warlord Liu Rengong's forces which conquered Shunzhou, and before Guo Wei's deciduous teeth fell off his mother Lady Wang (王氏) also died. Orphaned, the young boy was raised by a distant relative Lady Han (韓氏).^[1][4]

Guo Wei grew up into a muscular young man interested more in warfare than agriculture. He was also fond of drinking and gambling^[5] and frequently participated in brawls. When he was around 17, to escape arrest he went to live with an acquaintance Gentleman Chang (常氏) in Huguan close to Luzhou (潞州, modern Changzhi, Shanxi), shortly before joining the army of Luzhou's interim regent (留後) Li Jitao. Li Jitao was serving Jin, ruled by Li Keyong's son Li Cunxu, but actually plotting to defect to the Later Liang, Jin's archenemy. He was therefore more interested in recruiting brave and talented soldiers than enforcing the law, so when an inebriated Guo stabbed a menacing marketplace butcher to death following an argument, he let Guo walk free, eventually summoning Guo back to serve him.^[1]

Career under Later Tang

In 923, Li Cunxu established the Later Tang and overthrew Later Liang. Li Jitao was killed a few months later and all of his former soldiers, including 19-year-old Guo Wei, were assigned to the cavalry rotations. As Guo was literate and good at mathematics, he soon became an officer. He delved into the available literature on military strategy as much as he could, particularly enjoying Spring and Autumn Annals for a Wider World (閫外春秋), recommended by a blood brother Li Qiong (李瓊).^[4][6]

In 927, the Later Tang emperor Li Siyuan personally led an army to suppress Zhu Shouyin's rebellion. Guo Wei, then under the leadership of general Shi Jingtang, was among the first soldiers scaling the defensive wall of Xun (in modern Henan). Shi saw Guo's literary talents and tasked him to manage military records. Guo proved very popular among generals and ministers.^[1]

Career under Later Jin

Later Tang was replaced by the Later Jin in 936.

Career under Later Han

The Later Han was founded by a Shatuo Turk by the name of Liu Zhiyuan, posthumously known as Gaozu of Later Han. Guo Wei was already familiar with life under the Shatuo Turks as he had lived under their rule since he was nineteen years old. He served as the Assistant Military Commissioner to the founder of the Later Han. However, when a teenager assumed the throne in 948, court intrigue enabled Guo to usurp the throne in a coup and declare himself the founding Emperor of the Later Zhou Dynasty on New Year’s Day in 951.

Reign

He was the first Han Chinese Emperor in northern China since 923. His rule was able and he passed reforms that attempted to relieve pressures on China’s massive peasantry. However, he died from an illness three years into his reign in 954.

Family

Ancestry

Ancestors of Guo Wei, Emperor Taizu of Later Zhou^[1]

• 1st son, no mention in historical texts, most likely died young
• Guo Qingge (郭青哥), 2nd son, almost certainly still a child when he was killed in 950 by Liu Chengyou
• Guo Yige (郭意哥), 3rd son, almost certainly still a child when he was killed in 950 by Liu Chengyou
• 1st daughter, no mention in historical texts, most likely died young
• 2nd daughter, no mention in historical texts, most likely died young
• 3rd daughter, killed in 950 by Liu Chengyou
• 4th daughter, married Zhang Yongde
• 5th daughter, died before 951

References

1. Wudai Shi, ch. 110.
2. Wudai Shi, ch. 113.
3. Wudai Shiji, ch. 70.
4. Wudai Shiji, ch. 11.
5. Wudai Shiji, ch. 19.
6. Song Shi, ch. 261.
7. Posthumously honored as Emperor Ruihe (睿和皇帝) with the temple name Xinzu (信祖).
8. Posthumously honored as Emperor Mingxian (明憲皇帝) with the temple name Xizu (僖祖).
9. Posthumously honored as Empress Ruigong (睿恭皇后).
10. Posthumously honored as Emperor Yishun (翼順皇帝) with the temple name Yizu (義祖).
11. Posthumously honored as Empress Mingxiao (明孝皇后).
12. Posthumously honored as Emperor Zhangsu (章肅皇帝) with the temple name Qingzu (慶祖).
13. Posthumously honored as Empress Yijing (翼敬皇后).
14. Posthumously honored as Empress Zhangde (章德皇后).

Sources

• (Chinese) Toqto'a; et al., eds. (1345). Song Shi (宋史) [History of Song].
• (Chinese) Xue Juzheng; et al., eds. (974). Wudai Shi (五代史) [History of the Five Dynasties].
• (Chinese) Ouyang Xiu (1073). Wudai Shiji (五代史記) [Historical Records of the Five Dynasties].
• (Chinese) Sima Guang (1086). Zizhi Tongjian (資治通鑑) [Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government].
• Mote, F.W. (1999). Imperial China (900–1800). Harvard University Press. pp. 13–14.