HTML editor

An HTML editor is a computer program for editing HTML, the markup of a webpage. Although the HTML markup of a web page can be written with any text editor, specialized HTML editors can offer convenience and added functionality. For example, many HTML editors work not only with HTML, but also with related technologies such as CSS, XML and JavaScript or ECMAScript. In some cases they also manage communication with remote web servers via FTP and WebDAV, and version management systems such as CVS or Subversion.

Types of editors

There are various forms of HTML editors: text, object and WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) editors.

Text editors

Text (source) editors intended for use with HTML usually provide syntax highlighting. Templates, toolbars and keyboard shortcuts may quickly insert common HTML elements and structures. Wizards, tooltip prompts and autocompletion may help with common tasks.

Text HTML editors commonly include either built-in functions or integration with external tools for such tasks as source and version control, link-checking, code checking and validation, code cleanup and formatting, spell-checking, uploading by FTP or WebDAV, and structuring as a project.

Text editors require user understanding of HTML and any other web technologies the designer wishes to use like CSS, JavaScript and server-side scripting languages. They were also referred to A Simple HTML Editor (ASHE).[1]

Some regular text editors such as Windows Notepad can save as HTML files simply by using extensions such as .html .htm .css etc.

Object editors

Some editors allow alternate editing of the source text of objects in more visually organized modes than simple color highlighting, but in modes not considered WYSIWYG. Some WYSIWYG editors include the option of using palette windows that enable editing the text-based parameters of selected objects. These palettes allow either editing parameters in fields for each individual parameter, or text windows to edit the full group of source text for the selected object. They may include widgets to present and select options when editing parameters. Adobe GoLive provides an outline editor to expand and collapse HTML objects and properties

WYSIWYG HTML editors

Amaya 10 HTML editor

WYSIWYG HTML editors provide an editing interface which resembles how the page will be displayed in a web browser. These editors may be stand-alone programs, such as Adobe Dreamweaver or Microsoft Frontpage (now discontinued), or come in the form of browser extensions and allow editing directly within the web browser. Because using a WYSIWYG editor may not require any HTML knowledge, they are often easier for an inexperienced computer user to get started with.

The WYSIWYG view is achieved by embedding a layout engine based upon one used in a web browser. The layout engine will have been considerably enhanced by the editor's developers to allow for typing, pasting, deleting and manipulation of the content. The goal is that, at all times during editing, the rendered result should represent what will be seen later in a typical web browser.

WYSIWYM (what you see is what you mean) is an alternative paradigm to WYSIWYG editors. Instead of focusing on the format or presentation of the document, it preserves the intended meaning of each element. For example, page headers, sections, paragraphs, etc. are labeled as such in the editing program, and displayed appropriately in the browser.

Valid HTML markup

HTML is a structured markup language. There are certain rules on how HTML must be written if it is to conform to W3C standards for the World Wide Web. Following these rules means that web sites are accessible on all types and makes of computer, to able-bodied and people with disabilities, and also on wireless devices like mobile phones and PDAs, with their limited bandwidths and screen sizes. However, most HTML documents on the web do not meet the requirements of W3C standards. In a study conducted in 2011 on the 350 most popular web sites (selected by the Alexa index), 94 percent of websites fail the web standards markup and style sheet validation tests, or apply character encoding improperly.[2] Even those syntactically correct documents may be inefficient due to an unnecessary use of repetition, or based upon rules that have been deprecated for some years. Current W3C recommendations on the use of CSS with HTML were first formalised by W3C in 1996[3] and have been revised and refined since then. See CSS, XHTML, W3C's current CSS recommendation and W3C's current HTML recommendation.

These guidelines emphasise the separation of content (HTML or XHTML) from style (CSS). This has the benefit of delivering the style information once for a whole site, not repeated in each page, let alone in each HTML element. WYSIWYG editor designers have been struggling ever since with how best to present these concepts to their users without confusing them by exposing the underlying reality. Modern WYSIWYG editors all succeed in this to some extent, but none of them has succeeded entirely.

However a web page was created or edited, WYSIWYG or by hand, in order to be successful among the greatest possible number of readers and viewers, as well as to maintain the 'worldwide' value of the Web itself, first and foremost it should consist of valid markup and code.[4] It should not be considered ready for the World Wide Web, until its HTML and CSS syntax have been successfully validated using either the free W3C validator services (W3C HTML Validator and W3C CSS Validator) or some other trustworthy alternatives.[4]

Accessibility of web pages by those with physical, eyesight or other disabilities is not only a good idea considering the ubiquity and importance of the web in modern society, but is also mandated by law. In the U.S., the Americans with Disabilities Act and in the U.K., the Disability Discrimination Act place requirement on public web sites. In many other countries similar laws either already exist or soon will.[4] Making pages accessible is more complex than just making them valid; that is a prerequisite but there are many other factors to be considered.[5] Good web design, whether done using a WYSIWYG tool or not needs to take account of these too.

Whatever software tools are used to design, create and maintain web pages, the quality of the underlying HTML is dependent on the skill of the person who works on the page. Some knowledge of HTML, CSS and other scripting languages as well as a familiarity with the current W3C recommendations in these areas will help any designer produce better web pages, with a WYSIWYG HTML editor and without.[6]

Difficulties in achieving WYSIWYG

A given HTML document will have an inconsistent appearance on various platforms and computers for several reasons:

Different browsers and applications will render the same markup differently.
The same page may display slightly differently in Internet Explorer and Firefox on a high-resolution screen, but it will look very different in the perfectly valid text-only Lynx browser. It needs to be rendered differently again on a PDA, an internet-enabled television and on a mobile phone. Usability in a speech or braille browser, or via a screen-reader working with a conventional browser, will place demands on entirely different aspects of the underlying HTML. Printing the page, via different browsers and different printers onto various paper sizes, around the world, places other demands. With the correct use of modern HTML and CSS there is no longer any need to provide 'Printable page' links and then have to maintain two versions of the whole site. Nor is there any excuse for pages not fitting the user's preferred paper size and orientation, or wasting ink printing solid background colours unnecessarily, or wasting paper reproducing navigation panels that will be entirely useless once printed out.[7]
Browsers and computer graphics systems have a range of user settings.
Resolution, font size, colour, contrast etc can all be adjusted at the user's discretion, and many modern browsers allow even more user control over page appearance.[8] All an author can do is suggest an appearance.
Web browsers, like all computer software, have bugs
They may not conform to current standards. It is hopeless to try to design Web pages around all of the common browsers' current bugs: each time a new version of each browser comes out, a significant proportion of the World Wide Web would need re-coding to suit the new bugs and the new fixes. It is generally considered much wiser to design to standards, staying away from 'bleeding edge' features until they settle down, and then wait for the browser developers to catch up to your pages, rather than the other way round.[9] For instance, no one can argue that CSS is still 'cutting edge' as there is now widespread support available in common browsers for all the major features,[10] even if many WYSIWYG and other editors have not yet entirely caught up.[11]
A single visual style can represent multiple semantic meanings
Semantic meaning, derived from the underlying structure of the HTML document, is important for search engines and also for various accessibility tools. On paper we can tell from context and experience whether bold text represents a title, or emphasis, or something else. But it is very difficult to convey this distinction in a WYSIWYG editor. Simply making a piece of text bold in a WYSIWYG editor is not sufficient to tell the editor *why* the text is bold - what the boldness represents semantically.

What you see may be what most visitors get, but it is not guaranteed to be what everyone gets.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Mintert, Stefan (1995). "Weberknechte — WWW Dokumente komfortabel erstellen". iX (magazine) (in German) (Heinz Heise) (8).
  2. ↑ "Responsive Web Design, Domain Registration, Web Hosting". Sikoswebconsulting.com. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
  3. ↑ "Cascading Style Sheets, level 1". W3.org. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
  4. 1 2 3 Harold, Elliotte Rusty (2008). Refactoring HTML. Boston: Addison Wesley. ISBN 978-0-321-50363-3.
  5. ↑ "Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0". W3.org. 2008. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
  6. ↑ "Dave Raggett's Introduction to HTML". W3.org. 2005-05-24. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
  7. ↑ "Media types". W3.org. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
  8. ↑ "Mozilla Support". Mozilla.org. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
  9. ↑ "An essay on W3C's design principles". W3.org. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
  10. ↑ "Cascading Style Sheets". W3.org. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
  11. ↑ "Cascading Style Sheets". W3.org. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
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