Haplogroup C-F3393

Haplogroup C1 F3393
Possible time of origin prob. more than 14,000 years BP (based on the age of C2 M217)
Possible place of origin probably South Asia
Ancestor Haplogroup C
Descendants C1a CTS11043; C1a1 M8; C1a2 V20 (previously C6); C1a2 (previously C6) V20; C1b1a B66/Z16458; C1b1a1 M356; (previously C5); C1b2a M38 (previously C2); C1b2a1a P33; C1b2b (previously C4) M347
Defining mutations F3393

Haplogroup C1 also known as C-F3393, is a major Y-chromosome haplogroup. It is one of two primary branches of the broader Haplogroup C, the other being C2 (also known as C-M217; the former Haplogroup C3).

The basal paragroup, C1* (C-F3393*), has not been found, in samples from living or dead males. Of the two primary branches, C1b is common in parts of Oceania and Asia, whereas C1a is extremely rare worldwide and has been found only amongst individuals native to Japan and Southern Europe.

Distribution

Subclades of C1 (F3393) are the predominant Y-DNA haplogroups among some peoples indigenous to Australia and South Asia.

It is likely that more than 40% of indigenous Australian males belonged to the subclade Haplogroup C1b2b (previously known as C4) C-M347, before contact with European settlers.[1] Within this Haplogroup C-M347 at least two subclades have been identified: C-DYS390.1del, C-M210 (C1b2b1) and, possibly, an unresolved offshoot of the C1b2b1 paragroup (e.g. C-M347 xDYS390.1del,M210).

C1b2a1a P33 is found at high frequency in Polynesians.[2] [3]

C1b2a (previously C2) M38 is found in Island South East Asia, New Guinea, Melanesia, and Polynesia.[4]

Throughout Asia, C1b1a and C1b1a1 are common among some minorities. C1b1a1 (previously C5) M356 is significant throughout South Asia.[4] C1b1a B66/Z16458 is found at low frequencies in South Asia, Central Asia, and Southwest Asia.[5][6][7][8][9][10]

One of the most interesting findings of recent genetic surveys is that the sole living members of C1a (CTS11043) are not only rare, but distributed geographically in a extremely bifurcated pattern:

Phylogenetic structure

See also

Evolutionary tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1[χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1 F2 F3 GHIJK
G HIJK
H IJK
IJ K
I J LT [χ 5]  K2
L T NO [χ 6] K2b [χ 7]   K2c K2d K2e [χ 8]
N O K2b1 [χ 9]    P
M S [χ 10] Q R
  1. ↑ Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.
  2. ↑ International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
  3. ↑ Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A0'1'2'3'4.
  4. ↑ Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
  5. ↑ Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
  6. ↑ Haplogroup NO (M214) is also known as Haplogroup K2a (although the present Haplogroup K2e was also previously known as "K2a").
  7. ↑ Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
  8. ↑ Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a, also known as Haplogroup NO).
  9. ↑ Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is similiar to the former Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
  10. ↑ Haplogroup S (S-M230) was previously known as Haplogroup K5.

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Hudjashov G, Kivisild T, Underhill PA, et al. (May 2007). "Revealing the prehistoric settlement of Australia by Y chromosome and mtDNA analysis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (21): 8726–30. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702928104. PMC 1885570. PMID 17496137.
  2. ↑ Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Park H, et al. (2006). "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". J. Hum. Genet. 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082.
  3. ↑ Cox MP, Redd AJ, Karafet TM, et al. (October 2007). "A Polynesian motif on the Y chromosome: population structure in remote Oceania". Hum. Biol. 79 (5): 525–35. PMID 18478968.
  4. 1 2 3 4 ISOGG, 2015 "Y-DNA Haplogroup C and its Subclades – 2015" (15 September 2015).
  5. ↑ Gayden, Tenzin; Cadenas, Alicia M.; Regueiro, Maria; Singh, NB; Zhivotovsky, LA; Underhill, PA; Cavalli-Sforza, LL; Herrera, RJ (2007). "The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow". American Journal of Human Genetics 80 (5): 884–894. doi:10.1086/516757. PMC 1852741. PMID 17436243.
  6. ↑ Simona Fornarino, Maria Pala, Vincenza Battaglia et al., Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation, BMC Evolutionary Biology (2009), 9:154 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154 PMID 19573232
  7. ↑ Cadenas, Alicia M; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L; Underhill, PA; Herrera, RJ (2008). "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman". European Journal of Human Genetics 16 (3): 374–386. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934. PMID 17928816.
  8. ↑ Abu-Amero, Khaled K; Hellani, Ali; González, Ana M; Larruga, Jose M; Cabrera, Vicente M; Underhill, Peter A (2009). "Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions". BMC Genetics 10: 59. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-59. PMC 2759955. PMID 19772609.
  9. ↑ Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, et al. (February 2006). "Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 78 (2): 202–21. doi:10.1086/499411. PMC 1380230. PMID 16400607.
  10. ↑ Karafet, T. M.; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F. (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.
  11. ↑ Scozzari R, Massaia A, DAtanasio E, Myres NM, Perego UA, et al. (202). "Molecular Dissection of the Basal Clades in the Human Y Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree". PLoS ONE 7 (11): e49170. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049170. PMC 3492319. PMID 23145109.
  12. ↑ http://dienekes.blogspot.ru/2014/01/brown-skinned-blue-eyed-y-haplogroup-c.html
  13. ↑ http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2015/02/10/013433.full.pdf
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