Haplogroup E-M75

Haplogroup E-M75
Possible time of origin 45,000 - 50,000 years BP
Possible place of origin East Africa
Ancestor E-M96
Descendants E-M41, E-M54
Defining mutations M75, P68

In human genetics, haplogroup E-M75 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup E-M75, along with haplogroup E-P147, is one of the two main branches of the older haplogroup E-M96.

Distribution

Sorted frequency table of E-M75+ populations. Note that a "?" specifies that the sublineage of E-M75 was either untested for or unreported in the relevant study.

Population Region Size E-M75+ M41+ M54+ E-M75+M41-M54-
Alur[1] East Africa966.67%66.67%0.00%0.00%
Hema[1]East Africa1838.89%38.89%0.00%0.00%
Xhosa[1]South Africa8027.50%0.00%27.50%0.00%
Rimaibe[2]Western Africa3727.03%?27.03%?
Mbuti Pygmies[2]Central Africa1225.00%?25.00%?
Daba[2]Central Western Africa1822.22%?22.22%?
Eviya[3]Central Western Africa2420.83%???
Zulu[1]South Africa2920.69%0.00%20.69%0.00%
Bantu (Kenya)[4]East Africa2917.24%3.45%13.79%0.00%
Ethiopia[5]East Africa8817.05%17.05%0.00%0.00%
Ganda[1]East Africa2615.38%7.69%3.85%3.85%
S.Africa[5]South Africa5315.09%0.00%15.09%0.00%
Akele[3]Central Western Africa5012.00%???
Eshira[3]Central Western Africa4211.90%???
Dama[1]South Africa1811.11%0.00%5.56%5.56%
Mixed Nilo-Saharan[2]Central Western Africa911.11%?11.11%?
Obamba[3]Central Western Africa4710.64%???
Orungu[3]Central Western Africa219.52%???
Shake[3]Central Western Africa439.30%???
Senegalese[6]West Africa339.09%???
Hutu[4]East Africa698.70%4.35%4.35%0.00%
Duma[3]Central Western Africa468.70%???
Malagasy[7]Madagascar358.57%0.00%8.57%0.00%
Teke[3]Central Western Africa488.33%???
C.Africa[5]Central Africa378.11%0.00%8.11%0.00%
Mandara[1]Central Africa287.14%0.00%7.14%0.00%
Ngoumba[1]Central Africa316.45%0.00%6.45%0.00%
!Kung[2]South Africa646.25%?6.25%?
Ndumu[3]Central Western Africa365.56%???
African Americans[6]North America1995.53%???
Fon[4]West Africa1005.00%0.00%5.00%0.00%
Sudan[5]East Africa405.00%5.00%0.00%0.00%
Tsogo[3]Central Western Africa605.00%???
Ambo[1]South Africa224.55%0.00%4.55%0.00%
Mbuti Pygmies[1]East Africa474.26%0.00%4.26%0.00%
Tutsi[4]East Africa944.26%0.00%4.26%0.00%
Galoa[3]Central Western Africa474.26%???
Ngumba[3]Central Western Africa244.17%???
Mossi[2]Western Africa494.08%?4.08%?
Khwe[2]South Africa263.85%?3.85%?
Sotho-Tswana[1]South Africa283.57%0.00%3.57%0.00%
Nzebi[3]Central Western Africa573.51%???
Punu[3]Central Western Africa583.45%???
Bakola Pygmies[1]Central Africa333.03%0.00%3.03%0.00%
Wolof[1]West Africa342.94%0.00%2.94%0.00%
Senegalese[8]West Africa1392.88%???
Mandinka[1]West Africa392.56%0.00%0.00%2.56%
Kikuyu & Kamba[1]East Africa422.38%0.00%2.38%0.00%
Wairak[4]East Africa432.33%2.33%0.00%0.00%
Makina[3]Central Western Africa432.33%???
Benga[3]Central Western Africa482.08%???
Shona[1]South Africa492.04%0.00%0.00%2.04%
Kota[3]Central Western Africa531.89%???
Dogon[1]West Africa551.82%0.00%1.82%0.00%
Arabs (Oman)[4]Near East/Asia1211.65%0.00%1.65%0.00%
Ethiopian (Oromo)[8]East Africa781.28%???

Subclades

Paragroup E-M75

Haplogroup E-M75(xM41,M54) has been found in 6% (1/18) of a sample of Dama from Namibia,[1] 4% (1/26) of a sample of Ganda from Uganda,[1] 3% (1/39) of a sample of Mandinka from Gambia/Senegal,[1] and 2% (1/49) of a sample of Shona from Zimbabwe.[1]

E-M41

Haplogroup E-M41 has been found mainly in populations of the Great Lakes and Upper Nile regions of Central-East Africa, including 67% (6/9) of a sample of Alur from the DRC,[1] 39% (7/18) of a sample of Hema from the DRC,[1] 17% (15/88) of a sample from Ethiopia,[5] 8% (2/26) of a sample of Ganda from Uganda,[1] 5% (2/40) of a sample from Sudan,[5] 4% (3/69) of a sample of Hutu from Rwanda,[4] 3% (1/29) of a sample of Bantus from Kenya,[4] and 2% (1/43) of a sample of Iraqw from Tanzania.[4]

E-M54

Haplogroup E-M54 has been found in 28% (22/80) of a sample of Xhosa from South Africa,[1] 27% (10/37) of a sample of Rimaibe from Burkina Faso,[2] 22% (4/18) of a sample of Daba from northern Cameroon,[2] 21% (6/29) of a sample of Zulu from South Africa,[1] 15% (8/53) of a sample of non-Khoisan Southern Africans,[5] 14% (4/29) of a sample of Bantus from Kenya,[4] 11% (1/9) of a small sample of speakers of Central Sudanic and Saharan languages from northern Cameroon,[2] 9% (3/35) of a sample of Malagasy from Madagascar,[7] 8% (3/37) of a sample from Central Africa,[5] 7% (2/28) of a sample of Mandara from northern Cameroon,[1] 6% (2/31) of a sample of Ngumba from southern Cameroon,[1] 6% (4/64) of a sample of !Kung from South Africa,[2] 6% (1/18) of a sample of Dama from Namibia,[1] 5% (5/100) of a sample of Fon from Benin,[4] 5% (1/22) of a sample of Ambo from Namibia,[1] 4% (3/69) of a sample of Hutu from Rwanda,[4] 4% (4/94) of a sample of Tutsi from Rwanda,[4] 4% (2/47) of a sample of Mbuti from the DRC,[1] 4% (1/26) of a sample of Ganda from Uganda,[1] 4% (1/26) of a sample of Khwe from South Africa,[2] 4% (1/28) of a sample of Sotho-Tswana from South Africa,[1] 3% (1/33) of a sample of Bakola from southern Cameroon,[1] 3% (1/34) of a sample of Wolof from Gambia/Senegal,[1] 3% (2/72) of a sample from Qatar,[9] 2% (1/42) of a sample of Kikuyu and Kamba from Kenya,[1] 2% (1/55) of a sample of Dogon from Mali,[1] and approximately 2% of a sample of 121 Arabs from Oman.[4]

It has been suggested that haplogroup E-M85 Y-chromosomes have spread through Sub-Saharan Africa quite recently based on the fact that Y-STR microsatellite haplotypes associated with these chromosomes show a low degree of differentiation throughout their broad geographic range. Furthermore, the mean variance of STR alleles of E-M85 chromosomes is higher in Central-Western Africans than in the Southern African Khoisan, leading researchers to propose that E-M85 might have been involved in the range expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples from Central-Western Africa toward Southern Africa.[2][3]

E-M98*

E-M98(xM85) has been found in 4% (2/49) of a sample of Mossi from Burkina Faso.[2]

E-M200

E-M200 has been found in 25% (3/12) of a small sample of Mbuti from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[2] According to Figure 4 of Cruciani (2002), all three Bambuti who exhibit the M200 mutation share an identical microsatellite haplotype based on seven STR loci with one another and with some E-M85(xM200) Khoisan (!Kung and/or Khwe) individuals from South Africa.

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being, above all, timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012
E-P2921III3A13Eu3H2BE*EEEEEEEEEE
E-M3321III3A13Eu3H2BE1*E1E1aE1aE1E1E1aE1aE1aE1aE1a
E-M4421III3A13Eu3H2BE1aE1aE1a1E1a1E1aE1aE1a1E1a1E1a1E1a1E1a1
E-M7521III3A13Eu3H2BE2aE2E2E2E2E2E2E2E2E2E2
E-M5421III3A13Eu3H2BE2bE2bE2bE2b1-------
E-P225III414Eu3H2BE3*E3E1bE1b1E3E3E1b1E1b1E1b1E1b1E1b1
E-M28III515Eu2H2BE3a*E3aE1b1E1b1aE3aE3aE1b1aE1b1aE1b1aE1b1a1E1b1a1
E-M588III515Eu2H2BE3a1E3a1E1b1a1E1b1a1E3a1E3a1E1b1a1E1b1a1E1b1a1E1b1a1a1aE1b1a1a1a
E-M116.28III515Eu2H2BE3a2E3a2E1b1a2E1b1a2E3a2E3a2E1b1a2E1b1a2E1ba12removedremoved
E-M1498III515Eu2H2BE3a3E3a3E1b1a3E1b1a3E3a3E3a3E1b1a3E1b1a3E1b1a3E1b1a1a1cE1b1a1a1c
E-M1548III515Eu2H2BE3a4E3a4E1b1a4E1b1a4E3a4E3a4E1b1a4E1b1a4E1b1a4E1b1a1a1g1cE1b1a1a1g1c
E-M1558III515Eu2H2BE3a5E3a5E1b1a5E1b1a5E3a5E3a5E1b1a5E1b1a5E1b1a5E1b1a1a1dE1b1a1a1d
E-M108III515Eu2H2BE3a6E3a6E1b1a6E1b1a6E3a6E3a6E1b1a6E1b1a6E1b1a6E1b1a1a1eE1b1a1a1e
E-M3525III414Eu4H2BE3b*E3bE1b1b1E1b1b1E3b1E3b1E1b1b1E1b1b1E1b1b1removedremoved
E-M7825III414Eu4H2BE3b1*E3b1E1b1b1aE1b1b1a1E3b1aE3b1aE1b1b1aE1b1b1aE1b1b1aE1b1b1a1E1b1b1a1
E-M14825III414Eu4H2BE3b1aE3b1aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a1c1E3b1a3aE3b1a3aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a1c1E1b1b1a1c1
E-M8125III414Eu4H2BE3b2*E3b2E1b1b1bE1b1b1b1E3b1bE3b1bE1b1b1bE1b1b1bE1b1b1bE1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1a
E-M10725III414Eu4H2BE3b2aE3b2aE1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1aE3b1b1E3b1b1E1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1aE1b1b1b1a1
E-M16525III414Eu4H2BE3b2bE3b2bE1b1b1b2E1b1b1b1b1E3b1b2E3b1b2E1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b1a2a
E-M12325III414Eu4H2BE3b3*E3b3E1b1b1cE1b1b1cE3b1cE3b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1b2a
E-M3425III414Eu4H2BE3b3a*E3b3aE1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E3b1c1E3b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1b2a1
E-M13625III414Eu4H2BE3ba1E3b3a1E1b1b1c1aE1b1b1c1a1E3b1c1aE3b1c1aE1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1b2a1a1

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.

Phylogenetic trees

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree[10] and subsequent published research.

See also

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Haplogroup E-M75

Genetics

Y-DNA E subclades

Y-DNA backbone tree

Evolutionary tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1[χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1 F2 F3 GHIJK
G HIJK
H IJK
IJ K
I J LT [χ 5]  K2
L T NO [χ 6] K2b [χ 7]   K2c K2d K2e [χ 8]
N O K2b1 [χ 9]    P
M S [χ 10] Q R
  1. ↑ Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.
  2. ↑ International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
  3. ↑ Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A0'1'2'3'4.
  4. ↑ Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
  5. ↑ Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
  6. ↑ Haplogroup NO (M214) is also known as Haplogroup K2a (although the present Haplogroup K2e was also previously known as "K2a").
  7. ↑ Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
  8. ↑ Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a, also known as Haplogroup NO).
  9. ↑ Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is similiar to the former Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
  10. ↑ Haplogroup S (S-M230) was previously known as Haplogroup K5.

References

Additional sources

  1. Berniell-Lee, Gemma; Calafell, Francesc; Bosch, Elena; Heyer, Evelyne; Sica, Lucas; Mouguiama-Daouda, Patrick; van Der Veen, Lolke; Hombert, Jean-Marie; et al. (2009), "Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages", Molecular Biology and Evolution 26 (7): 1581–9, doi:10.1093/molbev/msp069, PMID 19369595 
  2. Cadenas, Alicia M; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L; Underhill, Peter A; Herrera, Rene J (2007), "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman", European Journal of Human Genetics 16 (3): 374–86, doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934, PMID 17928816 
  3. Cruciani, Fulvio; Santolamazza, Piero; Shen, Peidong; MacAulay, Vincent; Moral, Pedro; Olckers, Antonel; Modiano, David; Holmes, Susan; et al. (2002), "A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes", The American Journal of Human Genetics 70 (5): 1197–214, doi:10.1086/340257, PMC 447595, PMID 11910562 
  4. Hurles, Matthew E.; Sykes, Bryan C.; Jobling, Mark A.; Forster, Peter (2005), "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages", The American Journal of Human Genetics 76 (5): 894–901, doi:10.1086/430051, PMC 1199379, PMID 15793703 
  5. Karafet, Tatiana M.; Mendez, Fernando L.; Meilerman, Monica B.; Underhill, Peter A.; Zegura, Stephen L.; Hammer, Michael F. (2008), "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree", Genome Research 18 (5): 830–8, doi:10.1101/gr.7172008, PMC 2336805, PMID 18385274 
  6. Luis, J; Rowold, D; Regueiro, M; Caeiro, B; Cinnioglu, C; Roseman, C; Underhill, P; Cavallisforza, L; Herrera, R (2004), "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations", The American Journal of Human Genetics 74 (3): 532–44, doi:10.1086/382286, PMC 1182266, PMID 14973781 
  7. Semino, Ornella; Magri, Chiara; Benuzzi, Giorgia; Lin, Alice A.; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Battaglia, Vincenza; MacCioni, Liliana; Triantaphyllidis, Costas; et al. (2004), "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area", The American Journal of Human Genetics 74 (5): 1023–34, doi:10.1086/386295, PMC 1181965, PMID 15069642 
  8. Stefflova, Klara; Dulik, Matthew C.; Pai, Athma A.; Walker, Amy H.; Zeigler-Johnson, Charnita M.; Gueye, Serigne M.; Schurr, Theodore G.; Rebbeck, Timothy R. (2009), Relethford, John, ed., "Evaluation of Group Genetic Ancestry of Populations from Philadelphia and Dakar in the Context of Sex-Biased Admixture in the Americas", PLoS ONE 4 (11): e7842, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007842, PMC 2776971, PMID 19946364 
  9. Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; Passarino, Giuseppe; Yang, Wei H.; Kauffman, Erin; Bonné-Tamir, Batsheva; et al. (2000), "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations", Nature Genetics 26 (3): 358–61, doi:10.1038/81685, PMID 11062480 
  10. Wood, Elizabeth T; Stover, Daryn A; Ehret, Christopher; Destro-Bisol, Giovanni; Spedini, Gabriella; McLeod, Howard; Louie, Leslie; Bamshad, Mike; et al. (2005), "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: Evidence for sex-biased demographic processes", European Journal of Human Genetics 13 (7): 867–76, doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408, PMID 15856073 

External links

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