Haplogroup O-K18

Haplogroup O-K18
Ancestor O-P31
Descendants O-M95, O-M88, O-M297
Defining mutations K18, F1888/M1356, M1307/K19, CTS279/M1282, plus 60 other SNPs

In genetics, Haplogroup O-K18 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O-K18 is a descendant branch of Haplogroup O-P31.

Distribution

Haplogroup O-K18 is distributed widely in Asia, from southern India to the Altai Mountains and Central Asia in the west, and from Indonesia to northern China and Japan in the east. It is found only at marginally low frequencies of approximately 1% at the periphery of its distribution in southern India, Central Asia, northern China, and Japan, but many populations within the vast intervening territory in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and southern China display a greatly elevated frequency of Haplogroup O-K18 Y-chromosomes. Patrilines within the O-M95 subclade of Haplogroup O-K18 predominate among the Austroasiatic-speaking populations of South and Southeast Asia, such as the Khmer of Cambodia and the Khasi of Meghalaya in northeastern India. Some researchers have reported that slightly over half of all men in a composite sample of Austroasiatic speakers belonged to Haplogroup O-M95. Haplogroup O-M122, which attains its peak frequency among the Sino-Tibetan and Hmong–Mien peoples of China and Southeast Asia, and Haplogroup O-M119, which predominates among Taiwanese aborigines and many populations of the Philippines, also generally occur among speakers of Austroasiatic languages in South China and the Indochinese Peninsula, but usually at much lower frequencies than Haplogroup O-M95. The hypothesis that Haplogroup O-M95 was the major Y-chromosome haplogroup of the proto-Austroasiatic population is strengthened by the fact that Haplogroup O-M95 is the only haplogroup found among many Austroasiatic-speaking tribes, such as the Mlabri people of Thailand, Mang people of southern China and northern Vietnam, Juang of mainland India, and the Nicobarese and Shompen of the Nicobar Islands (Sahoo 2006 and Trivedi 2006).

Haplogroup O-M95 also has been observed with high frequency in samples of Tai–Kadai-speaking peoples of Thailand and neighboring areas, which may reflect assimilation of the older Austroasiatic Mon–Khmer populations that have left ample evidence of their presence in the region prior to the immigration of Tai–Kadai speakers.

Outside of the region in which Austroasiatic languages are currently spoken or have a historically attested presence, Haplogroup O-M95 reaches its highest frequencies among the populations of the islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Borneo in western and central Indonesia (Underhill 2001). Haplogroup O-M95 has been found to be by far the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup among the Balinese, occurring in approximately 58.6% (323/551) of a sample of Balinese men; Haplogroup O-M119 and Haplogroup O-M122, which are typical of Austronesian peoples outside of Malaysia and Indonesia, were observed in only 18.1% (100/551) and 6.9% (38/551) of Balinese men (Karafet 2005). Haplogroup O-M95 has also been found to be the most frequently occurring haplogroup among Malay men in Singapore (Yong 2006). The reason for its substantial presence in these populations, all of which are Austronesian-speaking, is yet to be elucidated.

Subclade distribution

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012
O-M17526VII1U28Eu16H9IO*OOOOOOOOOO
O-M11926VII1U32Eu16H9HO1*O1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1a
O-M10126VII1U32Eu16H9HO1aO1a1O1a1aO1a1aO1a1O1a1O1a1aO1a1aO1a1aO1a1aO1a1a
O-M5026VII1U32Eu16H10HO1bO1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2
O-P3126VII1U33Eu16H5IO2*O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
O-M9526VII1U34Eu16H11GO2a*O2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2a1O2a1
O-M8826VII1U34Eu16H12GO2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1aO2a1a
O-SRY46520VII1U35Eu16H5IO2b*O2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2b
O-47z5VII1U26Eu16H5IO2b1O2b1aO2b1O2b1O2b1aO2b1aO2b1O2b1O2b1O2b1O2b1
O-M12226VII1U29Eu16H6LO3*O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3
O-M12126VII1U29Eu16H6LO3aO3aO3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1aO3a1a
O-M16426VII1U29Eu16H6LO3bO3bO3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a1bO3a1b
O-M15913VII1U31Eu16H6LO3cO3cO3a3aO3a3aO3a3O3a3O3a3aO3a3aO3a3aO3a3aO3a3a
O-M726VII1U29Eu16H7LO3d*O3cO3a3bO3a3bO3a4O3a4O3a3bO3a3bO3a3bO3a2bO3a2b
O-M11326VII1U29Eu16H7LO3d1O3c1O3a3b1O3a3b1-O3a4aO3a3b1O3a3b1O3a3b1O3a2b1O3a2b1
O-M13426VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e*O3dO3a3cO3a3cO3a5O3a5O3a3cO3a3cO3a3cO3a2c1O3a2c1
O-M11726VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e1*O3d1O3a3c1O3a3c1O3a5aO3a5aO3a3c1O3a3c1O3a3c1O3a2c1aO3a2c1a
O-M16226VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e1aO3d1aO3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a5a1O3a5a1O3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a2c1a1O3a2c1a1

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

Phylogenetic trees

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree (Karafet 2008) and subsequent published research.

Table of frequencies of O-M95(xM88/M111)

Population Frequency Count Source SNPs
Nicobarese1.0011Kumar 2007M95(xM88)
Juang0.98049Kumar 2007M95(xM88)
Lamet0.85735Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Korku0.81459Kumar 2007M95(xM88)
Inh0.79434Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Katu0.68945Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Mal0.66050Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Ho0.65879Kumar 2007M95(xM88)
Bo0.64328Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Talieng0.62935Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Brau0.62532Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Khmu0.60851Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Oy0.60050Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Korwa0.59542Kumar 2007M95(xM88)
Li (Hlai)0.58834Xue 2006M95(xM88)
Balinese0.573641Karafet 2010M95(xM111)
Alak0.56730Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Suy0.56439Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Bit0.53628Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Aheu0.52638Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Bugan0.50032Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Java (mostly sampled in Dieng)0.49261Karafet 2010M95(xM111)
Ngeq0.48635Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Jeh0.46932Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Santhal0.468109Kumar 2007M95(xM88)
Munda0.45353Kumar 2007M95(xM88)
Laven0.42050Cai 2011M95(xM88)
So0.42050Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Muong0.41712Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Khasi0.41392Kumar 2007M95(xM88)
Kharia0.38936Kumar 2007M95(xM88)
Buyi0.37135Xue 2006M95(xM88)
Lao (Luang Prabang, Laos)0.36025He 2012M95(xM88)
Kinh0.33315Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Oraon0.31991Kumar 2007M95(xM88)
Banjarmasin, Indonesia0.31822Hurles 2005M95(xM88)
Malaysia0.31332Karafet 2010M95(xM111)
Mountain Kimmun0.31332Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Blang0.30852Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Miao (Yunnan)0.30649Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Cham (Binh Thuan, Vietnam)0.30559He 2012M95(xM88)
Lowland Kimmun0.24441Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Zhuang0.235166Chen 2006M95(xM111)
Palyu0.23330Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia0.21565Hurles 2005M95(xM88)
Northern Mien0.21233Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Flower-head Mien0.21119Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Borneo (Indonesia)0.20986Karafet 2010M95(xM111)
Southern Mien0.19431Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Garo0.18233Kumar 2007M95(xM88)
Blue Kimmun0.17928Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Thai (Northern Thailand)0.17617He 2012M95(xM88)
Xinhmul0.17229Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Malagasy0.17135Hurles 2005M95(xM88)
Miao (Guizhou)0.16349Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Lowland Yao0.16131Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Batak Toba (Sumatra)0.15838Karafet 2010M95(xM111)
Daur0.15439Xue 2006M95(xM88)
Western Mien0.14947Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Mandar (Sulawesi)0.13054Karafet 2010M95(xM111)
Pahng0.12931Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Kinh (Hanoi, Vietnam)0.11876He 2012M95(xM88)
Kataang0.10837Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Han (South China)0.09265Yan 2011PK4(xM88)
Qiang0.09133Xue 2006M95(xM88)
Top Board Mien0.09111Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Thin Board Mien0.09111Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Miao (Hunan)0.090100Cai 2011M95(xM88)
She0.08834Xue 2006M95(xM88)
Native Mien0.07341Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Vietnamese0.07170Karafet 2010M95(xM111)
Han Chinese (China)0.061165Karafet 2010M95(xM111)
Hmong Daw (Laos)0.05951Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Hani0.05934Xue 2006M95(xM88)
Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)0.05735Xue 2006M95(xM88)
Bunu0.05636Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Kapingamarangi0.04821Hurles 2005M95(xM88)
Flores0.046394Karafet 2010M95(xM111)
Japanese0.04347Xue 2006M95(xM88)
Western Samoa0.04025Hurles 2005M95(xM88)
Ewenki (China)0.03826Xue 2006M95(xM88)
Northern She (Zhejiang)0.03656Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Miao (China)0.03458Karafet 2010M95(xM111)
Han (Lanzhou, Gansu)0.03330Xue 2006M95(xM88)
Han (Yili, Xinjiang)0.03132Xue 2006M95(x88)
Han (North China)0.031129Yan 2011PK4(xM88)
Han (Chengdu, Sichuan)0.02934Xue 2006M95(xM88)
Han (East China)0.024167Yan 2011PK4(xM88)
Japanese0.024210Hammer 2006M95(xM111)
Philippines0.02148Karafet 2010M95(xM111)
Yao (China)0.01760Karafet 2010M95(xM111)
Sumba0.003350Karafet 2010M95(xM111)

Table of frequencies of O-M88/M111

Population Frequency Count Source SNPs
Xinhmul0.69029Cai 2011M88
Hani0.44134Xue 2006M88
She0.35351Karafet 2010M111
Suy0.30839Cai 2011M88
Kinh (Hanoi, Vietnam)0.30376He 2012M88
Lowland Yao0.29031Cai 2011M88
Kataang0.27037Cai 2011M88
Zaomin0.21637Cai 2011M88
Vietnamese0.20070Karafet 2010M111
Buyi0.17135Xue 2006M88
Lao (Luang Prabang, Laos)0.12025He 2012M88
Han (Chengdu, Sichuan)0.11834Xue 2006M88
Cham (Binh Thuan, Vietnam)0.08559He 2012M88
Zhuang0.072166Chen 2006M111
Miao (China)0.06958Karafet 2010M111
Thai (Northern Thailand)0.05917He 2012M88
Han (China)0.055165Karafet 2010M111
Taiwanese aborigines0.05139Hurles 2005M88
Banjarmasin, Indonesia0.04522Hurles 2005M88
Pathans (Dir, Pakistan)0.04296Firasat 2007M88, M111
Malaysia0.03132Karafet 2010M111
Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia0.03165Hurles 2005M88
Qiang0.03033Xue 2006M88
Li (Hlai)0.02934Xue 2006M88
Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)0.02935Xue 2006M88
Philippines0.02148Karafet 2010M111
Taiwanese aborigines0.02148Karafet 2010M111
Yao (China)0.01760Karafet 2010M111

See also

Genetics

Y-DNA O subclades

Y-DNA backbone tree

Evolutionary tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1[χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1 F2 F3 GHIJK
G HIJK
H IJK
IJ K
I J LT [χ 5]  K2
L T NO [χ 6] K2b [χ 7]   K2c K2d K2e [χ 8]
N O K2b1 [χ 9]    P
M S [χ 10] Q R
  1. Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.
  2. International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
  3. Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A0'1'2'3'4.
  4. Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
  5. Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
  6. Haplogroup NO (M214) is also known as Haplogroup K2a (although the present Haplogroup K2e was also previously known as "K2a").
  7. Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
  8. Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a, also known as Haplogroup NO).
  9. Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is similar to the former Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
  10. Haplogroup S (S-M230) was previously known as Haplogroup K5.

References

Footnotes

    Works cited

    Books

    Conference Posters

    Journals

    Further reading

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