Henry Bessemer

Henry Bessemer
Born Henry Bessemer
(1813-01-19)19 January 1813
Charlton, Hertfordshire, England[1]
Died 15 March 1898(1898-03-15) (aged 85)
London, England
Nationality English
Citizenship British
Occupation engineer and inventor
Known for Development of the Bessemer process for the manufacture of steel.
Awards Albert Medal (1872)
Signature

Sir Henry Bessemer (19 January 1813 – 15 March 1898) was an English inventor, whose steelmaking process would become the most important technique for making steel in the nineteenth century. [2][3] He also established the town of Sheffield as a major industrial centre.

Bessemer had been trying to reduce the cost of steel for military ordnance, when he developed his system for blowing oxygen through pig-iron to remove the impurities. This made steel easier and quicker to manufacture, and revolutionised structural engineering. Bessemer also made over 100 other inventions in the fields of iron, steel and glass. Unlike most inventors, he managed to bring his own projects to fruition and profited financially from their success.

Anthony Bessemer

Bessemer's father, Anthony, was born in London, but moved to Paris when he was 21 years old. He was an inventor who, while engaged by the Paris Mint, made a machine for making medallions that could produce steel dies from a larger model. He became a member of the French Academy of Science,[4] for his improvements to the optical microscope when he was 26. He was forced to leave Paris by the French Revolution, and returned to Britain. There he invented a process for making gold chains, which was successful, and enabled him to buy a small estate in the village of Charlton, near Hitchin in Hertfordshire, where Henry was born.[5]

Early inventions

The invention from which Bessemer made his first fortune was a series of six steam-powered machines for making bronze powder, used in the manufacture of gold paint. As he relates in his autobiography,[6] he examined the bronze powder made in Nuremberg which was the only place where it was made at the time. He then copied and improved the product and made it capable of being made on a simple production line. It was an early example of reverse engineering where a product is analysed, and then reconstituted. The process was kept secret, with only members of his immediate family having access to the factory. It was a widely used alternative to a patent, and such trade secrets are still used today. The Nuremberg powder, which was made by hand, retailed in London for £5 12s per pound and he eventually reduced the price to half a crown, or about 1/40th.[7] The profits from sale of the paint allowed him to pursue his other inventions.

Bessemer patented a method for making a continuous ribbon of plate glass in 1848, but it was not commercially successful (see his autobiography, chapter 8). He gained experience in designing furnaces, which was to be of great use for his new steel-making process.

Bessemer process

Main article: Bessemer process
Bessemer converter
Bessemer converter, Kelham Island Museum, Sheffield, England (2010).

Henry Bessemer worked on the problem of manufacturing cheap steel for ordnance production from 1850 to 1855 when he patented his method.[8] On 24 August 1856 Bessemer first described the process to a meeting of the British Association in Cheltenham which he titled "The Manufacture of Iron Without Fuel." It was published in full in The Times. The Bessemer process involved using oxygen in air blown through molten pig iron to burn off the impurities and thus create steel.[9] James Nasmyth had been working on a similar idea for some time prior to this. A reluctant patentor, and in this instance still working through some problems in his method, Nasmyth abandoned the project after hearing Bessemer at the meeting. Bessemer acknowledged the efforts of Nasmyth by offering him a one-third share of the value of his patent. Nasmyth turned it down as he was about to retire.[10]

Many industries were constrained by the lack of steel, being reliant on cast iron and wrought iron alone. Examples include railway structures such as bridges and tracks, where the treacherous nature of cast iron was keenly felt by many engineers and designers. There had been many accidents when cast iron beams collapsed suddenly, such as the Dee bridge disaster of May 1847, the Wooton bridge collapse and the Bull bridge accident of 1860. The problem recurred at the Tay Bridge disaster of 1879, and failures continued until all cast iron under-bridges were replaced by steel structures. Wrought iron structures were much more reliable with very few failures.

Though this process is no longer commercially used, at the time of its invention it was of enormous industrial importance because it lowered the cost of production steel, leading to steel being widely substituted for cast iron.

Bessemer's attention was drawn to the problem of steel manufacture in the course of an attempt to improve the construction of guns.

Implementation

Bessemer licensed the patent for his process to five ironmasters, but from the outset, the companies had great difficulty producing good quality steel.[11] Mr Göran Fredrik Göransson, a Swedish ironmaster, using the purer charcoal pig iron of that country, was the first to make good steel by the process, but only after many attempts. His results prompted Bessemer to try a purer iron obtained from Cumberland hematite, but even with this he had only limited success because the quantity of carbon was difficult to control. Robert Forester Mushet, had carried out thousands of experiments at Darkhill Ironworks, in the Forest of Dean, and had shown that the quantity of carbon could be controlled by removing almost all of it from the iron and then adding an exact amount of carbon and manganese, in the form of spiegeleisen. This improved the quality of the finished product and increased its malleability.[12][13][14]

When Bessemer tried to induce makers to take up his improved system, he met with general rebuffs and was eventually driven to undertake the exploitation of the process himself. He erected steelworks in Sheffield in a business partnership with others, such as W & J Galloway & Sons, and began to manufacture steel. At first the output was insignificant, but gradually the magnitude of the operations was enlarged until the competition became effective, and steel traders generally became aware that the firm of Henry Bessemer & Co. was underselling them to the extent of UK£10-£15 a ton. This argument to the pocket quickly had its effect, and licences were applied for in such numbers that, in royalties for the use of his process, Bessemer received a sum in all considerably exceeding a million pounds sterling.

However Mushet received nothing and by 1866 was destitute and in ill-health. In that year his 16-year-old daughter, Mary, travelled to London alone, to confront Bessemer at his offices, arguing that his success was based on the results of her father’s work.[15] Bessemer decided to pay Mushet an annual pension of £300, a very considerable sum, which he paid for over 20 years; possibly with a view to keeping the Mushets from legal action.[15]

W M Lord has said with regard to this success that "Sir Henry Bessemer was somewhat exceptional. He had developed his process from an idea to a practical reality in his own lifetime and he was sufficiently of a businessman to have profited by it. In so many cases, inventions were not developed quickly and the plums went to other persons than the inventors."[16]

Other inventions

Drawing of Bessemer by Leslie Ward in Vanity Fair 6 November 1880

Bessemer was a prolific inventor and held at least 129 patents, spanning from 1838 to 1883. These included military ordnance, movable dies for embossed postage stamps, a screw extruder to extract sugar from sugar cane, and others in the fields of iron, steel and glass. These are described in some detail in his autobiography.

After suffering from seasickness in 1868, he designed the SS Bessemer (also called the "Bessemer Saloon"), a passenger steamship with a cabin on gimbals designed to stay level, however rough the sea, to save her passengers from seasickness. The mechanism – hydraulics controlled by a steersman watching a spirit level – worked in model form and in a trial version built in his garden in Denmark Hill, London. However, it never received a proper seagoing test as, when the ship demolished part of the Calais pier on her maiden voyage, investor confidence was lost and the ship was scrapped.[17]

Bessemer also obtained a patent in 1857 for the casting of metal between contrarotating rollers – a forerunner of today's continuous casting processes and remarkably, Bessemer's original idea has been implemented in the direct continuous casting of steel strip.

Later years and death

Headstone of Sir Henry Bessemer, West Norwood cemetery

Bessemer died in March 1898 in Denmark Hill, London. He is buried in West Norwood cemetery, London SE27. Other influential Victorians such as Sir Henry Tate, Sir Henry Doulton and Baron de Reuters are buried within the same cemetery.

Honours and legacy

Bessemer was knighted for his contribution to science on 26 June 1879, and in the same year was made a fellow of the Royal Society. He was conferred with Honorary Membership of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland in 1891.[18] In 1895, he was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[19] Sheffield's Kelham Island Industrial Heritage Museum, maintains an early example of a Bessemer Converter for public viewing. He has also had a Street named after him in the town of Hitchin (Bessemer Close) bordering the village of Ickleford in 1995, and has a road named Bessemer Way in Rotherham in his honour. In 2009, the public house "The Fountain" in Sheffield City Centre was renamed "The Bessemer", in homage to Henry Bessemer who had a huge impact on the Steel City's development. That a man who did so much for industrial development did not receive higher recognition from his own government was a source of deep regret to English engineers, who alluded to the fact that in the United States, where the Bessemer process found much use, eight cities or towns bore his name.[20]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Sir Henry Bessemer Inventor & Engineer. Lucidcafe.com (24 November 2014). Retrieved on 1 July 2015.
  2. ↑ Misa, Thomas J. A Nation of Steel: The Making of Modern America: 1865-1925. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins UP, 1995. Print.
  3. ↑ Newton, David E. Chemistry of New Materials. New York: Facts on File, 2007. Print.
  4. ↑ Jeans, William T. (1884) The creators of the age of steel. Chapman and Hall Limited. pp. 12–13
  5. ↑ "Charlton House in England, Hitchin". Daily Telegraph.
  6. ↑ Bessemer's autobiography. history.rochester.edu
  7. ↑ "Famous Inventors – Sir Henry Bessemer". The Meccano Magazine. April 1942. p. 130.
  8. ↑ Boylston, Herbert Melville (1936). An introduction to the metallurgy of iron and steel. J. Wiley & sons, inc. p. 218.
  9. ↑ Boylston, Herbert Melville (1936). An introduction to the metallurgy of iron and steel. J. Wiley & sons, inc. pp. 218–219.
  10. ↑ Lord, W. M. (1945). "The Development of the Bessemer Process in Lancashire, 1856–1900". Transactions of the Newcomen Society 25: 164.
  11. ↑ Bessemer, Sir Henry (1905). Sir Henry Bessemer, F.R.S. Offices of "Engineering,". p. 172. ISBN 0-901462-49-7.
  12. ↑  "Mushet, Robert Forester". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
  13. ↑ Coleford, Towns in the Forest Of Dean ForestWeb (fweb) – Virtual guide to the Royal Forest Of Dean. fweb. Retrieved on 1 July 2015.
  14. ↑ Anstis, Ralph (24 October 1997). Man of Iron, Man of Steel: Lives of David and Robert Mushet. Albion House. p. 140. ISBN 0-9511371-4-X.
  15. 1 2 Sir Henry Bessemer, F.R.S. An Autobiography. Archive.org. Retrieved on 1 July 2015.
  16. ↑ Lord, W. M. (1945). "The Development of the Bessemer Process in Lancashire, 1856–1900". Transactions of the Newcomen Society 25: 180.
  17. ↑ The Bessemer Saloon Steam-Ship, Chapter XX, Sir Henry Bessemer, F.R.S. An Autobiography, online at University of Rochester
  18. ↑ IESIS Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland. Iesis.org. Retrieved on 1 July 2015.
  19. ↑ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
  20. ↑  Gilman, D. C.; Thurston, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Bessemer, Henry". New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.

Bibliography

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