Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland

Henry Percy
Earl of Northumberland, Lord of Mann.
Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland; 18th-century engraving
Spouse(s)	Margaret Neville Maud, Baroness Lucy
Issue Harry "Hotspur" Percy Sir Thomas Percy Sir Ralph Percy Alan Percy Margaret Percy
Detail Titles and styles The Earl of Northumberland The Lord of Mann[1]
Noble family	House of Percy
Father	Henry de Percy, 3rd Baron Percy
Mother	Mary of Lancaster
Born	10 November 1341 Alnwick, Northumberland, England
Died	20 February 1408 (aged 66) Bramham Moor, Yorkshire, England

Alnwick Castle, held by Henry Percy, possible birthplace of his son "Harry Hotspur"

Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, 4th Baron Percy, titular King of Mann, KG, Lord Marshal (10 November 1341 – 20 February 1408) was the son of Henry de Percy, 3rd Baron Percy, and a descendent of Henry III of England. His mother was Mary of Lancaster, daughter of Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster, son of Edmund, Earl of Leicester and Lancaster, who was the son of Henry III.

Life

Henry Percy was originally a follower of Edward III of England, for whom he held high offices in the administration of northern England. At a young age he was made Warden of the Marches towards Scotland in 1362, with the authority to negotiate with the Scottish government. In February 1367 he was entrusted with the supervision of all castles and fortified places in the Scottish marches. He went on to support King Richard II and was created an Earl and briefly given the title of Marshal of England. After Richard elevated his rival Ralph Neville to the position of Earl of Westmorland in 1397, Percy supported the rebellion of Henry Bolingbroke, who became King as Henry IV.

On King Henry IV's coronation he was appointed Constable of England and granted the lordship of the Isle of Man. Percy and his son, Henry Percy, known as "Hotspur", were given the task of subduing the rebellion of Owain Glyndŵr, but their attempts to make peace with the Welsh rebels did not meet with the king's approval.

Rebellion

In 1403 the Percys turned against Henry IV in favour of Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, and then conspired with Owain Glyndŵr against King Henry. The Tripartite Indenture was signed by all three parties, which divided England up between them. Glyndŵr was to be given Wales, and a substantial part of the west of England, Northumberland was to have received the north of England, as well as Northamptonshire, Norfolk, Warwickshire, and Leicestershire. The Mortimers were to have received the rest of southern England, below the river Trent.^[2]

The Percy rebellion failed at the Battle of Shrewsbury, where Hotspur was killed. Since the earl did not directly participate in the rebellion, he was not convicted of treason. However, he lost his office as Constable. In 1405 Percy supported Richard le Scrope, Archbishop of York, in another rebellion, after which Percy fled to Scotland, and his estates were confiscated by the king.

In 1408 Percy invaded England in rebellion once more and was killed at the Battle of Bramham Moor. Percy's severed head was subsequently put on display at London Bridge.

Marriages

1. In 1358, he married Margaret Neville (b.12 Feb 1339, d.12 May 1372), daughter of Ralph Neville, 2nd Baron Neville de Raby and Alice de Audley.^[3] They had four sons (Harry "Hotspur" Percy, Thomas, Ralph and Alan) and one daughter (Margaret).

Canting arms of Lucy of Cockermouth Castle: Gules, three lucies hauriant argent

2. In 1381, he married Maud Lucy (b.1343, d.18 Dec 1398), daughter of Sir Thomas de Lucy (2nd Lord Lucy) and Margaret de Multon, and thus sister and heiress of Anthony Lucy, Baron Lucy (d.1366) of Cockermouth Castle, Cumbria, which estate he inherited on condition that he and his heirs male should bear the arms of Lucy (Gules, three lucies hauriant argent) quarterly with their own.^[4] They had no issue.

In literature and media

Northumberland is a major character in Shakespeare's Richard II, Henry IV, part 1, and Henry IV, part 2.

His position as a character in the Shakespearean canon inspired the character of Lord Percy Percy, Duke of Northumberland in the historical sitcom The Black Adder, set during the very late Plantagenet era.

The novel Lion of Alnwick by Carol Wensby-Scott is the first volume of the Percy Saga trilogy which retells the story of "the wild and brilliant Percy family" and relates a fictionalised account of the 1st Earl of Northumberland and his son Henry "Hotspur" Percy's lives. The other novels in the trilogy, Lion Dormant and Lion Invincible tell the story of his other descendants and their role in the English War of the Roses.

Henry Percy and his son Hotspur are also essential characters in Edith Pargeter's novel, A Bloody Field by Shrewsbury which recounts the events leading up to the Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403.

He is a major character in My Lord John by Georgette Heyer.

Alnwick Castle, the traditional home of the Percy family, was featured in the Harry Potter movies as the location of Hogwarts.

Ancestry

Ancestors of Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland

16. Sir Henry de Percy               8. Henry de Percy, 1st Baron Percy                       17. Eleanor de Warenne               4. Sir Henry de Percy, 2nd Baron Percy                             18. Richard Fitzalan, 8th Earl of Arundel               9. Eleanor FitzAlan                       19. Alice of Saluzzo               2. Henry de Percy, 3rd Baron Percy                                   20. Roger de Clifford               10. Robert de Clifford, 1st Baron de Clifford                       21. Isabel de Vipont               5. Idoine de Clifford                             22. Thomas de Clare, Lord of Thomond               11. Maud de Clare                       23. Juliana FitzGerald, Lady of Thomond               1. Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland                                         24. Henry III of England               12. Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster                       25. Eleanor of Provence               6. Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster                             26. Robert I of Artois               13. Blanche of Artois                       27. Matilda of Brabant               3. Mary of Lancaster                                   28. Patrick de Chaworth               14. Sir Patrick de Chaworth, Lord of Kidwelly                       29. Hawise de London               7. Maud Chaworth                             30. William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick               15. Isabella de Beauchamp                       31. Maud FitzJohn

References

1. self styled as the King of Mann
2. Trevor Royle, The Wars of the Roses; England's First Civil War, Abacus, 2009, ISBN 978-0-349-11790-4 pg 95
3. The Peerage http://thepeerage.com/p10692.htm#i106912
4. Daniel Lysons and Samuel Lysons, 'Cockermouth', in Magna Britannia: Volume 4, Cumberland (London, 1816), pp. 40-45 http://www.british-history.ac.uk/magna-britannia/vol4/pp40-45

Sources

• Rymer, Thomas Foedera, The Hague, 1739
• Beltz, G.F. Memorials of the most noble Order of the Garter, from its foundation to the present time London 1841
• Doyle, J.W.E, The Official Baronage of England London 1886
• Jean Froissart, Chronicles

Further reading

• Towson, Kris Henry Percy, first earl of Northumberland : ambition, conflict and cooperation in late mediaeval England St Andrews PhD Thesis, 2005.
• Rose, Alexander Kings in the North – The House of Percy in British History. Phoenix/Orion Books Ltd, 2002, ISBN 1-84212-485-4 (722 pages paperback)