Hinduism in South Africa

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A Hindu Temple in Durban, South Africa.

Hinduism is found in various provinces of South Africa, but primarily in KwaZulu-Natal. Approximately 1.22% or 551,669 of the South African population professed to be Hindu, according to the 2001 census.[1] This is the largest concentration of Hindus in Africa after Mauritius.

It is unclear when the first Hindus settled in parts of South Africa. Vast majority of current Hindus in South African provinces are descendants of indentured laborers brought in by the British colonial government, from 1860 to 1919, to work in plantations and the mining operations owned by European settlers.[2] Many came from Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and some from other states of India. Early Hindu settlements in South Africa suffered discrimination, abuse and persecution.[3][4] Hindu Indians were among the people who were referred to as coolies,[5] racially segregated as colored people, and their discrimination continued through the Apartheid era until 1994.

The first Hindu temples were in operation in the 1870s. Some South African local governments banned temple building and property ownership by Hindus in 1910s.[6] Modern South Africa has many Hindu temples, and its Hindu community observes major festivals of Hinduism such as Deepavali.[7]

History

There is an ongoing controversy about the first arrival of Hindus in modern South Africa. One school of scholars state that Indians first arrived in modern South Africa during colonial era as indentured servants for the British Empire.[8] The second school states Indians arrived between 500-900 AD about the same time as Islamic traders arrived.[9] The third school states that Hindus very likely arrived by 1st millennium BC, or possible before.[9][10] The third school's uses indirect linguistic, literary and gold mining process technology evidence to support its theory,[11][12] while there is ample additional archaeological and historical evidence for the first two schools.

A number of ancient Indian texts describe shipping and trade. Kautiliya's Arthasastra dedicates a chapter to it, and mentions a government official called navadhyaksha, or minister of shipping whose job was to capture and prosecute pirates, manage sea ports and collect custom duties.[9] Wilfred Schoff's work provides evidence of a chain of active trading ports along east and west Indian coasts by 1st century BC.[13] While there is extensive evidence for the presence of Hindu traders and merchants in Mozambique and Swahili coast (Tanzania, Kenya), archaeological evidence has not been found for any shipping or trading in ancient times, including those by Hindus from India, along the coast of modern South Africa. Bruno Werz states that this is likely because the coastal region of Mozambique and Swahili coasts are calmer and offer many natural ports that fall is natural trade winds between India and Africa, in contrast to the more turbulent coast and seas around South Africa.[14] Hromnik states that the likely path was arrival in Mozambique, followed by a land route inland into gold mining areas belonging to Shona people in Zimbabwe to South Africa.[15] Regardless of the era when Hindus first arrived in South Africa, their numbers were small and they were limited to the coastal or urban regions before the colonial era.

Colonial era, indentured labourers

Main article: Indian South Africans
Natal region (orange) of South Africa, where over 100,000 indentured Hindu laborers were first brought in by British colonial empire in the 19th century.

Large numbers of Hindus (as well as people of other religions) began arriving into South Africa in the 19th century colonial era, mostly as indentured labor and some on their own as "free" immigrants. After slavery was abolished throughout the British Empire by 1833,[16] British mining companies and European plantation owners throughout the empire were short of cheap or free skilled labour for labor-intensive sugarcane plantations and mining work. The available local labour became difficult to retain for low salary, harsh work, and thus unreliable.[16][2] The British Empire invented and enforced an indentured labor system which essentially retained all elements of slavery.[17]

The new system, also called the 'coolie system',[4] was extensively used to bring Hindus to South Africa and other parts of British empire. The system enticed extremely poor people in India to sign a contract wherein they would be promised paid travel and a livelihood in exchange for a binding promise to work for a fixed period of time (four to seven years was common). Any indentured laborer who left before the contract ended was considered a criminal and subject to a prison term.[2]

When the indentured labor law was designed, it provided the indentured laborer some rights at the end of the contract; the laborer became free, with the legal right to some land and the right to stay in the new land, or demand the company or plantation owner for pre-paid travel back. However, in late 1880s South Africa, new laws were passed that required that the newly freed indentured laborer pay a hefty tax, or sign a new indentured labor contract and escape the tax. About 25% of Hindus returned to India, once their first contract was over. But for most indentured Hindu laborers, they had lost all contact with their country of origin, chose to stay and signed a new indentured contract. It is this system that brought large number of Hindus (and Southeast Asians) into South Africa.[18]

The first ships carrying indentured Hindu labourers for plantations in British Empire left India in 1836. While some Hindus were recruited legally, many others were kidnapped or "blackbirded" into long-term indentured service in various parts of British Empire, ranging from South Africa to Fiji, Australia and the Caribbean.[2][19]

In South Africa, indentured labourers were brought in to work on sugarcane plantations in Natal,[16] in part because sugarcane farming and sugar had its origins in India, the labor did not need to be trained, and Indian Hindus were suffering from waves of famines and extreme poverty while British colonial empire was busy force converting India's fertile farms from the production of food to the production of cash crops such as cotton for British mills, tobacco for Europeans, poppy and opium for China.[20][21] Today, the Kwa-Zulu Natal province of South Africa has the largest Hindu population in Africa (about 12% of Kwa-Zulu Natal province's total population).

In the early decades of the migrations, indentured Indians were treated as inhumanely as the enslaved Africans had been.[2][4] They were confined to their estates and paid a pitiful salary. Any breach of contract brought automatic criminal penalties and imprisonment. Many of these were brought away from their homelands deceptively, from inland regions far from seaports where they were promised jobs but were not told the work they were being hired for, nor that the new job required them to leave their homeland and communities.[2] They were hustled aboard waiting ships, unprepared for the long and arduous four-month sea journey. Abuse, disease and death on these ship, and in plantations of South Africa were common place.[3][22] The abuse led to a temporary ban on indenture labor hiring in South Africa in early 1870s.[16]

Establishment of Hinduism in South Africa

Mahatma Gandhi's resolve to apply Hindu principles of non-violence for peaceful transformation of society took shape in South Africa.

After the ban was lifted with British Colonial Law 19 and 20 of 1874, British officials advertised plantation job opportunities to Hindu families in northern Ganges basin and southern Tamil Nadu, invited men to bring their families, promised salary with homes, and that they and their families can continue to practice Hinduism while they work at the plantations. However, once they arrived, there were many irregularities and the reality after arrival was very different than promises before their departure.[16][23]

Between 1874 to 1911, European plantation and factory owners in Natal region of South Africa alone brought in 146,000 people from India in 364 ships.[16][24] Other Hindu coolies (indentured laborers)[25] were deployed by the colonial government in Eastern Cape, Western Cape and Free State.[5] Over time, the colonial government recognized three classes of Hindus - the "free" merchant class Hindus who had arrived in South Africa at their own expense, the previously indentured but later free Hindus who typically manned shops and logistics, and the "non-free" indentured class of Hindus whose residence and movement was controlled because he or she was contracted property.[16] The first two classes of Indian Hindus prospered and became wealthy, and were increasingly seen as economic threats by European merchants by late 1880s.[26]

Discriminatory laws based on ethnic origin began to be passed in 1890s, and the roots of South African apartheid era started taking shape. It was in this environment of 1890s when Mahatma Gandhi arrived in South Africa as a lawyer offering services to Indian diaspora in South Africa. It was his experiences of colonial abuse, religious stereotyping and racial discrimination against poor Hindus in South Africa that shaped his political and non-violent movement.[16] He, along with other Hindus in Pretoria, began a series of publications and Hindu organizations to bring Hindu community together, and then non-violently highlight and seek human rights. Not only did they demand civil rights to transform interracial relations, they also sought social reforms among Hindus living in South Africa.[26]

Hindu temples

The first Hindu Temple in South Africa (above) was a very simple design. It was built in 1869, and is now a Protected Site by South African government.

The first South African Hindu temple was built in 1869.[27][28] As the "free" Hindu community prospered, more temples were built in Durban, Pietermaritzburg, Port Elizabeth, Johannesburg and Pretoria. However, given the Hindus in South Africa came from different regions of India and spoke different languages, the temples and social life among Hindus remained diverse and fragmented. As apartheid-type discriminatory laws against colored and black people began to catch the imagination of some European settlers in South Africa, a few regional governments banned Hindus from purchasing land or building new temples in 1902.[6] Additional and more severe restrictions were placed against Hindus in South Africa during the Apartheid era, through 1994.[7]

Tamil Hindus had a well frequented First River (Umbilo Shri Ambalavanaar) temple on Umbilo river in Durban by 1875. This temple was damaged by floods in 1905, but its deities and relocatable parts were saved before the floods and relocated nearby to Second River temple, one that has remained in use for over 100 years. The early temples in South Africa were simple, but followed the traditional Hindu temple design and architectures. Temples built later were larger and more elaborate.[29] Some South African Hindu temples in use are:

1. Shree Rameshwar Mahadev Mandir (Shiva Mandir), Lenasia, Johannesburg, South Africa

2. Hindu Temple Complex, (en route to) Springfield Park, Durban, South Africa

3. Clairwood Shree Siva Soobramoniar Temple (C.S.S.S.T),122 Sirdar Rd,Clairwood, Durban 4052 (125 years old)

4. Shree Muruga Alayam, 152 Jacobs Road, Clairwood, Durban 4052, South Africa

5. Melrose Temple, 37 2nd Street, Abbotsford, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa

6. Madhya Kailash Temple Midrand, 52 Stag Road Glen Austin EXT 3 Midrand

7. Shri vilvanatha esperar alayam,23 temple road wyebank kloof 3610.

8. Shivan Kovil (Shiva Mandir), Lenasia (Lenz), Johannesburg, South Africa

One of the most elaborate and ornate Hindu temples in South Africa is the Temple of Understanding in Chatsworth, 20 kilometers south of Durban.[30][31]

Practices

In South Africa, there is some blurring between language, and religion among Hindus. It is not uncommon for Tamils to call their religion "Tamil", or for Hindi speakers to refer to their religion likewise. In general, Mother Goddess and Shiva worship are more common among Hindus of South Indian origin, with Hindus of North Indian origin worshiping Rama, or in the case of Gujaratis, worshippers of Vishnu. However, there are many practices that are fluidly shared amongs all Hindus in South Africa. [32] Hare Krishna bhakti school of Hindus is active in many parts of South Africa, such as in Durban area where South Africa's largest Hindu community lives.

Deepavali is the most important festival for South African Hindus. It is a major attraction in Durban, where public festivities are held every year along its beachfront.[33] Tamil Hindus of South Africa also observe Kavadi, while Krishna devotees observe the Festival of Chariots.

Ashrams in South Africa

1. Divine Life Society of South Africa, Reservoir Hills, Durban

2. Ramakrishna Centre of South Africa, Glen Anil, Durban

Hindu population

According to the 2001 census, there are 551,669 Hindus in RSA. The number of Hindus by district municipality boundaries are given below:

See also

References

  1. ↑ "South Africa - Section I. Religious Demography". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Forced Labour". The National Archives, Government of the United Kingdom. 2010.
  3. 1 2 R Huttenback (1976), Racism and Empire: White Settlers and Colored Immigrants in the British Self-Governing Colonies 1830-1910, Cornell University Press, ISBN 978-0801409745
  4. 1 2 3 Michelangelo van Meerten, in History of Humanity: Scientific and Cultural Development, Editors: Peter Mathias and Nikolaj Tolorov, Volume 6, Originally published by UNESCO, Re-published by Routledge, ISBN 0-415-09310-4, pp. 72-75
  5. 1 2 Marina Carter and Khal Torabully (2002), Coolitude, Anthem Press, ISBN 1-84331-0031
  6. 1 2 Bhana and Brain (1990), Setting down roots: Indian Migrants in South Africa, 1860-1911, Johannesburg, Witwatersrand University Press
  7. 1 2 P.P. Kumar (2012), Hinduism in South Africa, in Elias Kifon Bongmba (Editor) - The Wiley Blackwell Companion to African Religions, ISBN 978-1405196901
  8. ↑ Constance Jones and James Ryan (2007), Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Facts on File, ISBN 978-0816073368, pp 11
  9. 1 2 3 Alexis Catsambis et al. (2011), The Oxford Handbook of Maritime Archaeology, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195375176, Chapter 23
  10. ↑ Cyril A. Hromnik, Dravidian Gold Mining and Trade in Ancient Komatiland, Journal of Asian and African Studies, Volume 26, Issue 3-4, pp. 283–290
  11. ↑ Cyril Hromnik, Indo-Africa: Towards a New Understanding of the History of Sub-Saharan Africa, Juta, Cape Town (1981), ISBN 978-0702111631
  12. ↑ Cyril A. Hromnik, African History and Africanist Orthodoxy: A Response to Hall and Borland's Review Article on 'Indo-Africa', The South African Archaeological Bulletin, Vol. 38, No. 137 (Jun., 1983), pp. 36-39
  13. ↑ Wilfred Schoff (1912), The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century, ISBN 978-8121506991
  14. ↑ Bruno Werz, in Editors: Alexis Catsambis et al. (2011), The Oxford Handbook of Maritime Archaeology, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195375176, Chapter 21
  15. ↑ Shona, सोना, means gold in many Indian languages
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Denise Cush et al. (2007), Hindus in Africa, in Encyclopedia of Hinduism, ISBN 978-0700712670, Routledge, pp. 9-11
  17. ↑ Tinker, Hugh (1993). New System of Slavery. Hansib Publishing, London. ISBN 978-1-870518-18-5.
  18. ↑ Steven Vertovik (Robin Cohen, ed.) (1995). The Cambridge survey of world migration. ISBN 978-0-521-44405-7.
  19. ↑ "South Sea Islanders mark sugar 'slave' days". SBS Australia. 26 August 2013.
  20. ↑ Maddison, A. (1970), The historical origins of Indian poverty, PSL Quarterly Review, 23(92), pp. 31-81
  21. ↑ Richard Hunt (1997), To End Poverty - The Starvation of the Periphery by the Core, Oxford, UK, ISBN 978-0952887201
  22. ↑ H Tinker (1976), Separate and Unequal, University of British Columbia Press, ISBN 978-0903983310
  23. ↑ Sujata Patel and Tina Uys (2012), Contemporary India and South Africa, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-52299-1, Chapter 3
  24. ↑ over 80% of Indians who were brought in these ships were Hindus; South Indian Christians and North Indian Muslims made up most of the rest
  25. ↑ In the plantations as well as the courts of South Africa, Hindus were often called coolie; see Lord Selborne court papers from 1905 in Johannesburg
  26. 1 2 Paul Younger (2009), New Homelands: Hindu Communities in Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad, South Africa, Fiji and East Africa, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195391640, pp. 125-166
  27. ↑ Community History of Durban South African History Online
  28. ↑ The History of the Sithambaram Alayam Temple in Bayview, Chatsworth, Durban Ulwazi
  29. ↑ Paul Mikula et al. (1982), Traditional Hindu temples in South Africa, University of Virginia, ISBN 978-0620058551
  30. ↑ Temple of Understanding South Africa Venues
  31. ↑ Official website of the Temple of Understanding ISKCON
  32. ↑ Tamils South Africa Hinduism
  33. ↑ P.P. Kumar (2012), Hinduism in South Africa, in Elias Kifon Bongmba (Editor) - The Wiley Blackwell Companion to African Religions, ISBN 978-1405196901, pp. 395

External links

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