Hinduism in Arab states

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There are many Hindus in Arab states, many due to the migration of Indians and Nepalese workers to the oil-rich states around the Persian Gulf.

Hindu temples have been built in Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Yemen and Oman.

Millions of Indian diaspora, of different religions, reside and work in the Arab countries. The estimated figures for the Hindu population in 2010, among some Arab countries was as follows, according to Pew Research Center:[1]

The number of Hindus in other Arab countries, including the countries of the Levant and North Africa, is thought to be negligible, though Libya has an Indo Nepalese community of about 10,000[2] individuals (in 2007), many of whom are likely to be Hindu. It is not known whether any Hindu temples exist in these countries.

(See Hinduism by country for the sources of these figures, which may need to be adjusted.)

Historical background

Indian settlers came in Oman making settlements for practising Hinduism. Arab sailors were using the southwest monsoon winds to trade with western Indian ports before the first century CE. An Arab army conquered Sindh in 711 and Arab traders settled in Kerala in the 8th century. In the opposite direction, medieval Gujaratis and other Indians traded extensively with Arab and Somali ports, including Ormuz, Socotra, Mogadishu, Merca, Barawa, Hobyo and Aden. Arab merchants were the dominant carriers of Indian Ocean trade until the Portuguese forcibly supplanted them at the end of the 15th century. Indo-Arabian links were renewed under the British Empire, when many Indians serving in the army or civil service were stationed in Arab lands such as Sudan. The current wave of Indian immigration to the Arab states of the Persian Gulf dates roughly to the 1960s. Hinduism is also one of the fastest growing religions in the Middle East.[3][4] Mainly by immigration from the Indian Subcontinent.

United Arab Emirates

Indians in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) constitute the largest part of population of the country. Over 2 million Indian migrants (mostly from the southern states Kerala and Tamil Nadu) are estimated to be living in the UAE, who form over 30% of the total population of the UAE. A majority of Indians live in the three largest cities of the UAE — Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Sharjah. In the 2 million migrants, 1 million are from Kerala and 450,000 from Tamil Nadu, form the majority in Indian community living in UAE. By 1999, the population of Indian migrants in the UAE, which stood at 170,000 in 1975, was at 750,000. The estimated population of Indians in the UAE as of 2009 is near 2 million. Indians constitute 42% of the total UAE population. A majority of Indians in the UAE (approximately 50% - 883,313 in 2011[8]) are from the South Indian state of Kerala, followed by migrants from Tamil Nadu. The majority of Indians are Muslim (50%), followed by Christian (25%) and Hindu (25%).

There are three Hindu temples operating in rented commercial buildings in Dubai, one of which is used by Sikhs as well. Sikhs and Hindus living in Abu Dhabi also practice their religion in private homes. There are two operating cremation facilities and associated cemeteries for the Hindu community, one in Abu Dhabi and one in Dubai.

Oman

Oman has an immigrant Hindu minority. The number of Hindus has declined in the 20th century although it is now stable. Hinduism first came to Muscat in 1507 from Sindh. The original Hindus spoke Kutchi language. By early 19th century there were at least 4,000 Hindus in Oman, all of the intermediate merchant caste. By 1900, there numbers had plummeted to 300. In 1895 the Hindu colony in Muscat came under attack by the Ibadhis. By the time of independence, only a few dozen Hindus remained in Oman. The historical Hindu Quarters of al-Waljat and al-Banyan are no longer occupied by Hindus. Hindu temples once located in Ma'bad al Banyan and Bayt al Pir, no longer exist; the only active Hindu temples today are the Muthi Shwar temple located in Al-Hawshin Muscat, the Shiva temple located in Muttrah, and the Krishna temple located in Darsait. The only Hindu crematorium is located in Sohar, northwest of Muscat. The most prominent immigrant Hindus (Kutchi), are Khimji Ramdas, Dhanji Morarji, Ratansi Purushottam and Purushottam Toprani.[5]

Saudi Arabia

Hindus are not permitted to build temples though many of them worship inside rented apartments/ houses in Saudi Arabia. Celebrations of all festivals are also held only indoors. Further permission is asked for outdoor activities for certain area's. Saudi Arabia discriminates against Hindus (and other non-Muslims) in the legal process. This includes the giving of evidence, prosecution process as well as legal judgement.[6] For example, under the blood money concept in the country, for the calculation of accidental death or injury compensation, the final amount is adjusted after establishing the plaintiff's religion. According to US State Department,[6] a Sunni Muslim male in Saudi Arabia receives the full award as required by Sharia, a Jewish or Christian male receives 50 percent of the compensation a Muslim male would receive, and Hindus (and others such as Buddhists, and Sikhs) are only entitled to receive 1/16 the amount a male Sunni Muslim would receive.[7]

Similarly, only the testimony by Sunnis is accepted as reliable, while the testimony of Hindu witnesses (and other non-Muslim religions) are often ignored in courts of law altogether, as stipulated in Sharia. In general, in Saudi courts, a woman's testimony is worth only half that of a man's, and a non-Muslim's (Hindu) testimony is worth less than that of a Muslim's.[6]

Qatar

Hindus make up 13.8% of Qatar's population.There are an estimated 300,000 non-resident Hindus in the country.

References

  1. ↑ Table: Religious Composition by Country, in Numbers Pew Research Center, Washington D.C. (December 2012)
  2. ↑ "Indian Community in Libya" (archived link)
  3. ↑ Tore Kjeilen. "Hinduism in the Middle East - LookLex Encyclopaedia". looklex.com.
  4. ↑ "The Hindu Diaspora In The Middle East". kashmir blogs-Truth about Kashmir-" kashmir blog"".
  5. ↑ J.E. Peterson, Oman's diverse society: Northern Oman, Middle East Journal, Vol. 58, Nr. 1, Winter 2004
  6. 1 2 3 International Religious Freedom Report - Saudi Arabia State Department of the United States (2009)
  7. ↑ Saudi Arabia - Religious Freedom Report U.S. State Department (2012), pp. 4
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