Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Saudi Arabia
Basic Law
Foreign relations
  • Politics portal

Saudi Arabia is a non-aligned state whose stated foreign policy objectives are to maintain its security and its paramount position on the Arabian Peninsula, and as the world's largest exporter of oil, to maintain cooperative relations with other oil-producing and major oil-consuming countries.

Saudi Arabian stated policy is focused on co-operation with the oil-exporting Arab states of the Persian Gulf, the unity of the Arab world, Islamic strength and solidarity, and support for the United Nations (UN).[1] In practice, the main concerns in recent years have been relations with the US, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Iraq, the perceived threat from the Islamic Republic of Iran, the effect of oil pricing, and using its oil wealth to increase the influence of Islam and especially the conservative school of Islam supported by the country's rulers (known as Wahhabism). Saudi Arabia contributes large amounts of development aid to Muslim countries. From 1986 to 2006, the country donated £49 billion in aid.[2][3][4]

Although a member of the Non-Aligned Movement, Saudi Arabia has been described as leading the “Pro-Western Camp” of Arab countries, aligned with the U.S. and composed of Egypt, Jordan, and Arab states of the Persian Gulf.[5] Islam is the main religion of Saudi.[6][7]

As a founding member of OPEC, Saudi Arabia's long-term oil pricing policy has been to keep prices stable and moderate—high enough to earn large amounts of revenue, but not so high as to encourage alternative energy sources among oil importers, or jeopardise the economies of Western countries where many of its financial assets are located and which provide political and military support for the Saudi government.[7] The major exception to this occurred during the 1973 oil crisis when Saudi Arabia, with the other Arab oil states, used an embargo on oil supplies to pressure the US to stop supporting Israel.[8]

Saudi Arabia is a founding member of several multinational organizations, including OPEC, the United Nations, the Arab League. It is also a founding member of the Gulf Cooperation Council, Muslim World League, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and the Islamic Development Bank—all of which are headquartered in Saudi. The country plays a prominent role in the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and in 2005 joined the World Trade Organisation.

History

After the World War II and during the Cold War, Saudi Arabia maintained an anti-Communist, anti-secular Arab nationalist policy, often working with the leading anti-Communist power, the United States. Following the 1973 oil crisis, where Saudi Arabia and other Arab oil exporters embargoed the United States and its allies for their support of Israel, oil revenues increased dramatically and it worked to become the leading Islamic state, spending generously to advance Islam and particularly its conservative school (known as Wahhabism). The effect has been to purify and unify Islamic faith, according to supporters, and to erode regional Islamic cultures, according to others. (Examples of the acculturizing effect of Saudi aid can be seen among the Minangkabau and the Acehnese in Indonesia, as well as among the people of the Maldives.[9][10][11][12] The Wahhabi form of Islam is also perceived in the West as being a source of Islamist extremism[13])

Saudi Arabia and its oil policy are thought to have contributed to the downfall of Soviet Communism in the late 1980s and early 1990. Saudi helped to finance not just the Afghan Mujahideen but non-Muslims anti-communists. It also seriously harmed the Soviet Communist cause by stabilizing oil prices "throughout the 1980s, just when the Russians were desperate to sell energy in order to keep up with huge hikes in American military spending." [14]

Finsbury Park Mosque, London, built with Saudi government money from the overseas aid program; headquarters of Islamist extremist cleric Abu Hamza until 2003[15]

Following King Fahd's stroke in 1995, Abdullah, then Crown Prince, assumed responsibility for foreign policy. A marked change in U.S.-Saudi relations occurred, as Abdullah sought to put distance between his policies and the unpopular pro-Western policies of King Fahd. Abdullah took a more independent line from the US and concentrated on improving regional relations, particularly with Iran. Several long-standing border disputes were resolved, including significantly reshaping the border with Yemen. The new approach resulted in increasingly strained relations with the US.[6] Despite this, the U.S. and Saudi Arabia were still close nevertheless. In 1998, Abdullah paid a state visit to the U.S. and met with then President, Bill Clinton.

Pakistani journalist Hamid Mir secretly interviewing al-Qaida leader Osama bin Laden in Kabul, Afghanistan, on November 8, 2001, the day they escaped the city.

In 2003, Abdullah's new policy was reflected in the Saudi government's refusal to support or to participate in the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq. Some US critics saw this as an attempt by the royal family to placate the kingdom’s Islamist radicals. That same year Saudi and U.S. government officials agreed to withdraw all U.S. military forces from Saudi soil. Since ascending to the throne in 2005, King Abdullah has followed a more activist foreign policy and has continued to push-back on US policies which are unpopular in Saudi Arabia (for example, refusing to provide material assistance to support the new Iraqi government).[6][16] However, increasingly, in common with the US, fear and mistrust of Iran] is becoming a significant factor in Saudi policy. In 2010, the whistle blowing website Wikileaks disclosed various confidential documents revealing that King Abdullah urged the U.S. to attack Iran in order to "cut off the head of the snake".[17] Saudi Arabia has long since used it's alliance with the United States as a counterbalance to Iran's influence in the Middle East.

Relations with the US and other Western countries have been further strained by the perception that Saudi Arabia has been a source of Islamist terrorist activity, not just internally, but also world-wide. Osama bin Laden and 15 out of the 19 September 11 attacks hijackers were Saudi nationals, though some officials argue that this was planned deliberately by bin Laden in an attempt to strain U.S.-Saudi relations,[18] and former Central Intelligence Agency director James Woolsey described Saudi Arabian Wahhabism as "the soil in which al-Qaeda and its sister terrorist organizations are flourishing."[13] Some in the U.S. Government also believe that the royal family, through its long and close relations with Wahhabi clerics, had laid the groundwork for the growth of militant groups like al-Qaeda and that after the attacks had done little to help track the militants or prevent future atrocities.[6]

As announced at the 2009 Arab League summit, Saudi Arabia is intending to participate in the Arab Customs Union to be established in 2015 and an Arab common market to be established by 2020.[7][19]

Following the wave of early 2011 protests and revolutions affecting the Arab world, Saudi Arabia offered asylum to deposed President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali of Tunisia and King Abdullah telephoned President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt (prior to his deposition) to offer his support.[20]

Middle east

Iran

Saudi Arabia-Iran relations have been strained throughout history due to the differences between Sunni Islam and Shia Islam. Although Saudi Arabia and Iran are Muslim majority nations, their relationship is fraught with tension, suspicion and hostility. Various attempts have been made to improve the relationship, though none have had lasting success. Both Saudi Arabia and Iran have aspirations for Islamic leadership and both the countries possess a different vision of regional order. Iran, which after the Islamic Revolution strictly followed an anti-US policy, always deemed Saudi Arabia as an agent of the US in the Persian Gulf region that speaks for US interests. Saudi Arabia's concerns about Iran on the other side are mainly associated with its plans of expanding influence to other parts of the Persian Gulf region, especially in post-Saddam Iraq, and the quest to build its own nuclear arsenal.[21]

Differences in political ideologies and governance also divided both the countries. For Iran, it is said that there is no place for monarchical regimes in Islam, like the ones seen in Saudi Arabia and also in some other Arab countries. Energy difference is a third source of tension between Saudi Arabia and Iran. While Saudi Arabia, compared to Iran's smaller oil reserves and larger population, can afford to take a long-term view of the global oil market and has an incentive to moderate prices, Iran is compelled to focus on high prices in the short term.[21]

Relations in recent times have been increasing unstable due to the outbreak of crisis in Syria and Iraq in 2014 with the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria. Despite both countries' efforts to help contain the situation, the Iranian government has at times accused Saudi Arabia of supporting ISIS, which they had done up until the events of June 2014. Relations dropped to an all-time low following the Saudi state's execution of 47 Shia Muslim protesters in January 2016.

Iraq

Postwar Saudi policy focused on ways to contain potential Iraqi threats to the kingdom and the region. One elements of Riyadh's containment policy included support for Iraqi opposition forces that advocated the overthrow of Saddam Hussein's government. In the past, backing for such groups had been discreet, but in early 1992 the Saudi's invited several Iraqi opposition leaders to Riyadh to attend a well-publicised conference. To further demonstrate Saudi dissatisfaction with the regime in Baghdad, Crown Prince Abdallah permitted the media to videotape his meeting with some of the opponents of Saddam Hussein.

Israel

A charter member of the Arab League, Saudi Arabia has supported Palestinian rights to sovereignty, and called for withdrawal from the Occupied Territories since 1967. In recent years, Saudi Arabia has changed its viewpoint concerning the validity of negotiating with Israel. It calls for Israel's withdrawal from territory occupied in June 1967 in order to obtain peace with the Arab states; then-Crown Prince Abdullah extended a multilateral peace proposal based on withdrawal in 2002. At that time, Israel did not respond to the offer. In 2007 Saudi Arabia again officially supported a peaceful resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict.

Saudi Arabia rejected the Camp David accords, claiming that they would be unable to achieve a comprehensive political solution that would ensure Palestinian Arabs could all move to Israel and the division of Jerusalem. In response to Egypt "betraying" the Arab States and signing peace with Israel, Saudi Arabia, along with all the Arab States, broke diplomatic relations with and suspended aid to Egypt, the two countries renewed formal ties in 1987.

Saudi Arabia does not have diplomatic relations with Israel. The country participates in an active economic boycott of Israel. However, Saudi Arabia recognizes that its ally, the United States, has a strong and supportive relationship of Israel.

Saudi Arabia played an active role in attempting to bring the Palestinians towards a self-governing condition which would permit negotiations with Israel. It has done so primarily by trying to mend the schism between Fatah and Hamas, most notably when King Abdullah invited the two factions to negotiations in Mecca resulting in the Mecca Agreement of February 7, 2007. The agreement soon failed, but Saudi Arabia has continued to support a national unity government for the Palestinians, and strongly opposed Israel's war on Gaza in early 2009.

The Times has reported that Saudi Arabia has tested the ability to stand down their air defenses to allow an Israeli strike on Iran to pass through their airspace.[22] Both nations have denied this.[23][24]

Jordan

Relations with Jordan became strained in the years following the Persian Gulf war. Relations were mended in 1996 when Prince Abdullah visited the country. The countries have since met and discussed international development and the Arab situation.

Saudi Arabia is responsible for ending the Hashemite dynasty's control over Hejaz through their conquests following World War I. Jordan is currently ruled by a branch of the dynasty originally from Hejaz, and installed in Trans-Jordan by the British following the conquest of the region from the Ottomans. It is not entirely apparent how this influences their relationship.

Oman

There have been economic, social and political ties between two countries.[25]

Qatar

In 1969 an agreement with Qatar was reached about their borders after three years of dispute. A final agreement about the Qatar border was signed in 2001.

There has been always border disputes, competition between royal families, foreign policies, possible conflicts of interests, and security threats faced by member states. From time to time, differences have also arisen about the nature, role and performance of the GCC. Some of these differences have caused bilateral crises, leading to the withdrawal of one ambassador or another, as was the case when Saudi Arabia recalled its envoy to Qatar in 2002.[26]

However, the 2014 disagreement between Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Bahrain, on the one hand, and Qatar, on the other, was one of the most significant yet. It seriously threatened the GCC’s activities, adversely affected its functioning and could arguably even have led to its dissolution.[26]

During a March 2014 meeting of the Gulf Cooperation Council, after which the UAE, Saudi Arabia and Bahrain announced the recall of their ambassadors to Qatar.[27][28][29] The reason was that while Saudi Arabia GCC countries embarked on a quest to counteract the revolutions, and to contain the changes they had given birth to, especially the rise of the Muslim Brotherhood that is perceived to be challenging the ruling monarchies of several GCC states, Qatar supported the uprisings and the Muslim Brotherhood, as well as their effects on the region’s politics, economics and press freedom.[26]

The situation seemed to remain unchanged until 16 November 2014, when the three countries announced the return of their ambassadors to Doha. In the interim, however, the Riyadh Consultative Summit had taken place, at which the Riyadh Supplementary Agreement was reached.(6) It is worth noting that different parties refer to this variously as the Riyadh Document, the ‘Riyadh Agreement’ and the ‘Riyadh Supplementary Agreement’, with (again) no one disclosing the full contents of the document.[26]

The GCC was probably already on the verge of a crisis linked to the emergence of distinct political blocs with conflicting interests. Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Bahrain were beginning to engage in a political struggle with Qatar, while Oman and Kuwait represent a non-aligned bloc within the GCC.[26]

Some financial economists have interpreted the 2014 Saudi–Qatari rift as the tangible political sign of a growing economic rivalry between oil and natural gas producers, which could "have deep and long-lasting consequences" beyond the MENA area.[30]

Similarly the Yemeni conflict also revealed the conflicting interests of the political blocs within the GCC. While Saudi Arabia considers the Houthis a terrorist group, the Qatari Government sees the group as a legitimate component of Yemen’s political scene.[26]

Syria

President Bashar Al Assad welcomed King Abdullah Al Saud in Damascus in October 2009. The relations between the two countries have greatly deteriorated in recent years, following the Syrian civil war. On 26 February, Syria blamed the Saudi government for arming the rebels with weapons from Croatia, a charge both governments deny. Due to the ongoing Syrian Civil War, Saudi Arabia closed its embassy in Syria.[31]

Turkey

Turkey was one of the first states that recognised the country in 1926 and had a diplomatic mission in Hijaz.[32] Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate – general in Istanbul.[33] Turkey has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate – general in Jeddah.[34][35] Both countries are full members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). On the other hand, in 1986 Saudi Arabia proposed that Turkey should have ended commercial relations with Iran and that it could compensate Turkey's losses resulting from this.[36]

Yemen

For Saudi Arabia, Yemen – like Bahrain – is more an issue of national security than of foreign policy. The Saudis have many access points into Yemen with both formal diplomacy and informal networks at play. Then Crown Prince Sultan managed the tribal networks for decades but the tribal system is changing and diminishing and the Saudi tribal connections are weakening as a result. The country has appeared indecisive about Yemen; in January the government was openly frustrated with President Ali Abdullah Saleh but there was a marked change in its approach in April to one of detailed analysis of the situation and private discussions over whom it should publicly support. The ministry of interior is taking a leading role in dealing with the unrest in Yemen, but other ministries are also making decisions and it is unclear whether there is cooperation between all the ministries involved. Overall, the structure of the Saudi state, and the current preoccupation with issues of succession, suggest that, even if it wanted to do so, Saudi Arabia is unlikely to have the capacity to act as a pan-regional counter revolutionary force.

It is also worth mentioning that Saudi Arabia considers the Houthis a terrorist group, and has reacted militarily against their acquisition of power.[26]

Asia

Bangladesh

When Bengali nationalists began a war of liberation against the Pakistani state, Saudi Arabia supported the Pakistan and opposed calls for the independence of Bangladesh. Saudi Arabia saw the Bengali nationalists as opposing a Muslim state and thus opposing Islam. Saudi Arabia provided extensive financial and political support to Pakistan during the conflict. The pro-Soviet, secular and socialist policies of the regime of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the founding leader of Bangladesh, also antagonized the anti-Communist Saudis. Saudi Arabia and Bangladesh formally established diplomatic relations in 1975-76, after the killing of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman by pro-Islamic military officers. The military regimes of Ziaur Rahman and Hussain Muhammad Ershad took steps to forge strong commercial and cultural ties with Saudi Arabia. Since the late 1970s, a large number of both skilled and unskilled Bangladeshi workers have moved to Saudi Arabia; the number of Bangladeshis living in Saudi Arabia today exceeds 2.7 million. As one of the most populous Muslim countries, Bangladesh is a major source of Hajj pilgrims. Saudi Arabia has become a major source of financing and economic aid to Bangladesh.[37]

China

The People's Republic of China and Saudi Arabia established official diplomatic relations in July 1990.[38] Sino-Saudi diplomatic and economic relations grew closer in the 2000s. In January 2006, King Abdullah was the first ever Saudi head of State to visit China. His visit was reciprocated by Chinese President Hu Jintao in April of the same year. In February 2009, Hu visited Saudi Arabia a second time, to "exchange views on international and regional issues of common concern" with King Abdullah.[39]

Following the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, Saudi Arabia was the largest aid donor to China, providing close to €40,000,000 in financial assistance, and an additional €8,000,000 worth of relief materials.[39] In 2008, Sino-Saudi bilateral trade was worth €32,500,000,000,[38] making Saudi Arabia China's largest trading partner in Western Asia.[40] In the first quarter of 2010, Saudi oil export to China has reached over 1,000,000 barrels (160,000 m3), exceeding export to USA.[41]

India

Saudi Arabia is the one of largest suppliers of oil to India. India's booming construction industry also receives that added fillip and rising affluence has created greater demand for goods and services thereby boosting Indian industrial growth. Saudi Arabia has contributed aid to India after the Gujarat earthquake in the 1990s.

Indonesia

Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Jakarta, while Indonesia has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate in Jeddah. Both countries are the member of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and G-20 major economies. Saudi Arabia and Indonesia have long been close allies. Indonesia sent the largest hajj pilgrims among Muslim countries. The balance of trade is heavily in favor of Saudi Arabia, because of its oil and gas exports to Indonesia. There is around 1 million Indonesian workers in Saudi Arabia. Migrant worker abuse and death sentences faced by Indonesian workers in Saudi Arabia are the main problems that have strained diplomatic relations between two countries.

Japan

Relations between Japan and Saudi Arabia were established in 1955. Japan is a major trading partner for Saudi Arabia. In 2006, Japan exported $5.103 million worth of goods to the Kingdom, primarily automobiles, machinery and equipment, and metals. In the same year, Saudi Arabia exported $33.624 million worth of goods to Japan, primarily crude oil and petroleum products. Japan imported 1.3 million barrels a day of Saudi crude in 2006, 31% of the nation's total supply.[42]

Malaysia

Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has an embassy in Riyadh. Relations, both diplomatic and economic, are quite close between the two Muslim-majority Organisation of Islamic Cooperation members. Additionally, there is a sizable population of Malaysian migrant workers in Saudi Arabia.

Pakistan

Bilateral relations between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are largely friendly. Pakistan has been called the closest non-Arab ally of Saudi Arabia, or "Saudi Arabia's closest Muslim ally"[43] Saudi Arabia has been rocking the cradle of Pakistani politics, brokering truce among warring leaders, providing asylum to those being exiled and generously lavishing funds on a state strapped for cash.[44]

Diplomatic relations were established at the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and have strengthened considerably owing to cooperation in regional affairs and trade. In 1969 the personnel of the Pakistani Air Force flew the Saudi fighter planes to ward off an invasion from South Yemen. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia invested Pakistan in many Industries. Since the inception of Pakistan, Pakistan has been playing a major and important role in the development of Saudi Arabia. Pakistan has provided assistance in the field of science and technology, infrastructure development and many more fields, Pakistan is providing training facilities to Saudi Armed forces. The Faisal Mosque, the National Mosque of Pakistan in Islamabad, is named in honour of King Faisal and was funded by Saudi Arabia.

Faisal Mosque, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Due to the Kingdom's continuing support, many places in Pakistan are named after Saudi Kings and Saudi Arabia in general. For example, the city previously named Lyallpur was renamed Faisalabad in honor of the late Faisal of Saudi Arabia. Also, in Karachi, Pakistan, there are neighbourhoods named Saud Colony, Saudabad, Faisal Colony. Also in Karachi, there is an airforce base name Faisal Airbase named after King Faisal and also, in the honor of King Faisal, the main business street of Pakistan is called Sharah-e-Faisal in Karachi.

In 2005, due to passing of King Fahd of Saudi Arabia, Pakistan declared a seven-day mourning period. Saudi Arabia also hosted former Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif for 8 years while he was in exile. During his stay there, Kingdom held talks with Sharif and even provided him with license to operate business in the Kingdom. It is believed that it was Kingdom of Saudi Arabia which held talks with President Pervez Musharraf of Pakistan to foster their relationship and to allow Sharif back in Pakistan.

The WikiLeaks files revealed in 2010 that Saudis are "long accustomed to having a significant role in Pakistan's affairs."[45] One of the Saudi diplomat boasted about the Saudi involvement in Pakistani affairs, stating, "We in Saudi Arabia are not observers in Pakistan, we are participants."[46] Saudi Arabia also complained over President Zardari's alleged corruption and bias against Shiite Iran, thus fearing a Shia triangle stretching from Iraq, Iran to Pakistan.[47] Wikileaks further revealed that, Prince Mohammed bin Nayef, then Saudi assistant minister of interior, described the Pakistani Chief of Army staff Ashfaq Parvez Kayani as a "decent man" and the Pakistani Army as Saudi Arabia's "winning horse" and its "best bet"[48] for "stability".[45] Time reported that "despite the tensions with Zardari's government, military and intelligence links between Riyadh and Islamabad remain strong and close." Time interviewee, Arif Rafiq of an international consulting firm, stated that the cables "demonstrate that the Saudis have deep vested interests in Pakistan and an influence that is so significant that even the U.S. in some way relies on Saudi knowledge of the country."[45]

Philippines

The Philippines–Saudi Arabia relations refers to the bilateral relations of the Philippines and Saudi Arabia. Formal diplomatic relations between the two countries were established on October 24, 1969

Trade relations

In 2012, Saudi Arabia was the 10th largest trading partner of the Philippines, 31st and 8th largest market in the export and import market respectively. Saudi Arabia was also the Philippines' largest trading partner and import supplier, and second largest export market in the Middle East. According to the Saudi government, trade between Saudi Arabia and the Philippines amounted to $3.6 billion in 2011, a bigger figure from compared to the previous year's trade figure amounting to $2.7 billion.

Labor relations

As of June 2013, there are about 674,000 Filipinos working in Saudi Arabia according to the Saudi Ministry of Interior. A landmark agreement on Filipino household service workers were signed between Saudi Arabia and the Philippines. The agreement was the first for Saudi Arabia with a labor-supplying country.[49]

In 2012, about 150,000 Filipino female nurses are working in Saudi Arabia. This accounts for 25 percent of the total number of Overseas Filipino Workers in the Kingdom.[50]

South Korea

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is the largest exporter of oil to the Republic of Korea (300,000,000 barrels, 2014) and Number of Koreans living in Saudi Arabia in (2014): 5,215 [51]

Thailand

Relations between Saudi Arabia and Thailand were established in 1957 and hundreds of thousands of Thais went to Saudi Arabia to work. The country enjoyed a very friendly and strongly strategic partnership[52] The historically friendly and strategic relationship between Thailand Saudi Arabia has drastically deteriorated in the 1990s, following the Blue Diamond Affair. Diplomatic missions were downgraded to the chargé d'affaires level and the number of Thai workers in Saudi Arabia plummeted.[52] Saudi Arabia does not issue working visas for Thais and discourages its citizens from visiting the country. Relations between Thailand and Saudi Arabia, already strained, have plunged to a new low in 2014 following a Criminal Court decision that acquitted five ex-police officers in relation to the murder of a Saudi businessman in 1990.[53] Since May 1st 2016 The government of Thailand and Saudi Arabia have been working on strengthening their relations.

United States

King Ibn Saud converses with President Franklin D. Roosevelt on board the USS Quincy, after the Yalta Conference in 1945.
A demonstration in front of the Saudi Arabia Consulate General building in West Los Angeles

United States recognized the government of King Ibn Saud in 1931. In the 1930s, oil exploration by Standard Oil commenced. There was no US ambassador resident in Saudi Arabia until 1943, but as World War II progressed, the United States began to believe that Saudi oil was of strategic importance. King Ibn Saud met with the U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on 14 February 1945 in a meeting which lasted three days.[54] The meeting took place on board of the USS Quincy at the Great Bitter Lake in the Suez Canal.[54][55] The meeting laid down the basis of the future relations between two countries.[56]

In 1951, under a mutual defence agreement, the U.S. established a permanent U.S. Military Training Mission in the kingdom and agreed to provide training support in the use of weapons and other security-related services to the Saudi armed forces. This agreement formed the basis of what grew into a longstanding security relationship. The United States is one of Saudi Arabia's largest trading partners and closest allies and has had full diplomatic relations since 1933 and they remain strong today. However, Saudi Arabia's relationship with the United States has been put under pressure since late 2013 following the United States backing down from its intervention in the Syrian Civil War and the United States thawing relations with Iran. The international abduction of American children to Saudi Arabia provoked sustained criticism and resulted in a Congressional hearing in 2002 where parents of children held in Saudi Arabia gave impassioned testimony related to the abduction of their children. Washington based Insight magazine ran a series of articles on international abduction during the same period highlighting Saudi Arabia a number of times[57][58][59][60]

Relations between the U.S. and Saudi Arabia were strained after the September 11 attacks in 2001, when nineteen men affiliated with al-Qaeda, including 15 Saudi nationals, hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners, crashing two of the planes into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, killing 2,973. Saudi Arabia issued a statement on the day of the terrorist attacks on America's World Trade Center and Pentagon, calling them "regrettable and inhuman." Saudi recognition of the Taliban stopped and as of mid-November 2001, the Bush administration continued to publicly praise Saudi support for the war on terrorism. However, published media reports have indicated U.S. frustration with Saudi inaction. Although 15 of the 19 hijackers were Saudi nationals, publicly the Saudis were not cooperating with Americans who wanted to look at background files of the hijackers or to interview the hijackers' families.

In his first formal television interview as U.S. President, Barack Obama addressed the Muslim world through an Arabic-language satellite TV network Al-Arabiya. He expressed interest and a commitment to repair relations that have continued to deteriorate under the previous administration.[61] The American envoy to the region is former Sen. George J. Mitchell.

On October 20, 2010, U.S. State Department notified Congress of its intention to make the biggest arms sale in American history - an estimated $60.5 billion purchase by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The package represents a considerable improvement in the offensive capability of the Saudi armed forces.[62]

The U.S. was keen to point out that the arms transfer would increase "interoperability" with U.S. forces. In the 1990-1991 Gulf War, having U.S.-trained Saudi forces, along with military installations built to U.S. specifications, allowed the American armed forces to deploy in a comfortable and familiar battle environment. This new deal would increase these capabilities, as an advanced American military infrastructure is about to be built.[63]

Americas

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 CanadaSee Canada–Saudi Arabia relations

Saudi Arabia is Canada's largest trade partner among the seven countries of the Arabian Peninsula, totalling more than $2 billion in trade in 2005,[66] nearly double its value in 2002. Canada chiefly imports petroleum and oil from Saudi Arabia, while exporting manufactured goods such as aircraft, cars, machinery and optical instruments.

 Mexico12 September 1952See Mexico–Saudi Arabia relations

Europe

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Albania
  • Albania has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Tirana.
 Austria10 September 1957See Austria–Saudi Arabia relations
 Croatia8 June 1995[73] See Croatia–Saudi Arabia relations
  • Croatia is represented in Saudi Arabia through its embassy in Cairo (Egypt).
  • Saudi Arabia isn't represented in Croatia but citizens that need any assistance are advised to contact Saudi Arabia embassy in Sarajevo (BiH).
  • Both countries are members of the United Nations.
 Cyprus1960 See Cyprus–Saudi Arabia relations
  • Cyprus is represented through its honorary consulate in Jeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia is represented through its embassy in Nicosia.
  • Both countries are members of the United Nations.
 Denmark
 Finland23 September 1969
 France1926
  • France has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate-general in Jeddah.[78]
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Paris.[79]
 Germany1929
 KosovoSee Kosovo–Saudi Arabia relations
 Norway1961
 RomaniaSee Romania – Saudi Arabia relations
 Russia1926See Russia–Saudi Arabia relations
 Sweden
  • The 2005 Project Simoom contract on weapon industry cooperation [84][85] was torn up by the Swedish government in 2015.[86]
  • Swedish foreign minister Wallström's planned speech[87] for the Arab Union in March 2015 was blocked by Saudi Arabia, after Sweden criticized Saudi Arabia on human rights issues.[88]
 Ukraine1993
 United KingdomSee United Kingdom-Saudi Arabia relations

The UK has an embassy in Riyadh, consulate in Jeddah and trade office in Al Khobar.[90] Saudi Arabia has an embassy and consulate in London.[91]

International organization participation

Saudi Arabia is member of the ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, BIS, ESCWA, FAO, G-20, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, International Maritime Organization, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO (Applicant)

See also

Further reading

References

  1. ↑ "Request Rejected". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  2. ↑ ‘Saudis donate aid to non-Muslims' The Telegraph, 26 March 2006
  3. ↑ "Saudi Aid to the Developing World". Saudinf. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
  4. ↑ "Arab Aid". Saudi Aramco World. 1979. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
  5. ↑ Noi, Aylin ¨Unver. "A Clash of Islamic Models" (PDF). CURRENT TRENDS IN ISLAMIST IDEOLOGY / VOL. 15. Hudson Institute. Retrieved 16 April 2014. Saudi-led “Pro-Western Camp” aligned with the U.S. and composed of Egypt, Jordan, and the Gulf states.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Saudi Arabia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  7. 1 2 3 "Saudi Arabia". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  8. ↑ "Oil Embargo, 1973–1974 - 1969–1976 - Milestones - Office of the Historian". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  9. ↑ Ricklefs, M.C. A history of modern Indonesia since c.1200. Stanford. 2001 Stanford University Press.
  10. ↑ Abdullah, Taufik. Adat and Islam: An Examination of Conflict in Minangkabau. 1966.
  11. ↑ Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape. 2003. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
  12. ↑ Xavier Romero-Frias, The Maldive Islanders, A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom. 1999, ISBN 84-7254-801-5
  13. 1 2 'Fueling Terror', Institute for the Analysis of Global Terror, http://www.iags.org/fuelingterror.html
  14. ↑ Rodenbeck, Max (October 21, 2004). "Unloved in Arabia". The New York Review of Books 51 (16). During the Reagan administration, Saudi Arabia effectively became a weapon in the all-out assault on communism. It was not just the Afghan Mujahideen who benefited, fatefully as we well know, from Saudi largesse, but America's proxy fighters on other cold-war fronts, from Angola to Central America to the Horn of Africa. Less dramatically but perhaps more crucially, the kingdom also bled the Soviet Union by keeping oil prices down throughout the 1980s, just when the Russians were desperate to sell energy in order to keep up with huge hikes in American military spending. In periods of shortage during the past ten years, such as during the Iraq wars and Venezuela's 2002 oil strike, the Saudis have cranked up production to keep prices stable.
  15. ↑ 'Finsbury Mosque - after the storm' The Telegraph, 3 February 2011, Retrieved 4 February 2011
  16. ↑ ‘Abdullah’s no reformer’ Foreign Policy, 28 June 2010
  17. ↑ "Wikileaks and Iran". Chicago Tribune. 29 November 2010. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
  18. ↑ Johnston, David (9 September 2003). "Two years later: 9/11 Tactics; Official Says Qaeda Recruited Saudi Hijackers to Strain Ties". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 May 2008.
  19. ↑ "Arab leaders issue resolutions, emphasize Gaza reconstruction efforts". Kuwait News Agency. 20 January 2009. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
  20. ↑ “Egypt Protests could spread to other countries” The Guardian, 31 January 2011, Retrieved 21 February 2011
  21. 1 2 "Saudi-Iranian Relations Since the Fall of Saddam: Rivalry, Cooperation and Implication for US Policy" Frederic Wehrey et al, RAND, National Security Research Division, 2009.
  22. ↑ "Login". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  23. ↑ "Israel denies Saudis gave IDF airspace clearance for Iran strike". Haaretz.com. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  24. ↑ Saudi denies Israel airspace deal against Iran Haaretz
  25. ↑ "Omani-Saudi relations". Saudi Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Islam Hassan (31 March 2015). "GCC's 2014 Crisis: Causes, Issues and Solutions". Al Jazeera Research Center. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  27. ↑ "3 Gulf Countries Pull Ambassadors From Qatar Over Its Support of Islamists". New York Times. 5 March 2014.
  28. ↑ "gulfnews.com: "UAE, Saudi Arabia and Bahrain recall their ambassadors from Qatar" 5 Mar 2014". Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  29. ↑ "Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain withdraw envoys from Qatar". CNN. 2014-03-05. Retrieved 2014-04-11.
  30. ↑ Firzli, M. Nicolas J. (6 April 2014). "A GCC House Divided: Country Risk Implications of the Saudi-Qatari Rift". Al-Hayat (London). Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  31. ↑ Saudi Arabia arming Syrian rebels croatian weapons Global Post, 26 February 2013
  32. ↑ Al Kahtani, Mohammad Zaid (December 2004). "The Foreign Policy of King Abdulaziz" (PDF). University of Leeds. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
  33. ↑ "Request Rejected". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  34. ↑ "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Riyad Büyükelçiliği". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  35. ↑ "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  36. ↑ Hunter, Shireen T. (Spring 1987). "After the Ayatollah". Foreign Policy 66: 77–97. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  37. ↑ "Bangladesh and Saudi Arabia". The Economist. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  38. 1 2 "Backgrounder: Basic facts about Kingdom of Saudi Arabia", Xinhua, 9 February 2009
  39. 1 2 "Chinese president arrives in Riyadh at start of 'trip of friendship, cooperation'", Xinhua, 10 February 2009
  40. ↑ "Chinese president's visit to Saudi Arabia to show friendship", Xinhua, 10 February 2009
  41. ↑ China exceeds US in Saudi oil export, New York Times, 10 March 2010
  42. ↑ "Japan-Saudi Arabia Relations." Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, November 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2011
  43. ↑ Lacey, Robert (2009). Inside the Kingdom : Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia. Viking. p. 294. Saudi Arabia's closest Muslim ally, Pakistan
  44. ↑ Todays News, 15 April 2011
  45. 1 2 3 Tharoor, Ishaan (6 December 2010). "WikiLeaks: The Saudis' Close but Strained Ties with Pakistan". Time. Archived from the original on 3 January 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  46. ↑ Gfoeller, Michael (20 November 2007). "Saudi Arabian Ambassador to the US on Pakistani President Musharraf's visit to Saudi Arabia". WikiLeaks. WikiLeaks cable: 07RIYADH2320. Archived from the original on 3 January 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
  47. ↑ Rundell, David (16 October 2008). "Pakistani relations with Saudis "strained"". WikiLeaks. WikiLeaks cable: 08RIYADH1541. Archived from the original on 3 January 2011. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
  48. ↑ Rundell, David (17 May 2009). "Special advisor Holbrooke's meeting with Saudi Assistant Interior Minister Prince Mohammed bin Nayef". WikiLeaks. WikiLeaks cable: 09RIYADH670. Archived from the original on 3 January 2011. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
  49. ↑
  50. ↑ "Saudi role in restoring Philippine peace hailed". Saudi Gazette. 2012-09-30. Retrieved 2013-08-06.
  51. ↑ http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/middleeast/countries/20070824/1_24421.jsp?menu=m_30_50
  52. 1 2 "Time running out for thai-saudi relations". (sic) Editorial. The Nation. 9 April 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
  53. ↑ Post Publishing PCL. "Thai-Saudi relations likely to worse after murder acquittals - Bangkok Post: learning". http://www.bangkokpost.com. Retrieved 21 February 2015. External link in |work= (help)
  54. 1 2 Abramson, Rudy (9 August 1990). "1945 Meeting of FDR and Saudi King Was Pivotal for Relations". Los Angeles Times (Washington DC). Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  55. ↑ "President Roosevelt and King Abdulaziz". SUSRIS. 17 March 2005. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  56. ↑ Gawdat, Bahgat (Winter 2004). "Saudi Arabia and the War on Terrorism". Arab Studies Quarterly 26 (1). Retrieved 14 September 2013. – via Questia (subscription required)
  57. ↑ Timothy Maier (24 June 2002). "Kids Held Hostage in Saudi Arabia" (PDF). Insight. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  58. ↑ Timothy Maier (27 November 2001). "Stolen Kids become Pawns in Terror War" (PDF). Insight. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  59. ↑ Timothy Maier (18 June 2001). "All Talk, No Action on Stolen Children" (PDF). Insight. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  60. ↑ Timothy Maier (7 October 2000). "A Double Standard for Our Children" (PDF). Insight. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  61. ↑ Archived 20 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  62. ↑ "Arms for the King and His Family: The U.S. Arms Sale to Saudi Arabia". Jerusalem Center For Public Affairs. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  63. ↑ "US-Saudi Security Cooperation, Impact of Arms Sales – Cordesman". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  64. ↑ Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Washington, DC (in Arabic and English)
  65. ↑ "Home - Embassy of the United States Riyadh, Saudi Arabia". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  66. ↑ "Canada-Saudi Arabia relations". Canadian Government. 9 May 2007. Archived from the original on 21 June 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  67. ↑ "Embassy of Canada to Saudi Arabia". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  68. ↑ "Canada". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  69. ↑ "Bienvenidos a la portada". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  70. ↑ "Mexico". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  71. ↑ "Austrian Foreign Ministry -> Embassy -> Riyadh". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  72. ↑ "Request Rejected". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  73. ↑ http://www.mvep.hr/hr/vanjska-politika/bilateralni-odnosi/datumi-priznanja/
  74. ↑ "Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Denmark". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  75. ↑ http://www.ambriyadh.um.dk/da
  76. ↑ "Embassy of Finland, Riyadh". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  77. ↑ "Request Rejected". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  78. ↑ "Ambassade de France en Arabie Saoudite". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  79. ↑ "France". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  80. ↑ "Deutsche Botschaft Riad - Startseite". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  81. ↑ "German Embassy Riyadh - Home". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  82. ↑ "Request Rejected". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  83. 1 2 "New Saudi Arabian embassy in Oslo". http://www.norwaypost.no/. The Norway Post, Bærum. October 2012. Retrieved January 2015. External link in |website= (help)
  84. ↑ http://www.thelocal.se/20140818/saudi-affair-sweden-caves-to-banker-arms-weapons
  85. ↑ http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=6080877
  86. ↑ http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/03/12/at-last-a-western-country-stands-up-to-saudi-arabia-on-human-rights/
  87. ↑ Foreign Minister Wallström's planned speech at the Arab League foreign ministers meeting 9 March 2015
  88. ↑ Saudis block Swedish minister's speech at Arab League, Reuters 9 March 2015.
  89. ↑ Ukrainian embassy in Riyadh
  90. ↑ About us
  91. ↑ Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia London

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Wednesday, May 04, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.