Historical earthquakes

Historical earthquakes is a list of significant earthquakes from before the 20th century. As the events listed here occurred before routine instrumental recordings, they rely mainly on the analysis of written sources. There is often significant uncertainty in location and magnitude and sometimes date for each earthquake. The number of fatalities is also often highly uncertain, particularly for the older events.

Pre-11th century

Date	Time‡	Place	Latitude	Longitude	Fatalities	Magnitude	Comments	Sources
1831 BC		Xia China see Mount Tai earthquake			?	?	Listed in the Bamboo Annals	[1][2]
464 BC		Sparta, Greece see 464 BC Sparta earthquake			?	7.2 (approx)	Ms Led to a helot uprising and strained relations with Athens, one of the factors that led to the Peloponnesian War	[3]
226 BC		Rhodes, Greece see 226 BC Rhodes earthquake			?	–	Destroyed Colossus of Rhodes and city of Kameiros	[4]
60 BC		Portugal and Galicia coasts			?	8.5	Caused a tsunami	[5]
17 AD	At night	Asia minor see 17 AD Lydia earthquake	37.85	27.3	?		Destroyed 13 cities in Asia (minor)	Described by the historians Tacitus and Pliny the Elder
February 5, 62		Bay of Naples, Italy see 62 Pompeii earthquake			?	5–6	Brought down a large part of Pompeii, caused severe damage in Herculaneum and Nuceria.	Seneca describes it in his "Quaestiones Naturales VI" [6]
110		Dian Kingdom, Yunnan, southwestern China			probably thousands	-	Flooded administrative centre of the Dian Kingdom	[7]
December 13, 115		Antioch see 115 Antioch earthquake	36.1	36.1	~260,000	7.5	Ms	[8]
May 18, 363		Syria) see 363 earthquake			"thousands"	~7	Destruction also in "The Holy Land", Petra	Ammianus Marcellinus[9] and numerous other late Antiquity writers[10]
July 21, 365		Crete (Greece) see 365 Crete earthquake			"thousands"	XI	Destruction also in Cyrene & Alexandria (by tsunami). Uplifted Crete by 9 metres.	Ammianus Marcellinus[9] and numerous other late Antiquity writers[10]
382		Cape St. Vincent, Portugal				7.5	According to Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus, the earthquake and corresponding tsunami sank two islets that were situated near Cape St. Vincent.	Ammianus Marcellinus
May 19, 526		Antioch, Turkey see 526 Antioch earthquake			250,000	VIII	The city of Antioch was greatly damaged, and some decades later the city's population was just 300,000.	Procopius, II.14.6; sources based on John of Ephesus
July 6, 551		Beirut, Tyre, Tripoli see 551 Beirut earthquake	33.9	35.5	30,000	7.5	Mw Triggered a devastating tsunami, all the cities of the Phoenician coast from Tyre to Tripoli were reduced to ruins	[11]
January 18, 749[12][13]		The Levant see 749 Galilee earthquake				7 to 7.5 (approx)	The cities of Tiberias, Beit She'an, Hippos and Pella were largely destroyed while many other cities across the Levant region were heavily damaged.	[12]
November 24, 847		Damascus, Syria see 847 Antioch earthquake	33.5	36.3	70,000	X		[11][14]
December 856		Corinth, Greece	37.9	22.9	45,000	–		[14][15]
December 22, 856 (aftershocks for about a year)		Qumis, Iran. From Khuvar to Bustam and Gurgan. The town of Damghan hardest hit. see 856 Damghan earthquake	36.23	54.14	45,000–200,000.		The city of Damghan was half destroyed and had 45,096 casualties.	[14][16]
July 13, 869		Sendai, Japan see 869 Jogan Sanriku earthquake	38.5	143.8	~1,000	8.6–9.0	Ms	[17]
March 23, 893		Ardabil, Iran see 893 Ardabil earthquake	38.28	48.30	150,000	–	–	Regarded as a 'fake earthquake', due to misunderstanding of original Armenian sources for the 893 Dvin event.[18][19][20][21]
December 28, 893		Dvin, Armenia see 893 Dvin earthquake	40.0	44.6	30,000	–	Mislocated in India	[22]

11th–18th centuries

Date	Time‡	Place	Latitude	Longitude	Fatalities	Magnitude	Comments	Sources
August 12, 1042		Palmyra, Baalbek, Syria	35.1	38.9	50,000	7.2 (>VIII)		[11][14]
March 18, 1068		Near East see 1068 Near East earthquake			20,000	≥ 7.0		[23][24]
October 11, 1138		Aleppo, Syria see 1138 Aleppo earthquake	36.1	36.8	230,000	XI		[11][25]
August 12, 1157	08:15	Hama, Syria see 1157 Hama earthquake	35.1	36.3	"Tens of thousands"	7.2	Ms Largest in a sequence lasting from late 1156 to early 1159	[11][25][26]
February 4, 1169		Sicily see 1169 Sicily earthquake	37.3	15.0	15,000	X		[27]
June 29, 1170	06:29	Eastern Mediterranean	34.4	36.4	5,000[28]-80,000 in Aleppo 25,000 in Hama	7.3–7.5[29] -7.7[30]	Syria, Lebanon, central southern Turkey	Numerous sources from Crusader times[25][26]
July 5, 1201 and/or May 20, 1202		Eastern Mediterranean; see 1202 Syria earthquake			1,100,000 (includes famine/disease deaths)	7.6	Damage across a wide area from Syria to Upper Egypt	–
May 11, 1222	06:15	Cyprus see 1222 Cyprus earthquake	34.7	32.6		7.0–7.5	Caused damage at Paphos, Limassol and Nicosia	[31]
1268		Cilicia, Anatolia (Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia) see 1268 Cilicia earthquake	37.5	35.5	60,000	7 (approx)		–
September 27, 1290		Chihli (Hopeh), China see 1290 Chihli earthquake	41.5	119.3	100,000	6.8	Ms	[32]
May 26, 1293		Kamakura, (now in Kanagawa Prefecture, Kantō region,) Japan	35.2	139.4	23,024	7.1		[33]
August 8, 1303, 06:00		1303 Crete earthquake, Greece	35	27	up to 10,000	~8	Triggered a major tsunami that devastated Alexandria in Egypt	[34]
January 1, 1341		Crimea, Ukraine			Not known	6		[35]
January 25, 1348	15:00	Friuli, Venice, Rome see Earthquake of 1348	46.37	13.58	10,000	6.9		[14]
October 18, 1356		Basel, Switzerland see 1356 Basel earthquake	47.5	07.6	1,000	6.2	Mw	[36]
May 21, 1382		Canterbury, UK			?	5.8	Struck during synod - later called "Earthquake Synod" - called to condemn heresy of John Wycliffe - some saw as portentous	[37][38]
February 2, 1428		Catalonia (now Spain) Catalan earthquake of 1428	42.4	2.2	1,000s	VIII–IX	Sometimes called the terratrèmol de la candelera because it took place during the Candlemas.	[14][39][40]
3 May 1481	03:00	Rhodes see 1481 Rhodes earthquake	36.0	28.0	30,000	7.1	Largest of a series that lasted 10 months	[41]
September 20, 1498	08:00 local time	Honshu see 1498 Meiō Nankaidō earthquake	34.0	138.1	31,000	8.6	Ms	[42]
June 6, 1505		Nepal see 1505 Lo Mustang earthquake	29.5	83.0	30% of Nepalese population	8.2		-
September 10, 1509	22:00	Istanbul, Turkey see 1509 Istanbul earthquake	40.9	28.7	10,000	7.2	Ms	[43]
January 26, 1531	04:30	Lisbon, Portugal see 1531 Lisbon earthquake	38.9	-09.0	30,000	6.9		[44]
January 23, 1556		Shaanxi, China see 1556 Shaanxi earthquake	34.5	109.7	830,000+	8.2–8.3	Deadliest earthquake in recorded history	USGS
November 16–17, 1570	19:10	Ferrara, Italy see 1570 Ferrara earthquake	44.817	11.633	70–200	5.5		Azariah de Rossi's Kol Elohim [14][45]
December 16, 1575	18:30	Valdivia, Chile see 1575 Valdivia earthquake	-39.8	-73.2	?	8.5		[14][46]
November 24, 1604	12:30 local time	Arica, Chile	-18.500	-70.400	?	8.5	MI	[47]
February 3, 1605	20:00 local time	Shikoku, Honshu, Japan see 1605 Keichō Nankaido earthquake	33.5	138.5	thousands	7.9	Ms	[48]
July 13, 1605		Qiongshan, Hainan, China	19.9	110.5	3,000	7.5 (X)		[49]
February 5, 1663		Quebec, Canada see 1663 Charlevoix earthquake	47.6	70.1	0	7.3–7.9	Landslides were the primary feature	[50]
April 6, 1667		Dubrovnik, Croatia	42.3	18.1	3,000	7.2		[51]
November 25, 1667		Shamakhi, Azerbaijan see 1667 Shamakhi earthquake	40.6	48.6	80,000	6.9	Ms	[32]
August 17, 1668		Anatolia, Turkey	40	36	8,000	8		USGS
October 20, 1687	11:30	Lima, Peru see 1687 Peru earthquake	-15.2	-75.9	5,000	8.2		[14]
September 13, 1692	11:00	Salta Province, Argentina see 1692 Salta earthquake	-25.40	-64.80	~13	7.0	The small village of Talavera del Esteco was completely destroyed.	[52]
June 7, 1692	11:43 local time	Port Royal, Jamaica see 1692 Jamaica earthquake	17.9	-76.8	2,000+	7 (approx) (X)		[53][54]
January 11, 1693		Catania Province, Sicily see 1693 Sicily earthquake			60,000	7.5		–
September 5, 1694	11:40	Irpinia, Italy see 1694 Irpinia–Basilicata earthquake	40.88	15.35	6,000	6.9	Mw	[55]
January 26, 1700	~21:00	Cascadia subduction zone see 1700 Cascadia earthquake				9	M (Satake et al., 1996)	USGS
January 14, 1703	18:00	Norcia, Italy see 1703 Apennine earthquakes	42.7	13.07	6,240–9,761	6.7	Mw	[14][56]
February 2, 1703	11:05	L'Aquila, Italy see 1703 Apennine earthquakes	42.43	13.3	2,500–5,000	6.7	Mw	[14][56]
December 31, 1703	17:00	Kanto region, Japan see 1703 Genroku earthquake	35.0	140.0	5,233	8.2	Ms	[57]
October 28, 1707	14:00 local time	Japan see 1707 Hōei earthquake	33.0	136.0	5,000+	8.6		[58]
November 18, 1727		Tabriz, Iran see 1727 Tabriz earthquake	38.0	46.3	77,000	VIII		[59]
July 8, 1730	08:45	Valparaiso, Chile see 1730 Valparaiso earthquake	-32.5	-71.5	?	8.7		[60]
September 30, 1730	10:00 local time	Beijing, China	40.0	116.2	100s	6.5		[61][62]
October 16, 1737	15:30 local time	Kamchatka, Russia	51.1	158.0		8.3	Ms See Kamchatka earthquakes	[63][64]
October 28, 1746	22:30 local time	Lima & Callao, Peru see 1746 Lima–Callao earthquake	-11.35	-77.28	4,000–5,000	8.6–8.8	Mw	[65]
May 25, 1751	1:00 local time	Concepción, Chile see 1751 Concepción earthquake	-36.830	-73.030		8.5	MI	USGS
June 7, 1755		Northern Persia	34.0	51.5	1,200 40,000[66]	5.9		[62][67]
November 1, 1755	10:16	Lisbon, Portugal see 1755 Lisbon earthquake	36	-11	80,000	8.7	Caused a huge tsunami	USGS
November 18, 1755	09:11	Boston, Massachusetts, USA see 1755 Cape Ann earthquake	42.7	-70.2	0	5.9	Mw	[68][69]
November 25, 1759	19:23 local time	Eastern Mediterranean see Near East earthquakes of 1759	33.7	35.9	1,000s	7.4	Ms Earthquake in same area on October 30 considered to be a foreshock	[11]
April 2, 1762		Northeastern Bay of Bengal see 1762 Arakan earthquake	22.0	92.0	200	up to 8.8	Mw	[70]
June 28, 1763	05:28	Komárom, Kingdom of Hungary see 1763 Komárom earthquake	47.73	18.15	83	6.2 to 6.5	Mw	[71]
October 21, 1766		Saint Joseph, Trinidad and Tobago	10.65	-61.43		7.9	Destroyed Spanish colonial capital of San Jose, Trinidad (now St. Joseph)	[72]
June 3, 1770	19:15 local time	Port-au-Prince, Haiti	18.7	-72.63	200+	7.5	Mw	[73]
July 29, 1773		Guatemala see 1773 Guatemala earthquake	14.6	-90.7	5–600	7.5
January 8, 1780		Iran	38.0	46.2	200,000	7.4	Ms	[74][75]
February 4—5, March 28, 1783	12:00	Calabria, Italy see 1783 Calabrian earthquakes	38.15	15.70	35,000	6.9	Mw First in a sequence of five earthquakes Mw ≥ 5.9 to hit Calabria in less than two months	[76]
June 1, 1786	04:00 local time	Sichuan, China see 1786 Kangding-Luding earthquake	29.9	102.0	~100,000	7.75	Mw Triggered a landslide that blocked the Dadu river - the collapse of the dam during an aftershock and subsequent flood caused most of the casualties	[77]
February 4, 1797	12:30	Quito, Ecuador & Cuzco, Peru see 1797 Riobamba earthquake			41,000	7.3	Mw	[78]
February 10, 1797		Sumatra, East Indies (now Indonesia) see 1797 Sumatra earthquake	-1.0	99.0	300	8.4		[79][80][81]
November 22, 1800	1:30 p.m. local time	San Diego, California, USA	34.00	-117.18	Unknown	6.5	Resulted in varying levels of damage at Mission San Diego de Alcalá, Mission San Luis Rey de Francia, and Mission San Juan Capistrano	[82]

19th century

Date	Time‡	Place	Latitude	Longitude	Fatalities	Magnitude	Comments	Sources
October 26, 1802	10:55	Vrancea region, Moldavia, now Romania	45.7	26.6	3 in Bucharest	7.9	Serious damage in the area. All church steeples in Bucharest collapsed, as well as many houses and Colţea bell tower.	[83][84]
February 16, 1810	22:15	Crete, Heraklion see 1810 Crete earthquake	35.5	25.6	2,000	7.5	Mw	[85]
December 16, 1811	08:00	New Madrid, Missouri, USA see 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes	36.6	-89.6		8.1	MI (Johnston, 1996)	USGS
January 23, 1812	15:00	New Madrid, Missouri, USA see 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes	36.6	-89.6		7.8	MI (Johnston, 1996)	USGS
February 7, 1812	09:45	New Madrid, Missouri, USA see 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes	36.6	-89.6		8	MI (Johnston, 1996)	USGS
December 8, 1812	9:45 a.m. local time	Wrightwood, California, USA see 1812 Wrightwood earthquake	34.22	-117.39	42	7.0	Destroyed the "Great Stone Church" at Mission San Juan Capistrano	Southern California Earthquake Data Center
December 21, 1812	11:00 a.m. local time	Santa Barbara Channel, California, USA	34.12	-119.54	0	7.0	Destroyed the church at Mission Santa Barbara, caused near-total destruction at Mission La Purísima Concepción, and considerable damage at Mission Santa Inés	Southern California Earthquake Data Center
June 16, 1819	18:45–18:50 local time	Gujarat, India see 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake	23.0	71.0	>1,543	7.7–8.2	Mw Formed an 80 km long ridge, the Allah Bund ('Dam of God')	[86]
June 2, 1823	08:00	south flank of Kīlauea, Hawaii, USA	19.3	-155		7	MI (Klein and Wright, 2000)	USGS
November 25, 1833		Sumatra, East Indies (now Indonesia) see 1833 Sumatra earthquake	-2.5	100.5	"numerous victims"	8.8–9.2	Mw Huge tsunami flooded all southern part of western Sumatra	[79][81][87]
June 10, 1836	15:30	south San Francisco Bay region, California, Mexico (now USA)	36.9	-121.5		6.5	MI (Bakun, 1999)	USGS
January 1, 1837	16:00 local time	Galilee, Palestine see Galilee earthquake of 1837	33.0	35.5	6,000–7,000	>7.0	Ms	[11][88]
June 1838		San Francisco Peninsula, California, Mexico (now USA)	37.3	-123.2		6.8	MI (Bakun, 1999)	USGS
January 5, 1843	02:45	Marked Tree, Arkansas, USA	35.5	-90.5		6.3	MI (Johnston, 1996)	USGS
May 8, 1847		Around Zenkō-ji Temple, (now in Nagano Prefecture, Chūbu region,) Japan	36.7	138.2	more than 8,600	7.4	2,094 houses lost by fire with quake at Nagano	[89]
23 December 1854	09:00	Honshu, Japan see 1854 Tōkai earthquake	34.0	137.8	2,000	8.4	Major tsunami	[90]
24 December 1854	16:00	Honshu, Japan see 1854 Nankai earthquake	33.0	135.0	thousands	8.4	Major tsunami	[90]
January 23, 1855	21:11 local time	Wairarapa, New Zealand see 1855 Wairarapa earthquake	-41.4	174.5	4	8.0 (approx)	Raised sections of Wellington coastline by 2 metres	–
November 11, 1855	22:00 local time	Edo (now Tokyo, Kantō region), Japan see 1855 Ansei Edo earthquake	35.65	139.8	~ 7,000	7.0	Ms 10,000 house destroyed in Edo	安政の大地震 in Japanese
January 9, 1857	16:24	Fort Tejon, California, USA (San Andreas fault from Parkfield to Wrightwood) see 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake			1	7.9	M (Grant and Sieh, 1993; Stein and Hanks, 1998)	USGS
December 16, 1857	21:00	Naples, Italy see 1857 Basilicata earthquake	40.3	16	11,000	6.9	MI	USGS
February 16, 1861		Sumatra, East Indies (now Indonesia) see 1861 Sumatra earthquake	1.0	97,5	905	8.5	Caused major tsunami.	[91][92]
October 8, 1865	20:46	San Jose, California, USA	37.2	-121.9		6.5	MI (Bakun, 1999)	USGS
April 3, 1868	02:25	Kau, southeast Hawaii, Hawaii, United States see 1868 Hawaii earthquake	19.2	-155.5	77	7.9	MI (Klein and Wright, 2000)	USGS
August 13, 1868	16:45 local time	Arica, Chile see 1868 Arica earthquake	-18.500	-70.350	25,000	9.0	MI	USGS
October 21, 1868	15:53	Hayward, California, USA, Hayward Fault Zone see 1868 Hayward earthquake	37.7	-122.1	30	6.8	MI (Bakun, 1999)	USGS
February 20, 1871	08:42	Molokai, Hawaii, USA	21.2	-156.9		6.8	MI (Klein and Wright, 2000)	USGS
March 26, 1872	10:30	Owens Valley, California, USA see 1872 Lone Pine earthquake	36.5	-118	27	7.6	M (Beanland and Clark, 1994)	USGS
December 15, 1872	05:40	North Cascades, Washington, USA see 1872 North Cascades earthquake	47.9	-120.3		7.3	MI (Malone and Bor, 1979; Rogers et al., 1983)	USGS
May 10, 1877	21:16 local time	Iquique, Chile see 1877 Iquique earthquake	-19.600	-70.230	2,541	8.8	Mw	USGS
September 9, 1880	7:04 local time	Zagreb, Croatia see 1880 Zagreb earthquake	45.9	16.1	1	6.2	Ms	[93]
3 April 1881	11:30	Chios, Çeşme, Alaçatı see 1881 Chios earthquake	38.25	26.25	7,866	6.5	Mw	[94]
December 31, 1881	01:49	India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands see 1881 Nicobar Islands earthquake	8.52	92.43	0	7.9	Mw	[95]
August 31, 1886	02:51	Charleston, South Carolina, USA see 1886 Charleston earthquake	32.9	-80	60	7.3	MI (Johnston, 1996)	USGS
September 1, 1888	04:10 local time	North Canterbury, New Zealand see 1888 North Canterbury earthquake	-42.6	172.4		7.0–7.3	First earthquake observed to be associated with mainly horizontal fault displacement	–
July 28, 1889	23:40	Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan see 1889 Kumamoto earthquake	32.8	130.7	20	6.3		[14]
October 27, 1891	21:38	Mino-Owari (Gifu-Aichi Prefectures), Tōkai region, Japan see Nōbi Earthquake	35.6	136.6	7,273	8	MS	USGS
April 19, 1892	10:50	Vacaville, California, USA	38.5	-121.8	1	6.4	MI (Bakun, 1999)	USGS
April 21, 1892	17:43	Winters, California, USA	38.6	-122		6.4	MI (Bakun, 1999)	USGS
November 17, 1893	15:06	Quchan, Iran see 1893 Quchan earthquake	37.2	58.4	18,000	6.6	Ms	[96]
October 31, 1895	11:08	Charleston, Missouri, USA	37	-89.4		6.6	MI (Johnston, 1996)	USGS
June 15, 1896	19:32	Off the Pacific coast of Sanriku, Iwate Prefecture, Tōhoku region, Japan see 1896 Sanriku earthquake	39.5	144	22,000+	8.0–8.1 (approx)	Mw	USGS
June 12, 1897	11:06	Assam, India see 1897 Assam earthquake	26	91	1,500	8.3		USGS
September 21, 1897	05:12	Mindanao, Philippines see 1897 Mindanao earthquakes	6.0	122.0	13	7.5	MS	[97][98]
September 4, 1899	00:22	Cape Yakataga, Alaska, USA	60	-142		7.9	MS	USGS
September 10, 1899	21:41	Yakutat Bay, Alaska, USA	60	-142		8	MS	USGS
October 9, 1900	12:28	Kodiak Island, Alaska, USA	57.1	-153.5		7.7	MS	USGS

Source for all events with 'USGS' labelled as the source United States Geological Survey (USGS) Note: Magnitudes are generally estimations from intensity data. When no magnitude was available, the maximum intensity, written as a Roman numeral from I to XII, is given.

See also

• List of 20th-century earthquakes
• List of 21st-century earthquakes
• List of earthquakes in Algeria
• List of earthquakes in Argentina
• List of earthquakes in Canada
• List of earthquakes in Chile
• List of earthquakes in China
• List of earthquakes in Eritrea
• List of earthquakes in Iceland
• List of earthquakes in Indonesia
• List of earthquakes in Iran
• List of earthquakes in Japan
• List of earthquakes in New Zealand
• List of earthquakes in Pakistan
• List of earthquakes in Peru
• List of earthquakes in South Asia
• List of earthquakes in the British Isles
• List of earthquakes in the United States

• List of earthquakes in California

• List of earthquakes in Turkey
• List of historical tsunamis
• Lists of earthquakes

References

1. Bamboo Annals, listed under Xia chapters on King Fa's 7th year.
2. 吳階平, 喻滄, 季羨林. [2002] (2002) 世紀中國學術大典: 測繪學, 大氣科學, 固體地球物理學, 應用地球物理學, 海洋科學. 福建教育出版社. ISBN 7-5334-3446-3, ISBN 978-7-5334-3446-5. p 41.
3. Armijo, R.; Lyon-Caen, H.; Papanastassiou, D. (1991). "A possible normal-fault rupture for the 464 BC Sparta earthquake" (PDF). Nature 351 (6322): 137–139. Bibcode:1991Natur.351..137A. doi:10.1038/351137a0.
4. Erel, T. L.; Adatepe, F. (2007). "Traces of Historical earthquakes in the ancient city life at the Mediterranean region" (PDF). J. Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 13: 241–252.
5. Baptista, M.A.; Miranda, J.M. (2009). "Revision of the Portuguese catalog of tsunamis" (PDF). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9: 26, 34. doi:10.5194/nhess-9-25-2009.
7. Annotation to translation of the Wei Lue
8. National Geophysical Data Center. "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". Retrieved 19 October 2011.
9. Ammianus Marcellinus, "Res Gestae", 26.10.15-19
10. For summaries of the sources, see Stiros, Stathis C. (2001). "The AD 365 Crete earthquake and possible seismic clustering during the fourth to sixth centuries AD in the Eastern Mediterranean: a review of historical and archaeological data". Journal of Structural Geology 23 (2–3): 545–562 [p. 557f., App. A]. Bibcode:2001JSG....23..545S. doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00118-8.
11. Sbeinati, M. R.; Darawcheh, R.; Mouty, M. (2005). "The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D." (PDF). Annals of Geophysics 48: 347–435.
12. Barkat, Amiram (August 8, 2003). "The big one is coming". Haaretz.
13. Siegel-Itzkovich, Judy (October 14, 2007). "749 CE Golan quake shows another is overdue". Jerusalem Post.
14. IISEENET (Information Network of Earthquake disaster Prevention Technologies) - Search Page
15. Milne, J. "A Catalog of Destructive Earthquakes, A.D. 7 to A.D. 1899". Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 1911 (Portsmouth): 649–740.
16. Downloaded on 31 December 2002, from:
17. Minoura, K.; Imamura F.; Sugawara D.; Kono Y.; Iwashita T. (2001). "The 869 Jōgan tsunami deposit and recurrence interval of large-scale tsunami on the Pacific coast of northeast Japan" (PDF). Journal of Natural Disaster Science 23 (2): 83–88. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
18. Ambraseys, N.N.; Melville, C.P. (2005). A History of Persian Earthquakes. Cambridge Earth Science. Cambridge University Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-521-02187-6. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
19. Gupta, H. (2011). Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences (2 ed.). Springer. p. 566. ISBN 978-90-481-8701-0.
20. Berberian, M. 2006. Contribution to the Seismotectonics of Iran (Part III). Geological and Mining Survey of Iran.
21. Gates, A.E. & Ritchie D. 2007. Encyclopedia of Earthquakes and Volcanoes, 3rd Edition, Facts on File Inc. 365pp.
22. Ambraseys, N.N. 2004. Three little known early earthquakes in India. Current Science, 86, 506-508
23. Abdel Fattah, Ali K.; Hussein, Hesham M.; Ibrahim, Ezzeldien M.; Abu El Atta, Ahmad S. (December 1997), "Fault plane solutions of the 1993 and 1995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquakes and their tectonic implications", Annali di Geofisica (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica) XL (6): 1557
24. Klinger, Y.; Avoua, J. P.; Dorbath, L.; Abou Karaki, N.; Tisnerat, N. (September 2000), "Seismic behaviour of the Dead Sea fault along the Araba valley, Jordan" (PDF), Geophysical Journal International (Wiley-Blackwell) 142 (3): 772, doi:10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00166.x
25. Ambraseys, N. N., 2004 The 12th century seismic paroxysm in the Middle East: a historical perspective Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 47, N. 2/3, p. 743.
26. Khair, K., Karakaisis, G.F. & Papdimitriou, E.E. 2000. Seismic zonation of the Dead Sea Transform Fault area. Annali di Geofisica, 43, 61-79.
27. Guidoboni, E. & Traina, G. 1996. Earthquakes in medieval Sicily – a historical revision (7th-13th century). Annali di Geofisica, 39, 1201-1225.
28. Ayyubid Architecture, Chapter 7 by Terry Allen
29. LATE HOLOCENE PALEOSEISMIC TIMING AND SLIP RATE ALONG THE MISSYAF SEGMENT OF THE DEAD SEA FAULT IN SYRIA
30. The large earthquake on 29 June 1170 (Syria, Lebanon, and central southern Turkey)
31. Antonopoulos, J. (1980). "Data from investigation on seismic Sea waves events in the Eastern Mediterranean from 1000 to 1500 A.D.". Annali di Geofisica 33: 179–198.
32. USGS page of most destructive earthquakes
33. National Geophysical Data Center entry for the 1293 event
34. Papadopolous, G.A.; Daskalaki E.; Fokaefs A.; Giraleas N. (2007). "Tsunami hazards in the Eastern Mediterranean: strong earthquakes and tsunamis in the East Hellenic Arc and Trench system" (PDF). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 7 (1): 57–64. doi:10.5194/nhess-7-57-2007. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
36. Lambert, J., Winter1, T., Dewez, T.J.B. & Sabourault, P. 2004. New hypotheses on the maximum damage area of the 1356 Basel earthquake (Switzerland). Quaternary Science Reviews, 24, 381-399.
37. "Earthquake Synod." In Cross, F. L. and E. A. Livingstone, eds. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. London: Oxford UP, 1974. p. 437
38. De Hamel, Christopher. The Book. A History of the Bible. London: Phaidon Press Limited, 2001. p. 169
39. Josep Perarnau i Espelt (2002). "La lletra de Felip de Malla informant el rei Alfons del terratrèmol de la Candelera, 1428". Arxiu de textos catalans antics, 21:665–670. ISSN 0211-9811
40. E. Banda and A. M. Correig (1984), "The Catalan earthquake of February 2, 1428", Engineering Geology, 20:89–97.
41. NGDC. "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". Retrieved 24 July 2010.
42. NGDC. "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". Retrieved 30 October 2010.
43. Ambraseys, N.N.; Jackson J.A. (2000). "Seismicity of the Sea of Marmara (Turkey) since 1500". Geophysical Journal International 141 (3): F1–F6. Bibcode:2000GeoJI.141F...1A. doi:10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00137.x.
44. Baptista, M.A. & Miranda, J.M. 2009.Revision of the Portuguese catalog of tsunamis. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 25–42.
45. Guidoboni, E.; Ferrari G.; Mariotti D.; Comastri A.; Tarabusi G.; Valensise G. "Online catalogue of strong earthquakes in Italy 461 BC to 1997 and Mediterranean area 760 BC to 1500". Retrieved 17 January 2010.
46. Predecessors to the 1960 earthquake - Nature.com
48. NGDC. "Significant Earthquake Search for Japan 1605". Retrieved 16 July 2011.
49. Likelihood of Tsunamis Affecting the Coast of Southeastern China Wong, W.T. & Chan, Y.W. 6th General Assembly of Asian Seismological Commission 2006 (ASC2006) and Symposium on Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Preparedness and Mitigation, Bangkok, Thailand, 7-10 November 2006
50. Ebel, John E. (June 2011), "A New Analysis of the Magnitude of the February 1663 Earthquake at Charlevoix, Quebec" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (Seismological Society of America) 101 (3): 1024–1038, Bibcode:2011BuSSA.101.1024E, doi:10.1785/0120100190
51. Paulatto, M. Pinat, T. & Romanelli, F. 2007. Tsunami hazard scenarios in the Adriatic Sea domain, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 7, 309–325.
52. Blanco, Laura (29 September 2012). "Salta veneró a la Virgen que detuvo un sismo". El Perfil. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
53. USGS page on this event in 'Historic Earthquakes'
54. Ahmad, R.2008 Landslides and the Making of Jamaica, Caribbean All-Hazards Conference
55. Serva, L., Esposito, E., Luca Guerrieri, L., Porfido, S., Vittori, E. & Comerci, V. 2007. Environmental effects from five historical earthquakes in southern Apennines (Italy) and macroseismic intensity assessment: Contribution to INQUA EEE Scale Project. Quaternary International, 173–174 , 30–44.
56. Geological effects induced by the L’Aquila earthquake (6 April 2009, Ml = 5.8) on the natural environment: preliminary report
57. NGDC. "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". Retrieved 29 October 2010.
58. Tsuchiya, Y. & Shutō, N. 1995. Tsunami: Progress in Prediction, Disaster Prevention, and Warning (Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research). Springer, 368pp.
59. NGDC. "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". Retrieved 29 October 2010.
60. NGDC. "Page for this event". Retrieved 28 February 2010.
61. Liu, L., Chen, Q., He, K. & Hu, P. Earthquake Strong Ground Motion Scenarios at the 2008 Olympic Games Site, Beijing Based on Historic Records, Earth: Our Changing Planet. Proceedings of IUGG XXIV General Assembly Perugia, Italy 2007
62. Lee, W.H.K., Jennings, P., Kisslinger, C. & Kanamori, H. 2002. International Handbook of Earthquake & Engineering Seismology: Part A (International Geophysics) Academic Press, 933pp.
63. Page on tsunami associated with event from West Coast and Alaska warning center
64. Information on earthquake and tsunami from Tsunami Laboratory, Novosibirsk
65. Chlieh, M.; Perfettini H., Tavera H., Avouac J.-P., Remy D., Nocquet J.M., Rolandone F., Bondoux F., Gabalda G. & Bonvalot S. (2011). "Interseismic Coupling and Seismic Potential along the Central Andes Subduction Zone". Journal of Geophysical Research (American Geophysical Union). Bibcode:2011JGRB..11612405C. doi:10.1029/2010JB008166. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help).
66. USGS Historic Worldwide Earthquakes page
67. Ambraseys, N.N. & Melville C.P. 2005. A history of Persian Earthquakes. Cambridge University Press, 240pp.
68. page on this event from USGS 'Historic earthquakes
69. Ebel, John E. (2006). "The Cape Ann, Massachusetts Earthquake of 1755: A 250th Anniversary Perspective". Seismological Research Letters 77 (1): 74–86. doi:10.1785/gssrl.77.1.74.
70. NGDC. "Comments for the 1762 earthquake". Retrieved 22 March 2012.
71. NGDC. http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?bt_0=1763&st_0=1763&type_17=EXACT&v_12=HUNGARY&display_look=1&t=101650&s=1. Retrieved 2016-01-06. Missing or empty |title= (help)
72. http://www.odpm.gov.tt/files/cms/Earthquake_Risk_In_TrinidadandTobago.pdf
73. Ali, Syed Tabrez; Andrew M. Freed, Eric Calais, David M. Manaker, and William R. McCann, Andrew M.; Calais, Eric; Manaker, David M.; McCann, William R. (2008). "Coulomb stress evolution in Northeastern Caribbean over the past 250 years due to coseismic, postseismic and interseismic deformation". Geophysical Journal International 174 (3): 904–918. Bibcode:2008GeoJI.174..904A. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03634.x.
74. "Comments for the 1780 Earthquake". Significant Earthquake Database. National Geophysical Data Center. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
75. Hessami K., Pantosti D., Tabassi H., Shabanian E., Abbassi M.R., Feghhi K. & Solaymani S. 2003. Paleoearthquakes and slip rates of the North Tabriz Fault, NW Iran: preliminary results. Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 46, 903-915.
76. Graziani, L., Maramai, A. & Tinti, S. 2006. A revision of the 1783–1784 Calabrian (southern Italy) tsunamis. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 6, 1053–1060.
77. Dai, F.C.; Lee C.F.; Deng J.H.; Tham L.G. (2005). "The 1786 earthquake-triggered landslide dam and subsequent dam-break flood on the Dadu River, southwestern China" (PDF). Geomorphology (Elsevier) 65: 205–221. Bibcode:2005Geomo..65..205D. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.08.011. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
78. Giesecke, A., Capera, A.A.G., Leschiutta, I., Migliorini, E. & Valverde, L.R. 2004. The CERESIS earthquake catalogue and database of the Andean Region: background, characteristics and examples of use Annals of Geophysics, VOL. 47, 421-435.
79. Destructive historical tsunamis at the western coast of Sumatra, Tsunami Laboratory, Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics Siberian Division Russian Academy of Sciences.
80. Sieh, K. 2006. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 364 no. 1845 1947-1963.
81. George Pararas-Carayannis, The great earthquake and tsunami of 1833 off the coast of Central Sumatra in Indonesia
82. California Earthquake History 1769-Present
83. Cliff Frohlich, Deep earthquakes, Cambridge University Press, 2006
84. Radio Conference about the 1802 earthquake at Radio Romania International
85. Papadopoulos, G.A.; Daskalaki E.; Fokaefs A.; Giraleas N. (2010). "Tsunami hazards in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: strong earthquakes and tsunamis in the west Hellenic arc and trench system" (PDF). Journal of Earthquakes and Tsunamis.
86. Bilham, R. (1998). "Slip parameters for the Rann of Kachchh, India, 16 June 1819 earthquake, quantified from contemporary accounts". In Stewart I.S. & Vita-Finzi C. Coastal tectonics (PDF). Special Publications 146. London: Geological Society. pp. 295–319. ISBN 978-1-86239-024-9. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
87. Zachariasen, J., Sieh, K., Taylor, F.W., Edwards, R.L. & Hantoro, W.S. 1999. Submergence and uplift associated with the giant 1833 Sumatran subduction earthquake: Evidence from coral microatolls, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 104, No. B1, Pages 895–919.
88. "The earthquake of 1 January 1837 in Southern Lebanon and Northern Israel" by N. N. Ambraseys, in Annali di Geofisica, Aug. 1997, p.933,
89. Omori, Fusakichi 1908. On the destructive earthquakes in the Shinano-Gawa Valley and those along the Japan Sea Coast.
90. Usami, T. (1979). "Study of Historical Earthquakes in Japan" (PDF). Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute 54: 399–439. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
91. Agarwal, P. & Shrikhande, M. 2006. Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures. Prentice-Hall of India Pvt.Ltd., 600pp.
92. Research Group on The December 26, 2004 Earthquake Tsunami Disaster of Indian Ocean
93. Roger Musson. 1999 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Maps for the North Balkan Region
94. Altinok, Y.; Alpar B.; Özer N.; Gazioglu C. (2005). "1881 and 1949 earthquakes at the Chios-Cesme Strait (Aegean Sea) and their relation to tsunamis" (PDF). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 5 (5): 717–725. doi:10.5194/nhess-5-717-2005. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
95. NGDC. "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". Retrieved 2 November 2010.
96. NGDC. "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". Retrieved 18 August 2012.
97. "Comments for the 21/9 Earthquake". Significant Earthquake Database. National Geophysical Data Center. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
98. Ye L., Lay T. & Kanamoro H. (2012). "Intraplate and interplate faulting interactions during the August 31, 2012, Philippine Trench earthquake (M w 7.6) sequence". Geophysical Research Letters. L24310. doi:10.1029/2012GL054164.

External links

• Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC)
• Earthquakes Canada
• Historical earthquakes in Europe
• IRIS Seismic Monitor, Recent earthquakes around the world
• Recent New Zealand earthquakes
• SeismoArchives, Seismogram Archives of Significant Earthquakes of the World
• USGS list of current earthquakes
• USGS list of earthquakes magnitude 6.0 and greater sorted by magnitude
• Global Significant Earthquake Database, 2150 BC to present – National Geophysical Data Center
• Database for the damage of world earthquake, ancient period (3000 BC) to year of 2006- Building Research Institute (Japan)