History of Bates College

Bates College—​​originally the Maine State Seminary, was founded on March 16, 1855, in Lewiston, Maine.[1] It is the second oldest coeducational college in United States and the oldest in the Eastern United States.[2][3] Founded by Oren Burbank Cheney as a Free Will Baptist institution, it has since secularized and established a liberal arts curriculum. Benjamin Bates donated the vast majority of early donations and the Board of Trustees subsequently named the college after him.

"We do not propose an Academy, but a school of higher order, between a college and an Academy. We shall petition the state legislature to suitably endow, as well as incorporate, such an institution. We know our claim is good and intend openly and manfully and we trust in a holy spirit to press it. If we fail next winter, we shall try another legislature. If we fail on a second trial, we shall try a third and a fourth."

Oren Burbank Cheney (1854)[4]

Pine engraving of early Bates College showing a dormitory on the right, which was never constructed

"Bates embodies a powerful alchemy of the universal and the particular. The audacity of the intellectual project — to encompass knowledge across time and the world — invites our students to grapple with fundamental principles even as they hone their individuality. At the same time, our intimate scale creates a zone of care and concern that — when it works — produces graduates with ethical awareness and a commitment to serving purposes larger than themselves."

Clayton Spencer (2012)[5]

19th century

Antebellum origins

Parsonsfield Seminary, a Freewill Baptist divinity school, 1837

While attending Parsonsfield Seminary, a Freewill Baptist divinity school, Oren Burbank Cheney lamented the racial segregation and religious oppression that was embedded in American educational institutions. He subsequently sought to create an educational institution that catered to everyone that required it; and that it would take the form of a rigorous and academically prominent school.[6] In 1836, Cheney enrolled in Dartmouth College (after briefly attending Brown), due to Dartmouth's significant support of the abolitionist cause against slavery. Cheney founded a missionary organization that helped in the education of Indians. He felt a deep connection with the college, and was reported mediating near the grave of Eleazar Wheelock, the founder of the college.[7] Abolitionism would become a foundational aspect of the future Bates College.[8] After graduating, Cheney was ordained a Baptist minister and began to establish himself as an educational and religious scholar.[9]

Burning of Parsonsfield

Parsonsfield Seminary mysteriously burned down in 1853, at midnight. The overall account of the burning remains unclear with sources varying on the actual occurrences. When recounting its burning, Cheney, stated, "the bell tower flickered in flames while the children ran from its pillar-brick walls.."[10] The fire was believed to have killed three school children, and two fugitive slaves, leading to a brief and unsuccessful investigation, noted as an act of murder and arson. The reason as to why the Seminary burned down remains unclear, with opponents of abolitionism traditionally, but not definitively, held accountable.[7] News that the seminary had been destroyed by a fire caused Cheney to advocate for the building of a new seminary in a more central part of Maine.[11][12]

Maine State Seminary

Early photo of the college c.1900

He began with the establishment of the Nichols Latin School, a collegiate preparatory school and the Cobb Divinity School which subsequently turned into the Maine State Seminary in 1852, later expanding to include liberal arts academics in 1855, making it one of the oldest liberal arts colleges in the United States. Cheney met with religious leaders in Topsham, Maine, to discuss the formation of a school that catered to Free Will Baptists and was based on principles of egalitarianism, liberty, and scholarship. He began his speech by stating:

"We do not propose an Academy [referring to Colby College (then Waterville Academy)], but a school of higher order, between a college [referring to Bowdoin College] and an Academy. We shall petition the state legislature to suitably endow, as well as incorporate, such an institution. We know our claim is good and intend openly and manfully and we trust in a Christian spirit to press it. If we fail next winter, we shall try another legislature. If we fail on a second trial, we shall try a third and a fourth."[7]

The speech was well received and of the one required, twenty-four petitions were submitted to the Maine State Legislature. After minimal delay the charter was approved and appropriated with $15,000 for its conception.

Hathorn Hall, the first building of the college

Movement to Lewiston

Benjamin Bates suggested to Cheney that the school be located in a more central part of Maine. Their previous business relations lead them to Lewiston Falls. At the time, Lewiston, Maine was one of the most profitable towns in the state and produced large amounts capital for the state and businesses.

Frye Street establishment

The campus began to be contracted in 1854 with the development of Hathorn Hall, through the donation of Seth Hathorn. Hathorn was built to house all academic departments and the top floor was used for a residential space for teachers and some students. With a growing need for space Parker Hall was constructed in 1857 and housed all faculty and students. The campus ran parallel to Frye Street, an area that was part of an affluent residential district of Lewiston.[13]

Soon after establishment, multiple donors stepped forward to finance portions of the school, such as Seth Hathorn, who donated the first library, which was renamed Hathorn Hall.[14] The school gained academic prominence through its intellectual focus, including maintaining three literary societies: the Literary Fraternity, Philomathean Society and Ladies' Athenaeum.[15] The college was affected by the financial panic of the later 1850s and required additional funding to remain operational.[16]

Bates' donation

Benjamin Bates, financier to the college

Cheney's impact in Maine was noted by Boston business magnate Benjamin Bates who developed an interest in the college. Mr. Bates extended $100,000 in personal donations and overall contributions was valued at $250,000 to the college.[17][18]

Cheney noted Bates' love for Lewiston and the college, stating:

"I have frequently heard him say that he would not knowingly do anything against the interests of the people; and that he would sooner invest ten dollars in Lewiston than one dollar in any other place. 'I love Lewiston', 'I love the College', he was accustomed to say, 'Say to the Trustees that I love the College.'"[19]
Ties to southern slave plantations

Black slaves illegally moved from the Southern plantations to Maine in pursuit of freedom, and safety. They were taken in by Oren Cheney, and given food, shelter and basic education as the college, although abolitionist, had a limited amount of black students and faculty. The college's most substantial donor, Benjamin Bates, had indirect business ties to Southern plantations as his mills required large amounts of cotton that were directed from the slave plantations of Alabama, and Mississippi. The college's endowment, at the time, was made up of capital derived from this slave labour, and it was the source of the majority of Benjamin Bates' personal wealth. However, this spoke more to the state's dependence on slave labor overall rather than it being a direct reflection of the college's view on slavery.[20] The college would go on to be one of the first colleges in the United States to accept black students and to publicly denounce slavery and promote abolitionism. Bates' first African American student, Henry Wilkins Chandler, graduated in 1874.[21]

1864 charter and gaining reputation

The school was renamed Bates College in his honor in 1863 and was chartered to offer a liberal arts curriculum beyond its original theological focus.[22] Two years later the college would go on to graduate the first women in New England, Mary Mitchel.[23] A small gymnasium was built to house meetings and special sporting events in 1867. One year later as student body grew, John Bertram Hall was constructed, originally called Lyman Nichols, founder of Lewiston but renamed to remember John Bertram, a naval captain and donor to the college. Bates College already had a reputation for academic rigor and social inclusion and it primarily educated the middle and working classes from Maine.[24][25]

"Bates College has stood throughout its history for the pursuit of social justice and equality, broadly defined, reflecting the beliefs of its founders, who were fervent abolitionists and reformers, thus its graduates have linked education with service, leadership, and obligations beyond themselves."

Governor John Baldacci[26]

Motto and seal development

With the college developing, the seal and motto was soon to be developed. The seal of the college features a stag deer resting near a pine tree, left of a single of grain, representing the "impact of Maine's nature on the person", a lighted oil lamp representing "unwavering clarity in times of uncertainty", and an open book, representing "academic excellence and devotion."[27][28] Cheney was a friend of U.S. Senator Charles Sumner who was among the most radical of the abolitionists in the U.S. Congress. Sumner also believed in integrated schools and equal rights for all races.[29] Cheney asked Sumner to create a collegiate motto for Bates and he suggested the Latin phrase amore ac studio which he translated as "with love for learning" or "with ardor and devotion."[30]

Academic program and rivalry

The college began instruction with a six-person faculty tasked with the teaching of moral philosophy and the classics. From its inception, Bates College served as an alternative to a more traditional and historically conservative Bowdoin College.[31][32] There is a long tradition of rivalry and competitiveness between the two colleges, revolving around socioeconomic class, academic quality, and collegiate athletics.[33][34][35][36][37] The original faculty were abolitionists and several of the institution's first students were African Americans and women. Some members of the faculty voiced concern over the college's prestige when the first black and female students arrived, but the inclusive ethos of Bates as a relatively progressive institution prevailed.[38] The college, under the direction of Cheney, rejected fraternities and sororities on grounds of unwarranted exclusivity.[24]

Bates' sports rivalry with the other NESCAC schools dates to the 1870s. Bates and Tufts played the first football game in the state of Maine on November 6, 1875 on a field at the base of Mount David on the Bates campus.[39] Bates and Bowdoin have had a baseball rivalry against each other since at least the 1870s.[40]

American Civil War

"The freemen of the north are ready. Slavery must die. I am ready to die for freedom."

— Oren Burbank Cheney

Brevet Major General Holman Melcher, in traditional Union uniform

During the American Civil War, Bates played an important role in advocating for the rights of African Americans. Many alumni fought or otherwise served in the Civil War. During this time, the Bates Board of Fellows was established. Notable members included James Blaine and Nelson Dingley.[41] With the commencement of the Civil War, Cheney was stirred and encouraged students to fight in the war as a test of their convictions. His bold and untraditional assertions caused students to question the dynamic involved at the school as this was not a student but the President asserting such unheard of propositions.

Alumni involvement

Many students at the college showed support for the Emancipation Proclamation, and were very vocal members in their respective communities regarding the freedom of African Americans, and general civil rights. The college went on to send one hundred and seventy-five students to the war.

One such student was Major Holman Melcher, who enlisted in the 20th Regiment of Maine. His motivations were parallel with that of the typical Bates student and administration.[42] Melcher went on to become a Civil War hero and postbellum mayor of Portland, Maine. He served as a Brevet Major General and was a part of the team that charged down Little Round Top at the Battle of Gettysburg. He was the first person to charge down Little Round Top.[43] The college would also go onto graduate the last surviving Union general of the American Civil War, Aaron S. Daggett, and James Porter, one of General Custer's eleven officers killed at the Battle of Little Bighorn. Porter has been hailed by numerous historians as a leader that made decisive actions in unclear times. A total of three Bates alumni received the nation's highest military medal, the Medal of Honor.[44][44][44]

In 1890, Hedge Hall was constructed and named after Dr. Isaiah H. Hedge, who was a donor to its construction. The debate society of Bates College began to compete internationally and became the first intercollegiate international debate team in the United States.[45] In 1894, George Colby Chase led Bates to increased national recognition.[46] In 1884, the college would go on to graduate the first women to argue in front of the U.S. Supreme Court, Ella Haskell, and increase endowment.[47] During the Chase presidency, the college's debate team became intercollegiate and associated with the college's academic reputation.[48][49] In 1894, Roger Williams Hall was built which housed the early administration. In 1891, Cheney amended the charter to Bates to require that its president and a majority of the trustees be members of the Free Will Baptist denomination.

20th century

Building
Constructed
Hathorn Hall
1857
Parker Hall
1857
John Bertram Hall
1868
Hedge Hall
1890
Roger Williams Hall
1894
Coram Library
1902
Rand Hall
1905
Carnegie Science Hall
1913
Smith Hall
1940
Pettigrew Hall
1953
Page Hall
1957
Dana Chemistry Building
1965
Wentworth Adams Hall
1967
Pettengill Hall
1999

Campus and academic expansion

The first two residential houses were built in 1902, Milliken House, named after alumnus Carl E. Miliken and Whittier House. That same year Coram Library was constructed, followed three years later with Rand Hall, named after Mathematics professor John Rand. In 1920, the Bates Outing Club was founded and is one of the oldest collegiate outing clubs in the country, the first at a private college to include both men and women from inception, and one of the few outing clubs that remains entirely student run.[50][51] The college purchased the official residence of the president of the college, Cheney House, named after the school's first president. Andrew Carnegie donated $50,000 in support of the construction to the science building.

Rise of debate society

In February 1920, the Brooks Quimby Debate Council, defeated Harvard College during the national debate tournament held at Lewiston City Hall. After this, Bates was established as a dominant force in collegiate debate. In 1921, the college's debate team participated in the first intercontinental collegiate debate in history against the Oxford Union's debate team at the University of Oxford. In 1922, The New York Times called Bates "the power centre of college debating in America."[52] Oxford's first debate in the United States was against Bates in Lewiston, Maine, in September 1923.[53]

Also in 1923, U.S. President Calvin Coolidge was given an honorary degree by Bates upon his election to the presidency. Later that year Chase Hall was built to support a dining hall. In 1927, and the following year Gray Athletic Building was constructed followed by Alumni Gymnasium. Donors gave $150,000 to its construction and requested it be named after president Clifton Gray. In 1940, Smith Hall was constructed, to house first-year students.

Start of athletic conference

Robert F. Kennedy, in front of Smith Hall, during Winter Carnival

During 1943, the V-12 Navy College Training Program was introduced at Bates. Bates maintained a considerable female student body and "did not suffer [lack in student enrollment due to military service involvement] as much as male-only institutions such as Bowdoin and Dartmouth."[45] It was during this time that future U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy enrolled along with hundreds of other sailor-students.[54][55][56][57]

In the 1950s the campus witnessed rapid expansion with the construction of Pettergrew Hall, Page Hall, and Schaeffer Theatre.

The college began to compete athletically with Colby College, and in 1964, with Bowdoin created the Colby-Bates-Bowdoin Consortium. All three of the schools compete in the New England Small College Athletic Conference (NESCAC) and share one of the ten oldest football rivalries in the United States.[58] In the 1960s the administration moved from Roger Williams into Lane Hall, made possible through the donation of George Lane who donated $650,000. Five years later, Dana Chemistry Hall was built and named after honorary alumnus Charles Dana.

In 1967, Wentworth Adams hall was constructed to serve as a men's dormitory. Later that year, President Thomas Hedley Reynolds promoted the idea of teacher-scholars at Bates and secured the construction of numerous academic and recreational buildings.[59] Most notably, Reynolds was integral to the acquisition of the Bates-Morse Mountain Conservation Area. Under Reynolds, Bates ceased being identified with any particular religion.[60]

Gomes Chapel, the multi-faith chapel of the college
1970 secularization

Although never a sectarian college, Bates has historic ties to the Northern Freewill Baptist denomination whose members were instrumental in its founding. It maintained a nominal link to the Baptist tradition for 115 years. In 1970, that link ended when the college catalog no longer described Bates as a "Christian college."

Bates College contributed to the movement to make standardized testing scores optional for college admission. In 1984, it became one of the first liberal arts colleges to make the SAT and ACT optional in the admission process.[61]

In 1989, Donald West Harward became president of Bates and greatly expanded the college's overall infrastructure by building 22 new academic, residential and athletic facilities, including Pettengill Hall, the Residential Village, and the Bates College Coastal Center at Shortridge.[62][63]

21st century

Chase Hall, renovated to be students' recreational building and houses the college's restaurant, the Den

Capital growth

Elaine Tuttle Hansen was elected as the first female president of Bates College[64] and "developed greater resources for financial aid, increased diversity of the faculty and student body, strengthened environmental sustainability and stewardship, and made technological advances."[65] In 2005, May 2, was dubbed "Bates College Day" by Governor of Maine, John Baldacci.[66] As president of Bates College, Hansen "developed greater resources for financial aid, increased diversity of the faculty and student body, strengthened environmental sustainability and stewardship, and made technological advances."[65]

She went on to undertake the largest capital campaign of the college, totaling $120 million in fundraising. Hansen began to modernize residential and academic buildings to include state of the art equipment and amenities. After announcing her retirement, it was rumored that Harvard University dean, Clayton Spencer was to be appointed as her successor.[67]

Academic reestablishment

On Friday, Oct. 26, 2012, Spencer assumed the presidency. Her subsequent inauguration speech, "Questions Worth Asking" drew 2,500 students, faculty, alumni, and distinguished members of the American collegiate educational system in Merrill Gymnasium.[68]

As of 2016, the college is constructing new facilities, residential dorms and academic buildings,[69] and developing new areas of study.[70] In February 2016, a gift of $19 million was given to the college in support of new academic programs.[71] The chair of the Board of Trustees, Michael Bonney and his wife, Alison Grott Bonney gave $10 million, the largest donation by a single party in the history of Bates.[72][73]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "September 1857: The Maine State Seminary opens | 150 Years | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  2. ↑ Mary Caroline Crawford,The College Girl of America and the Institutions which make her what she is, (LC Page, Boston: 1904), pg. 284
  3. ↑ "Bates College: A Brief History". Retrieved 2010-01-12.
  4. ↑ http://www.bates.edu/150-years/history/progressive-tradition/chapter-2/
  5. ↑ http://www.bates.edu/news/files/2012/10/121026-Inaugural-Address-Bates-President-Clayton-Spencer.pdf
  6. ↑ "The story of the life and work of Oren B. Cheney, founder and first president of Bates college". archive.org. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  7. 1 2 3 Cheney, Cheney, Emeline Stanley Aldrich Burlingame (1907). The Story of the life and work of Oren B. Cheney, founder and first president of Bates College. Ladd Library, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine: Boston, Mass., Pub. for Bates college by the Morning star publishing house. p. 99.
  8. ↑ "The story of the life and work of Oren B. Cheney, founder and first president of Bates college". archive.org. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  9. ↑ "The story of the life and work of Oren B. Cheney, founder and first president of Bates college". archive.org. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  10. ↑ Johnnett, R. F. (1878). Bates Student: A Monthly Magazine. Edmund Muskie Archives, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine: Bates College. pp. Multi–source; pp. 164.
  11. ↑ "The story of the life and work of Oren B. Cheney, founder and first president of Bates college". archive.org. Retrieved 2016-01-11.
  12. ↑ Chase, Harry. Bates College was named after Mansfield Man. Edmund Muskie Archives: National Resources Trust of Mansfield. p. 5.
  13. ↑ "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Frye Street Historical District" (PDF).
  14. ↑ "The story of the life and work of Oren B. Cheney, founder and first president of Bates college". archive.org. Retrieved 2016-01-11.
  15. ↑ "The story of the life and work of Oren B. Cheney, founder and first president of Bates college". archive.org. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  16. ↑ "The story of the life and work of Oren B. Cheney, founder and first president of Bates college". archive.org. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  17. ↑ Johnnett, R. F. (1878). Bates Student: A Monthly Magazine. Edmund Muskie Archives, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine: Bates College. pp. Multi–source; pp. 2.
  18. ↑ Larson, Timothy (2005). "Faith by Their Works: The Progressive Tradition at Bates College from 1855 to 1877,". Edmund S. Muskie Archives and Special Collections, Lewiston, Maine: Bates College. pp. Multi–source.
  19. ↑ Johnnett, R. F. (1878). Bates Student: A Monthly Magazine. Edmund Muskie Archives, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine: Bates College. pp. Multi–source; pp. 13.
  20. ↑ "Chapter 1 | 150 Years | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2015-12-13.
  21. ↑ "Henry Chandler | 150 Years | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-19.
  22. ↑ "Oren B Cheney". Bates College. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  23. ↑ "Mary W. Mitchell | 150 Years | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-19.
  24. 1 2 "Chapter 4 | 150 Years | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
  25. ↑ "A Brief History | 150 Years | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2016-01-11.
  26. ↑ http://www.bates.edu/150-years/maine-honors-bates/baldaccis-proclamation/
  27. ↑ "Brand Identity Guide | Communications | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-08.
  28. ↑ Stuan, Thomas (2006). The Architecture of Bates College. Ladd Library, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine: Bates College. p. 23. In reference to Lane Hall's seal atop its header: "a stag denoting what was commonly referred to as the impact of ones environment, specifically nature, in Maine.. impact of Maine's nature on the person, a single of grain..fruits of ones labour in such an environment" - "An open book, effortlessly situated, restating the college's motto, and fulfilling the notions of academic excellence and devoted study... academic excellence and devotion" - "An oil lamp, representing the college's clear convictions, a moral clarity, in time of uncertain constraints, it lighted the way to a more prosperous time... unwavering clarity in times of uncertainty."
  29. ↑ "The story of the life and work of Oren B. Cheney, founder and first president of Bates college". archive.org. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  30. ↑ "Chapter 1 | 150 Years | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  31. ↑ Calhoun, Charles C (1993). A Small College in Maine. Hubbard Hall, Bowdoin College: Bowdoin College. p. 163.
  32. ↑ Eaton, Mabel (1930). General Catalogue of Bates College and Cobb Divinity School. Coram Library, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine.: Bates College. pp. 34, 36, 42.
  33. ↑ Nevin, David (1970). Muskie of Maine. Ladd Library, Bates College: Random House, New York. p. 99.
  34. ↑ Larson, Timothy (2005). "Faith by Their Works: The Progressive Tradition at Bates College from 1855 to 1877,". Edmund S. Muskie Archives and Special Collections, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine: Bates College Publishing. pp. Multi–source.
  35. ↑ "Chapter 4 | 150 Years | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2016-01-12.
  36. ↑ "Chapter 3 | 150 Years | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2016-01-12.
  37. ↑ Woz, Markus (2002). Traditionally Unconventonal. Ladd Library, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine: Bates College. p. 6.
  38. ↑ "Conclusion | 150 Years | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  39. ↑ http://www.bates.edu/news/2010/10/04/dedication-renovations-garcelon-field/
  40. ↑ Bates Student 1877, pg. 16, 97 https://books.google.com/books?id=SSIEAAAAYAAJ
  41. ↑ "The story of the life and work of Oren B. Cheney, founder and first president of Bates college". archive.org. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  42. ↑ "Chapter 2 | 150 Years | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  43. ↑ Morgan, James. "Who Saves Little Round Top?". Number four: Col. Chamberlain did not lead the charge. Lt. Holman Melcher was the first officer down the slope.
  44. 1 2 3 http://www.homeofheroes.com/moh/corrections/27th_bycompany.html
  45. 1 2 Clark, Charles E. (2005). Bates Through the Years: an Illustrated History. Edmund Muskie Archives: Bates College, Lewiston, Maine. p. 37.
  46. ↑ "A Brief History | 150 Years | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  47. ↑ "Progressive men of the state of Montana". archive.org. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
  48. ↑ "George C. Chase | 150 Years | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  49. ↑ "Student Clubs and Organizations | Campus Life | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  50. ↑ "Bates Outing Club". Bates College. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  51. ↑ "January 1920: The Outing Club's winter birth | 150 Years | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  52. ↑ "Bates debates Harvard at City Hall | 150 Years | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  53. ↑ "Oxford and Bates to Meet in Debate". Google News Archives. Lewiston Daily Sun. 29 August 1923. p. 14. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  54. ↑ "July 1943: The Navy arrives | 150 Years | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  55. ↑ Stuan, Thomas (2006). The Architecture of Bates College. Ladd Library, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine: Bates College. p. 19.
  56. ↑ Evans, Thomas (2002). Robert F. Kennedy: His Life. Ladd Library, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine: Simon & Schuster; Reprint edition. p. 35.
  57. ↑ Walter Isaacson (October 17, 2011). Profiles in Leadership: Historians on the Elusive Quality of Greatness. Simon & Schuster.
  58. ↑ "NESCAC Member Institutions - NESCAC". www.nescac.com. Retrieved 2016-01-30.
  59. ↑ "Thomas Hedley Reynolds | 150 Years | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  60. ↑ "Thomas Hedley Reynolds | 150 Years | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-24.
  61. ↑ "Optional Testing | Admission | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  62. ↑ "Donald West Harward | Past Presidents | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-08.
  63. ↑ "Donald W. Harward | 150 Years | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-08.
  64. ↑ "Hansen inaugurated as Bates' seventh president | News | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  65. 1 2 "Elaine Tuttle Hansen | Past Presidents | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  66. ↑ "Maine Gov. John Baldacci’s "Bates College Day" proclamation | 150 Years | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-24.
  67. ↑ "Academic Access, Education Reform". Harvard Magazine. Retrieved 2016-02-08.
  68. ↑ "‘Questions Worth Asking’ — President Clayton Spencer’s inaugural address | News | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  69. ↑ "Campus Facilities Planning | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-04.
  70. ↑ "Digital and Computational Studies | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-04.
  71. ↑ Newsroom. "Huge alumni gift for Bates College". www.foxbangor.com. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
  72. ↑ Wight, Patty. "Bates to Use $19 Million Donation to Launch Computer Science Program". news.mpbn.net. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
  73. ↑ "Bates announces gifts of $19 million to create six new endowed professorships and launch the college’s new digital and computational studies program | News | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-08.

Further reading

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