History of the Jews in Alsace

Synagogue du Quai Kléber, Strasbourg, inaugurated in 1898, burnt and razed by the Nazis in 1940[1]

The history of the Jews in Alsace is one of the oldest in Europe. It was first attested to in 1165 by Benjamin of Tudela, who wrote about a "large number of learned men" in "Astransbourg";[2] and it is assumed that it dates back to around the year 1000 CE.[3] Although Jewish life in Alsace was often disrupted by outbreaks of pogroms, at least during the Middle Ages, and reined in by harsh restrictions on business and movement, it has had a continuous existence ever since it was first recorded. At its peak, in 1870, the Jewish community of Alsace numbered 35,000 people.[4]

Language and origins

The language traditionally spoken by the Jews of Alsace was Judeo-Alsatian (Yédisch-Daïtsch),[5] originally a mixture of Middle High German, Old Alsatian, Medieval Hebrew and Aramaic, and largely indistinguishable from Western Yiddish. From the 12th century onwards, due among other things to the influence of the nearby Rashi school, French linguistic elements were incorporated as well; and from the 18th century onwards, due to immigration, some Polish elements were blended into Yédisch-Daïtsch too.[6]

Medieval antisemitism and massacre of 1349

A kettle full of Jews (with white hats) burning in hell, an illustration from the Hortus deliciarum

Several disparaging representations of Jews in medieval Alsatian art, usually showing them with the characteristic three-pointed hat, have survived and can still be seen in situ, notably on the tympanum of the Romanesque Église Saints-Pierre-et-Paul in Sigolsheim, on the roof of the Église Saints-Pierre-et-Paul in Rosheim and the Église Saint-Léger in Guebwiller (both Romanesque as well, and showing a seated Jew holding a money purse), on Strasbourg Cathedral and on the gothic Collégiale Saint-Martin in Colmar, which shows no fewer than two different representations of a Judensau. Other medieval representations have survived through copies of the Hortus deliciarum and as architectural fragments in the Musée de l’Œuvre Notre-Dame.[7] Stained glass windows in the Niederhaslach Church, frescoes in the Église Saint-Michel of Weiterswiller and a tapestry in the Église Saints-Pierre-et-Paul of Neuwiller-lès-Saverne also show disparaging representations of Jews in traditional attire.[8]

In 1286, Rabbi Meir of Rothenburg, one of the leading Jewish figures of his day, was imprisoned by the German king in a fortress near Ensisheim.

In 1349, Jews of Alsace were accused of poisoning the wells with plague. On February 14, Saint Valentine's day, thousands of Jews were massacred during the Strasbourg pogrom.[9] Jews were subsequently forbidden to settle in the town and were reminded every evening at 10 o'clock by a Cathedral bell and a municipal herald blowing the "Grüselhorn" to leave. Alsatian Jews then settled in the neighbouring villages and small towns, where many of them became cloth merchants ("Schmatteshendler") or cattle merchants ("Behemeshendler").

Early modern times

An important political figure for the Jews of Alsace and beyond was the long-serving "shtadlan" Josel of Rosheim. In 1510 he was made the parnas u-manhig (sworn guide and leader) of the Jewish communities of Lower Alsace, before becoming the German Emperor's favourite interlocutor on Jewish matters and the most influential intercessor on the Jews' behalf.

French rule until 1871

With the annexation of Alsace to France in 1681, Catholicism was restored as the principal Christian current. However, the prohibition against Jews settling in Strasbourg, and the special taxes Jews were subjected to, were not lifted. In the 18th century, Herz Cerfbeer of Medelsheim, the influential merchant and philanthropist, became the first Jew to be allowed to settle in the Alsatian capital again. The French Revolution then admitted Jews back into the town.

By 1790, the Jewish population of Alsace was approximately 22,500, about 3% of the provincial population. Another 7500 Jews lived in neighboring Lorraine. Together they comprised three-fourths of the 40,000 Jews who lived in France at the time. The Jews were highly segregated, subject to long-standing anti-Jewish regulations. They maintained their own customs, language, and historic traditions within the tightly-knit ghettos; they adhered to Talmudic law enforced by their rabbis. Jews were barred from most cities and instead lived in hundreds of small hamlets and villages. They were also barred from most occupations, and concentrated in trade, services, and especially in moneylending. They financed about a third of the mortgages in Alsace. Leading philosophers of the French Enlightenment, such as Denis Diderot and Voltaire, ridiculed and condemned French Jews as misanthropic, rapacious, and culturally backward. In 1777, a local judge forged hundreds of receipts, which he gave to Catholic peasants, to "prove" they had repaid their debts to Jewish moneylenders. The Jews protested; and a Prussian official Christian Wilhelm von Dohm wrote a highly influential pamphlet “On the Civic Improvement of the Jews” (1781), which advanced the cause of Jewish emancipation in both Germany and France.

Tolerance grew during the French Revolution, with full emancipation given Protestants in 1789, Sephardic Jews in 1790, and the Ashkenazic Jews of Alsace and Lorraine in 1791. When Napoleon created the "Grand Sanhedrin" in 1806, he appointed the Chief Rabbi of Strasbourg, Joseph David Sinzheim, as its first President. However, local anti-Semitism also increased; and Napoleon turned hostile in 1806, imposing a moratorium on repaying all debts owed to Jews. In 1808 Napoleon imposed tight limits on Jewish moneylending, capping interest rates at 5%. Napoleon's decrees collapsed after he fell from power, but an undercurrent of anti-Semitism remained. In the 1830–1870 era, urban middle-class Jews made enormous progress toward integration and acculturation, as anti-Semitism sharply declined. By 1831, the state began paying salaries to official rabbis, and in 1846 a special oath required for Jews in court was discontinued. Anti-Semitic riots occasionally occurred, especially during the Revolution of 1848. In 1854, Isaac Strauss became director of the orchestra of the bals de l'Opéra and then of the bals des Tuileries, before the empress Eugénie de Montijo replaced him with Émile Waldteufel in 1867. During this era before 1870 many Jews converted to Christianity, including David Paul Drach (1823), Francis Libermann (1826) and Alphonse Ratisbonne (1842). After Alsace was incorporated into Germany in 1871 (until 1918) anti-Semitic violence diminished.[10]

Dreyfus affair

Degradation of Alfred Dreyfus, January 5, 1895

While the Dreyfus affair (1894–1906) by and large played out in France, and Alsace was a part of Germany at the time, it had immediate repercussions for the Jews in Alsace. Alfred Dreyfus was by birth a citizen of Mulhouse and thus suspected by French conservatives of innate sympathy with the German enemy by virtue of his being Alsatian and Jewish, which put him under suspicion of being doubly disloyal. One of the alleged traitor's most stubborn advocates was fellow Mulhousian Auguste Scheurer-Kestner, a (non-Jewish) chemist, industrialist, politician and philanthropist.[11] Another main player in the Affair, and advocate of Dreyfus' cause, was the Strasbourg-born army general Georges Picquart.

1940–1945

In 1940, Alsace was re-annexed to Germany and incorporated into the administrative unit (Gau) of Baden-Elsaß. During World War II, the occupying power established the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp, and a Jewish skeleton collection was housed in the Nazi University of Strasbourg.

Evacuation of the Jews of Alsace had started already on 3 September 1939, mostly to Périgueux and Limoges.[12] On 15 July 1940, the last of the Alsatian Jews were evicted from their homes.[13] 2,605 Jews from Bas-Rhin[14] and 1,100 from Haut-Rhin[15] were murdered during the Holocaust. Some were victims of the experiments of August Hirt at the Reichsuniversität Straßburg. Businessmen such as Théophile Bader, founder of the Galeries Lafayette; Pierre Wertheimer, founder of the entreprise Bourjois and partner of Coco Chanel; and Albert Kahn, banker and philanthropist would have faced spoliation of their properties and/or deportation to a death camp if they had not managed to flee in time.

Jews in Alsace today

After the Algerian war, beginning in 1962, Sephardic Jews arrived in Alsace from North Africa. In the year 2000, roughly 4,000 Jews in Strasbourg were Sephardic, making up a little over 25% of the total Jewish population.[16] In the year 2001, roughly 25% of the 500 Jewish families of Mulhouse were Sephardic.[17]

Presentation of Alsatian Jewish history and heritage

Ingwiller's now abandoned synagogue was built in 1822 over the ruins of a medieval castle, and enlarged in 1891.[18]

A presentation of the Alsatian Jews's history and culture through collections of artifacts and architectural elements can be found in the Musée Judéo-Alsacien of Bouxwiller, Bas-Rhin, in the Musée du bain rituel juif (Mikvah museum) of Bischheim, in the Musée alsacien and the Musée historique of Strasbourg, in the Musée historique of Haguenau, in the Musée d'Arts et Traditions Populaires of Marmoutier, in the Musée du vieux Soultz of Soultz-Haut-Rhin, in the Musée du pays de la Zorn of Hochfelden, in the Musée de l'image populaire of Pfaffenhoffen and in the Musée Bartholdi of Colmar.[19]

The annual European Day of Jewish Culture was initiated in 1996 by the B'nai Brith of Bas-Rhin together with the local Agency for Development of Tourism.[20] It now takes place in 27 European countries including Turkey and Ukraine.[21] The original aim of the day was to permit access to, and ultimately encourage restoration of, long-abandoned synagogues of architectural value such as those in Wolfisheim, Westhoffen, Pfaffenhoffen, Struth, Diemeringen, Ingwiller and Mackenheim.

Notable Jews born in Alsace

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ↑ La synagogue consistoriale du quai Kléber (French)
  2. ↑ Les Juifs à Strasbourg au Moyen âge (French)
  3. ↑ Histoire des Juifs d'Alsace (French)
  4. ↑ Histoire et mémoire des Juifs d'Alsace : recherches actuelles (French)
  5. ↑ Yédisch-Daïtsch, le dialecte judéo-alsacien (French)
  6. ↑ Structure du parler judéo-alsacien (French)
  7. ↑ All referenced in: Assall, Paul: Juden im Elsass, Elster Verlag Moos, 1984, ISBN 3-89151-000-4 (German)
  8. ↑ L'iconographie ou les Juifs par l'image (French)
  9. ↑ Sherman, Irwin W. (2006). The power of plagues. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 74. ISBN 1-55581-356-9.
  10. ↑ Vicki Caron, "Alsace," in Richard S. Levy, ed., Antisemitism: A historical Encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution (2005) 1:13-16
  11. ↑ Auguste Scheurer-Kestner (1833 - 1899) (French)
  12. ↑ Limoges et Périgueux, refuges des Juifs de Strasbourg sous l'Occupation (French)
  13. ↑ Le 15 juillet 1940 : La dernière expulsion des Juifs d’Alsace (French)
  14. ↑ Le Memorbuch, mémorial de la déportation et de la résistance des Juifs du Bas-Rhin (French)
  15. ↑ Le Mémorial des Juifs du Haut-Rhin (French)
  16. ↑ "Souviens-toi de l'Oratoire Leo Cohn" (French)
  17. ↑ La communaute juive de Mulhouse aujourd'hui (French)
  18. ↑ The synagogue of Ingwiller (French)
  19. ↑ List of Alsatian museums displaying Jewish heritage
  20. ↑ European Day of Jewish Culture 2007
  21. ↑ jewishheritage.org
  22. ↑ Théophile Bader, fondateur des Galeries Lafayettes, de Dambach-la-Ville au Boulevard Haussmann (French)
  23. ↑ Alphonse Lévy 1843-1918 (French)
  24. 1 2 Regards sur la culture judéo-alsacienne Éditions La Nuée bleue/DNA, Strasbourg, 2001, ISBN 2-7165-0568-3

Further reading

External links

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