Haplogroup I-M170

Haplogroup I-M170
Possible time of origin 25,000-30,000 years BP
Possible place of origin Europe
Ancestor IJ
Descendants I*, I1, I2
Defining mutations L41, M170, M258, P19_1, P19_2, P19_3, P19_4, P19_5, P38, P212, U179

In human genetics, Haplogroup I-M170 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, a subgroup of haplogroup IJ, itself a derivative of Haplogroup IJK. Y-DNA Haplogroup I-M170 is predominantly a European haplogroup and it is considered as the only native European Haplogroup.[1] It can be found in the majority of present-day European populations with peaks in some Northern and South-Eastern European countries where the total population is small in comparison with European standards. Consequently, the haplogroup represents not more than one-fifth of the population of Europe, being the continent's second major Y-DNA haplogroup behind Haplogroup R. Haplogroup I-M170 Y-chromosomes have also been found among some populations of the Near East, the Caucasus, Northeast Africa and Central Siberia. The haplogroup reaches its maximum frequency in the Dinaric Alps (with the highest concentration in present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina).

Origins

Migration of Cro-Magnons in Europe, based on simulation by Currat & Excoffier (2004)
 (YBP=Years Before Present)
Up to 37,500 YBP
Up to 35,000 YBP
Up to 32,500 YBP
Up to 30,000 YBP
European LGM refuges, 20 kya.
  Solutrean and Proto-Solutrean Cultures
  Epi-Gravettian Culture

Haplogroup IJ, carried by the Cro-Magnons was moving to Europe from the Middle East between 40,000 and 30,000 years ago. The TMRCA (time to most recent common ancestor) for the I clade was estimated by Karafet and colleagues in 2008 as 22.2 k.a. (22,200 years ago) with a confidence interval between 15.3-30.0 ka.,[2] placing the Haplogroup I-M170 founding event approximately contemporaneous with the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) which lasted from 26.5 ka to 19 or 20 ka.[3] The TMRCA is an estimate of the time of subclade divergence. Rootsi and colleagues in 2004 also note two other dates for a clade, age of STR variation, and time since population divergence. These last two dates are roughly associated, and occur somewhat after subclade divergence. For Haplogroup I-M170 they estimate time to STR variation as 24±7.1 ky and time to population divergence as 23±7.7 ky.[4] These estimates are consistent with those of Karafet 2008 cited above. However Underhill and his colleagues calculate the time to subclade divergence of I1 and I2 to be 28.4±5.1 ky, though they calculate the STR variation age of I1 at only 8.1±1.5 kya.[5]

Haplogroup I is Europe's oldest major and only one whose point of origin is there, excluding European subclades of haplogroups that did not originate in Europe.[6] Genes for blue eyes such as OCA2 were present on Mesolithic European carriers of haplogroup I, while another typical European feature, the red hair, had not been present in Europe until the Bronze Age when Haplogroup R1b carriers began spreading it.[7]

Semino (2000) speculated that the initial dispersion of this population corresponds to the diffusion of the Gravettian culture.[8] Rootsi and colleagues in 2004 suggested that each of the ancestral populations now dominated by a particular subclade of Haplogroup I-M170 experienced an independent population expansion immediately after the last glacial maximum.[4]

It would seem to be that different episodes of populace movement had impacted Southeast Europe, as well as the role of the Balkans as a long-standing corridor to Europe from Southwestern Asia is shown by the phylogenetic unification of Hgs I and J by the basal M429 mutation. This proof of common ancestry suggests that ancestral Hgs IJ-M429* probably would have entered Europe through the Balkan track sometime before the LGM. They then subsequently split into Hg J and Hg I in Southwestern Asia and Europe in a typical disjunctive phylogeographic pattern. Such a geographic hall is prone to have encountered extra consequent gene streams, including the horticultural settlers. Moreover, the unification of haplogroups IJK creates evolutionary distance from F–H delegates, as well as supporting the inference that both IJ-M429 and KT-M9 arose closer to Southwestern Asia than Central or Eastern Asia. Y-chromosomes F-M89* and IJ-M429* were reported to have been observed in the Iranian plateau (Grugni et al. 2012).

The northern coverage area is mainly composed of the related I-M253 (I1) while I-M438 (I2) dominates in the south; both descendants of Haplogroup I-M170.

Distribution

The following figures include all subclades. The greatest density of Haplogoup I is to be found in Bosnia and Herzegovina 65%,[9] i.e. Bosnian Serbs 31%, Bosniaks 44-50.1%[10][11] and Bosnian Croats 71-73%.[11] Other higher than average densities occur in Croatia 38%[9][12][13] - 44%,[11] Hvar 66%,[12] Korčula 54%,[12] Serbia 36.28%[9] - 48%,[14] Romania 33%,[15] however increasing in historical (on both shores of river Prut) Moldavia 48%, Norway 40%,[13][16] 23.6% of German males carry the haplogroup I mutation[17] (highest frequency in Northern Germany 37.5%[8]), Sardinia 37%[18] (42%[13]), Sweden (North 26%,[13] Gotland & Värmland 50%[19]), Denmark 39%,[13][20] Montenegro 37%,[14] Iceland 33%, and West Finland 41%, though the figure drops in East Finland to 20%.[21]

Average densities occur in Macedonia 34%,[9] Bulgaria 28%,[22] Albania 25%,[23] Hungary 11%[8] Lapland 28%,[24] Netherlands 25%, England 20% and Poland 18-20%.[13][25]

Within Europe, several populations are distinguished by having a significantly lower frequency of Haplogroup I-M170 than the surrounding populations: Italy and Switzerland have lower levels than Germany and Sardinia, Iberia has a lower density than southern France and Normandy, Greece has a lower level than Albania and the Slavic peoples, while the Baltic-speaking Latvians have a lower level than the Finnic-speaking Estonians. In all these areas, Haplogroup I-M170 populations are small relative to the dominant haplogroups in Europe (R1b in Western Europe, R1a1 in Eastern Europe, and N in Northeastern Europe).

Subgroups


The subclades of Haplogroup I-M170 with their defining mutations:[26]

Note that the naming of some of the subgroups has changed, as new markers have been identified, and the sequence of mutations has become clearer..

I-M170

The composite subclade I-M170 contains individuals directly descended from the earliest members of Haplogroup I, bearing none of the subsequent mutations which identify the remaining named subclades.

Several haplogroup I*-M170 individuals who do not fall in known subclades, with some of the greatest Y-STR diversity, have significantly been found among the populations of Turkey (8/741), Adygea (2/138), and Iraq (1/176),even though as a whole Haplogroup I-M170 occurs at only very low frequencies among modern populations of the Middle East and Caucasus. This is consistent with the belief that the haplogroup first appeared in that region. Overall, the highest frequencies of Haplogroup I*-M170 appear to be found among the Andalusians (3/103), French (4/179), Slovenians (2/55), Tabassarans (1/30)[29] and the Saami (1/35). The greatest figure so far for I* was among the Laks in Dagestan, at a rate of (3/21).[29]

Neither study from which the previous figures were drawn excluded the present I2-M438 clade as a whole, but only certain subclades, so this I* may or may not belong to I2. A single Hazara from Afghanistan was found to carry I* excluding both I1-M253 and I2-M438.[30]

I1-M253

Density map of HG I1. The darkest areas approach only around 45% of the population.
Main article: Haplogroup I1 (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup I1-M253 (M253, M307, P30, P40) displays a very clear frequency gradient, with a peak frequency of approximately 35% among the populations of southern Norway, southwestern Sweden, and Denmark, and rapidly decreasing frequencies toward the edges of the historically Germanic-influenced world. A notable exception is Finland, where frequency in West Finns is up to 40%, and in certain provinces like Satakunta more than 50%.

Outside Fennoscandia, distribution of Haplogroup I1-M253 is closely correlated with that of Haplogroup I2a2-M436; but among Scandinavians (including both Germanic and Uralic peoples of the region) nearly all the Haplogroup I-M170 Y-chromosomes are I1-M253. Another characteristic of the Scandinavian I1-M253 Y-chromosomes is their rather low haplotype diversity (STR diversity): a greater variety of Haplogroup I1-M253 Y-chromosomes has been found among the French and Italians, despite the much lower overall frequency of Haplogroup I1-M253 among the modern French and Italian populations.

I2-M438

Main article: Haplogroup I-M438

Haplogroup I2-M438, previously I1b, may have originated in southern Europe – it is now found at its highest frequencies in the western Balkans and Sardinia – some 15,000 - 17,000 years ago and developed into three main subgroups : I2-M438*, I2a-L460, I2b-L415 and I2c-L596.

I2a1a-M26


Haplogroup I2a1a-M26 is notable for its strong presence in Sardinia. Haplogroup I-M170 comprises approximately 40% of all patrilines among the Sardinians, and I2a1a-M26 is the predominant type of I among them.

Haplogroup I2a1a-M26 is practically absent east of France and Italy,[31] while it is found at low but significant frequencies outside of Sardinia in the Balearic Islands, Castile-León, the Basque Country, the Pyrenees, southern and western France, and parts of the Maghreb in North Africa, Great Britain, and Ireland. Haplogroup I2a1a-M26 appears to be the only subclade of Haplogroup I-M170 found among the Basques, but appears to be found at somewhat higher frequencies among the general populations of Castile-León in Spain and Béarn in France than among the population of ethnic Basques. The M26 mutation is found in native males inhabiting every geographic region where megaliths may be found, including such far-flung and culturally disconnected regions as the Canary Islands, the Balearic Isles, Corsica, Ireland, and Sweden.[31]

The distribution of I2a1a-M26 also mirrors that of the Atlantic Bronze Age cultures, which indicates a potential spread via the obsidian trade or a regular maritime exchange of some of metallurgical products.[31]

I2a1b-M423

Haplogroup I2a1b-M423 is the most frequent Y-chromosome Haplogroup I-M170 in Central and Eastern European populations, reaching its peak in the Western Balkans, most notably in Dalmatia (50-60%[9]) and Bosnia-Herzegovina (up to 71%,[10] avg. 40-50%[9]). A greater variance of this group has been found in Ireland and Great Britain, but overall frequency is very low (2-3%). Haplogroup I2a1b-M423 is virtually absent in Fennoscandia, Western and Southwestern Europe.

I2a2-M436

The distribution of Haplogroup I2a2-M436 (M436/P214/S33, P216/S30, P217/S23, P218/S32) is closely correlated to that of Haplogroup I1 except in Fennoscandia, which suggests that it was probably harbored by at least one of the Paleolithic refuge populations that also harbored Haplogroup I1-M253; the lack of correlation between the distributions of I1-M253 and I2a2-M436 in Fennoscandia may be a result of Haplogroup I2a2-M436's being more strongly affected in the earliest settlement of this region by founder effects and genetic drift due to its rarity, as Haplogroup I2a2-M436 comprises less than 10% of the total Y-chromosome diversity of all populations outside of Lower Saxony. Haplogroup I2a2-M436 has been found in over 4% of the population only in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, England (not including Cornwall), Scotland, and the southern tips of Sweden and Norway in Northwest Europe; the provinces of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Perche in northwestern France; the province of Provence in southeastern France; the regions of Tuscany, Umbria, and Latium in Italy; and Moldavia and the area around Russia's Ryazan Oblast and Republic of Mordovia in Eastern Europe. One subclade of Haplogroup I2a2-M436, namely I2a2a1a1-M284, has been found almost exclusively among the population of Great Britain, which has been taken to suggest that the clade may have a very long history in that island. It is notable, however, that the distributions of Haplogroup I1-M253 and Haplogroup I2a2-M436 seem to correlate fairly well with the extent of historical influence of Germanic peoples. The punctual presence of both haplogroups at a low frequency in the area of the historical regions of Bithynia and Galatia in Turkey may be related to the Varangian Guard or rather suggests a connection with the ancient Gauls of Thrace, several tribes of which are recorded to have immigrated to those parts of Anatolia at the invitation of Nicomedes I of Bithynia. This suggestion is supported by recent genetic studies regarding Y-DNA Haplogroup I2b2-L38 have concluded that there was some Late Iron Age migration of Celtic La Tène people, through Belgium, to the British Isles including north-east Ireland.[32]

Haplogroup I2a2-M436 also occurs among approximately 1% of Sardinians, and in Hazaras from Afghanistan at 3%.[33]

Specifications of mutation

The technical details of U179 are:

Nucleotide change (rs2319818): G to A
Position (base pair): 275
Total size (base pairs): 220
Forward 5′→ 3′: aaggggatatgacgactgatt
Reverse 5′→ 3′: cagctcctcttttcaactctca

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.cell.com/ajhg/abstract/S0002-9297(07)62002-3?cc=y
  2. ↑ Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.
  3. ↑ Clark PU, Dyke AS, Shakun JD, et al. (August 2009). "The Last Glacial Maximum". Science 325 (5941): 710–4. doi:10.1126/science.1172873. PMID 19661421. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
  4. 1 2 Rootsi Siiri; Kivisild, Toomas; Benuzzi, Giorgia; Help, Hela; Bermisheva, Marina; Kutuev, Ildus; Barać, Lovorka; Peričić, Marijana; Balanovsky, Oleg; Pshenichnov, Andrey; Dion, Daniel; Grobei, Monica; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Battaglia, Vincenza; Achilli, Alessandro; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Parik, Jüri; King, Roy; Cinnioğlu, Cengiz; Khusnutdinova, Elsa; Rudan, Pavao; Balanovska, Elena; Scheffrahn, Wolfgang; Simonescu, Maya; Brehm, Antonio; Goncalves, Rita; Rosa, Alexandra; Moisan, Jean-Paul; Chaventre, Andre; et al. (2004). ", Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I-M170 Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe". American Journal of Human Genetics 75 (1): 128–137. doi:10.1086/422196. PMC 1181996. PMID 15162323.
  5. ↑ P.A. Underhill, N.M. Myres, S. Rootsi, C.T. Chow, A.A. Lin, R.P. Otillar, R. King, L.A. Zhivotovsky, O. Balanovsky, A. Pshenichnov, K.H. Ritchie, L.L. Cavalli-Sforza, T. Kivisild, R. Villems, S.R. Woodward, New Phylogenetic Relationships for Y-chromosome Haplogroup I: Reappraising its Phylogeography and Prehistory, in P. Mellars, K. Boyle, O. Bar-Yosef and C. Stringer (eds.), Rethinking the Human Evolution (2007), pp. pp. 33-42.
  6. ↑ Haplogroup I1 (Y-DNA), 2. Origins and History
  7. ↑ Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA), 5. R1 populations & light pigmentation
  8. 1 2 3 Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner PJ, et al. (November 2000). "The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective". Science 290 (5494): 1155–9. doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155. PMID 11073453.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pericić M, Lauc LB, Klarić IM, et al. (October 2005). "High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations". Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (10): 1964–75. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185. PMID 15944443. Fig. 3. — I1b* (xM26) frequency and variance surfaces ...
  10. 1 2 Marjanovic D, Fornarino S, Montagna S, et al. (November 2005). "The peopling of modern Bosnia-Herzegovina: Y-chromosome haplogroups in the three main ethnic groups". Ann. Hum. Genet. 69 (Pt 6): 757–63. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00190.x. PMID 16266413.
  11. 1 2 3 Battaglia, Vincenza; Fornarino, Simona; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Olivieri, Anna; Pala, Maria; Myres, Natalie M; King, Roy J; Rootsi, Siiri; et al. (24 December 2008). "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics 17 (6): 820–30. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.249. PMC 2947100. PMID 19107149.
  12. 1 2 3 Barać L, Pericić M, Klarić IM, et al. (July 2003). "Y chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates" (PDF). Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 11 (7): 535–42. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200992. PMID 12825075.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rootsi S, Magri C, Kivisild T, et al. (July 2004). "Phylogeography of Y-chromosome haplogroup I-M170 reveals distinct domains of prehistoric gene flow in europe". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 75 (1): 128–37. doi:10.1086/422196. PMC 1181996. PMID 15162323.
  14. 1 2 Mirabal S; Varljen T; Gayden T; et al. (July 2010). "Human Y-chromosome short tandem repeats: A tale of acculturation and migrations as mechanisms for the diffusion of agriculture in the Balkan Peninsula". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 142 (3): 380–390. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21235. PMID 20091845.
  15. ↑ Frequencies of European Y-DNA haplogroups Eupedia 2016
  16. ↑ Passarino, Giuseppe; Cavalleri, Gianpiero L; Lin, Alice A; Cavalli-Sforza, LL; Børresen-Dale, AL; Underhill, PA (2002). "Different genetic components in the Norwegian population revealed by the analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms". European Journal of Human Genetics 10 (9): 521–529. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200834. PMID 12173029.
  17. ↑ http://vetinari.sitesled.com/poland.pdf
  18. ↑ Francalacci, P.; Morelli, L.; Underhill, P.A.; et al. (2003). "Peopling of Three Mediterranean Islands (Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily) Inferred by Y-Chromosome Biallelic Variability". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 121 (3): 270–279. doi:10.1002/ajpa.10265. PMID 12772214.
  19. ↑ Karlsson, Andreas O; Wallerström, Thomas; Götherström, Anders; Holmlund, Gunilla (2006). "Y-chromosome diversity in Sweden – A long-time perspective". European Journal of Human Genetics 14 (8): 963–970. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201651. PMID 16724001.
  20. ↑ Sanchez, JJ; Borsting, C; Hallenberg, C; Buchard, A; Hernandez, A; Morling, N (2003). "Multiplex PCR and minisequencing of SNPs: a model with 35 Y chromosome SNPs". Forensic Science International 137 (1): 74–84. doi:10.1016/S0379-0738(03)00299-8. PMID 14550618.
  21. ↑ Lappalainen, T.; Laitinen, V.; Salmela, E.; Andersen, P.; Huoponen, K.; Savontaus, M.-L.; Lahermo, P. (May 2008). "Migration waves to the Baltic Sea region". Ann. Hum. Genet. 72 (Pt 3): 337–48. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00429.x. PMID 18294359.
  22. ↑ Comptes rendus de l'Academie Bulgare des Sciences Tome 62, No3, 209, Y-chromosomal Haplogroups in Bulgarians, Sena Karachanak, Simona Fornarino, Viola Grugni, Ornella Semino, Draga Toncheva, Angel Galabov, Boris Atanasov (Submitted on December 22, 2008).
  23. ↑ Y-STR variation in Albanian populations, Gianmarco Ferri & Sergio Tofanelli & Milena Alù & Luca Taglioli & Erjon Radheshi & Beatrice Corradini & Giorgio Paoli & Cristian Capelli & Giovanni Beduschi (2010)
  24. ↑ Tambets, Kristiina; Rootsi, Siiri; Kivisild, Toomas; et al. (2004). "The Western and Eastern Roots of the Saami—the Story of Genetic 'Outliers' Told by Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes". American Journal of Human Genetics 74: 661–682. doi:10.1086/383203. PMC 1181943. PMID 15024688.
  25. ↑ Nebel, A; Filon, D; Brinkmann, B; Majumder, P; Faerman, M; Oppenheim, A (2001). "The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East". The American Journal of Human Genetics 69 (5): 1095–112. doi:10.1086/324070. PMC 1274378. PMID 11573163.
  26. ↑ ISOGG 2011
  27. ↑ Cinniog˘lu, Cengiz et al 2003-04, Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia
  28. ↑ http://isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpI.html
  29. 1 2 Bulayeva, Caciagli et al, 2009.http://vigg.academia.edu/KazimaBulayeva/Papers/125870/The_key_role_of_patrilineal_inheritance_in_shaping_the_genetic_variation_of_Dagestan_highlanders
  30. ↑ Cristofaro J, et al. (October 2013). "Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge". PLOS ONE 8: e76748. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748.
  31. 1 2 3 Rootsi; et al. "Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe figure 1" (PDF).
  32. ↑ McEvoy and Bradley, Brian P and Daniel G (2010). Celtic from the West Chapter 5: Irish Genetics and Celts. Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-84217-410-4.
  33. ↑ Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel E.; Ashrafian Bonab, Maziar; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Douaihy, Bouchra; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Rafatpanah, Hoshang; Ghanbari, Mohsen; Whale, John; Balanovsky, Oleg; Wells, R. Spencer; Comas, David; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre A. (2012). "Afghanistan's ethnic groups share a Y-chromosomal heritage structured by historical events". PLOS ONE 7 (3): e34288. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMC 3314501. PMID 22470552.
Notes

External links

Phylogenetic tree and distribution maps

Projects

Other

Evolutionary tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1[χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1 F2 F3 GHIJK
G HIJK
H IJK
IJ K
I J LT [χ 5]  K2
L T NO [χ 6] K2b [χ 7]   K2c K2d K2e [χ 8]
N O K2b1 [χ 9]    P
M S [χ 10] Q R
  1. ↑ Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.
  2. ↑ International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
  3. ↑ Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A0'1'2'3'4.
  4. ↑ Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
  5. ↑ Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
  6. ↑ Haplogroup NO (M214) is also known as Haplogroup K2a (although the present Haplogroup K2e was also previously known as "K2a").
  7. ↑ Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
  8. ↑ Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a, also known as Haplogroup NO).
  9. ↑ Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is similar to the former Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
  10. ↑ Haplogroup S (S-M230) was previously known as Haplogroup K5.
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