Kaytetye language

Kaytetye
Native to	Australia
Region	central Northern Territory
Ethnicity	Kaytetye people
Native speakers	145 (2006 census)[1]
Language family	Pama–Nyungan Arandic Kaytetye
Signed forms	Akitiri Sign Language
Language codes
ISO 639-3	gbb
Glottolog	kayt1238[2]
AIATSIS[1]	C13

Kaytetye (Kaititj) is an Australian Aboriginal language of central Northern Territory. The language is considered to be threatened; The language is used for face-to-face communication within all generations, but it is losing users.^[3]

The Kaytetye have (or had) a well-developed sign language.

Phonology

Kaytetye is phonologically unusual in a number of ways. Words start with vowels and end with schwa; full CV(C) syllables only occur within a word, as in the word arrkwentyarte 'three' (schwa is spelled ⟨e⟩, unless initial, in which case it is not written and often not pronounced). Stress falls on the first full syllable. There are only two productive vowels, but numerous consonants, including pre-stopped and pre-palatalized consonants.^[4]

Consonants

Consonants occur plain and labialized.

	Peripheral		Coronal
			Laminal		Apical
	Bilabial	Velar	Palatal	Dental	Prepalatalized	Alveolar	Retroflex
Stop	p pʷ	k kʷ	c cʷ	t̪ t̪ʷ	ʲt ʲtʷ	t tʷ	ʈ ʈʷ
Nasal	m mʷ	ŋ ŋʷ	ɲ ɲʷ	n̪ n̪ʷ	ʲn ʲnʷ	n nʷ	ɳ ɳʷ
Prestopped nasal	ᵖm ᵖmʷ	ᵏŋ ᵏŋʷ	ᶜɲ ᶜɲʷ	ᵗn̪ ᵗn̪ʷ	ʲᵗn ʲᵗnʷ	ᵗn ᵗnʷ	ᵗɳ ᵗɳʷ
Lateral Approximant			ʎ ʎʷ	l̪ l̪ʷ	ʲl ʲlʷ	l lʷ	ɭ ɭʷ
Approximant		ɰ w	j jʷ				ɻ ɻʷ
Tap						ɾ ɾʷ

[w] is phonemically /ɰʷ/. In the orthography, /ɰ/ is written ⟨h⟩.

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	(i)	ɨ ~ ə
Mid
Low		a

/i/ is marginal.

Two-vowel systems are unusual, but occur in closely related Arrernte as well as in some Northwest Caucasian languages. It seems that the vowel system derives from an earlier one with the typical Australian /i a u/, but that *u lost its roundedness to neighboring consonants, resulting in the labialized series of consonants, while *i lost its frontness (palatal-ness) to other consonants as well, resulting in some cases in the prepalatalized series.

Grammar

Kin terms are obligatorily possessed, though with grammatically singular pronouns. There's a dyadic suffix as well:^[4]

Kaytetye kin inflections

	Elder brother	Mother
1	alkere-ye my/our brother	arrwengke my/our mother
2	ngk-alkere your brother	ngk-arrwengke your mother
3	kw-alkere his/her/their brother	kw-arrwengke his/her/their mother
dyadic	alkere-nhenge elder and younger brother	arrwengke-nhenge mother and child

Dual and plural pronouns distinguish clusivity as well as moiety (or 'section') and generation. That is, for a male speaker, different pronouns are used for I and my sibling, grandparent, grandchild (even generation, same moiety), I and my father, I and my brother's child (odd generation, same moiety), and I and my mother, spouse, sister's child (opposite moiety). This results in twelve pronouns for 'we':^[4]

Kaytetye pronouns for 'we'

Number & person	Even generation (same moiety)	Odd generation (same moiety)	Opposite moiety
Dual inclusive	ayleme	aylake	aylanthe
Dual exclusive	aylene	aylenake	aylenanthe
Plural inclusive	aynangke	aynake	aynanthe
Plural exclusive	aynenangke	aynenake	aynenanthe

That is, root ay-, dual suffix -la or plural -na, exclusive infix ⟨en⟩, an irregular nasal for even generation, and a suffix for same moiety -ke or opposite moiety -nthe.

Verbs include incorporated former verbs of motion that indicate direction and relative timing of someone, usually the subject of the verb. There are differences depending on whether the verb is transitive or intransitive:^[4]

Kaytetye 'associated motion' stems

Time	angke 'talk'	Gloss	kwathe 'drink'	Gloss
Prior motion (go/come and X)	angke-ye-ne-	talk after going	kwathe-ye-ne-	drink after going
	angke-ye-tnye-	talk after coming	kwathe-ye-tnye-	drink after coming
	angke-ya-lpe-	talk after returning	kwathe-ya-lpe-	drink after returning
	angke-ya-yte-	talk after someone arrives	kwathe-ya-yte-	drink after someone arrives
Subsequent motion (X and go/come)	angke-rra-yte-	talk before leaving	kwathe-la-yte-	drink before leaving
	angke-rra-lpe-	talk before returning	kwathe-la-lpe-	drink before returning
Concurrent motion (X while going/coming)	angke-yerna-lpe-	talk while coming	kwathe-yerna-lpe-	drink while coming
	angke-rra-pe-	talk while going along	kwathe-rra-pe-yne-	drink while going along
	angke-rra-ngke-rre-nye-	talk continuously while going along	kwathe-la-the-la-rre-	drink continuously while going along
	angke-lpa-ngke-	talk once when on the way	kwathe-lpa-the-	drink once when on the way
Prior and subsequent	angke-nya-yne-	go and talk and come back	kwathe-nya-yne-	go and drink and come back

References

1. Kaytetye at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
2. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Kaytetye". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
3. https://www.ethnologue.com/cloud/gbb
4. Koch, 2006. "Kaytetye". In the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd ed.