Adnyamathanha language

Adnyamathanha
Region	South Australia
Native speakers	110 (2006 census)[1]
Language family	Pama–Nyungan Thura-Yura Yura Adnyamathanha
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either: adt – Adnyamathanha gvy – Guyani
Glottolog	adny1235  (Adnyamathanha)[2] guya1249  (Guyani)[3]
AIATSIS[1]	L10 Adnyamathanha, L9 Kuyani

Adnyamathanha (pronounced /ˈɑːdnjəmʌdənə/; many other names, see below) or yura ngarwala is an Australian Aboriginal language. It is the traditional language of the Adnyamathanha people.

The name of the witchetty grub comes from Adnyamathanha.

Estimates of the number of people who speak Adnyamathanha are variable, though it is definitely severely endangered. According to Oates 1973 there were only 30 speakers, around 20 according to Schmidt in 1990, 127 in the 1996 census, and about 107 counted in the 2006 census.^[4]

Yura ngarwala is a widely-used term for the Adnyamathanha language. It translates literally to 'people speak'. However, in modern times yura has come to mean 'Adnyamathanha person', rather than 'person' generally, and thus the term translates to 'Adnyamathanha person speak'.

Names

This language has been known by many names and variants of names, including:

• Adnyamathanha, Adynyamathanha, Adjnjamathanha, Atʸnʸamat̪an̪a, Adnjamathanha, Adnyamathana, Anyamathana, Ad'n'amadana, Anjimatana, Anjiwatana, Unyamootha
• Wailpi, Wailbi, Waljbi, Wipie, the name of a dialect
• Archualda
• Benbakanjamata
• Binbarnja
• Gadjnjamada, Kanjimata, Keydnjmarda
• Jandali
• Mardala
• Nimalda
• Nuralda
• Umbertana
• Yura ngarwala

Guyani is also spelled Kijani, Kuyani, Kwiani.

Classification

R. M. W. Dixon classifies Adnyamathanha and Guyani as a single language. Ethnologue treats them as separate, and so they each have their own ISO 639-3 codes.

Phonology

Adjnjamathanha and Guyani have the same phonemic inventory.

Vowels

	Front	Back
High	i iː	u uː
Low	a aː

Consonants

Most of the nasals and laterals are allophonically prestopped.^[5]

		Peripheral		Laminal		Apical
		Labial	Velar	Palatal	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	p	k	c	t̪	t	ʈ	(ʔ)
	voiced						(ɖ )
Fricative	voiced	(v)
Nasal		m ~ bm	ŋ	ɲ ~ ɟɲ	n̪ ~ d̪n̪	n ~ dn	ɳ ~ ɖɳ
Lateral				ʎ ~ ɟʎ	l̪ ~ d̪l̪	l ~ dl	ɭ ~ ɖɭ
Flap						ɾ	ɽ
Trill						r
Approximant		w		j			ɻ

[v] may be an allophone of /p/.

History

While the closely related Guyani retains word-initial stops, Adnyamathanha has undergone systematic lenition of stops in this position. Former *p has become [v], former *t̪ and probably also *c have become /j/, and former *k has disappeared entirely.

Grammar

Adnyamathanha has a complex system of personal pronouns. There are 10 different ways of saying ‘you and me’ (first person dual), depending on the relationship between the speaker and the person addressed.

Vocabulary

'Witchetty grub'

A couple of witchetty grubs.

The word witchetty comes from Adynyamathanha wityu, "hooked stick" and vartu, "grub". Traditionally it is rare for men to dig for them. Witchetty grubs feature as Dreamings in many Aboriginal paintings. Once caught the grubs leak a brown water juice over fingers when held.

References

1. Adnyamathanha at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies  (see the info box for additional links)
2. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Adnyamathanha". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
3. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Guyani". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
4. "AUSTLANG". austlang.aiatsis.gov.au. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
5. Jeff Mielke, 2008. The emergence of distinctive features, p 135

• Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47378-0, ISBN 978-0-521-47378-1.
• Schebeck, B. (1974). Texts on the social system of the Atʸnʸamat̪an̪a people, with grammatical notes. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

External links

• Bibliography of Adnyamathanha resources, at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies