Nguồn language
Nguon | |
---|---|
Nguồn, Năm Nguyên | |
Native to | Vietnam, Laos |
Region | Quảng Bình Province |
Ethnicity | 2,000 (2007)[1] |
Native speakers | 1,000 (1995 census)[1] |
Latin (quốc ngữ) | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 |
nuo |
Glottolog |
nguo1239 [2] |
Location of Quảng Bình Province |
Nguồn (also Năm Nguyên) is a Vietic language spoken by the Nguồn people in the Trưá»ng SÆ¡n mountains in Vietnam's North Central Coast region as well as in nearby regions of Laos.
Most Nguồn speakers in Vietnam live in the secluded Minh Hóa district of Quảng Bình Province, with others in the area around Äồng Lê, the seat of Tuyên Hoá District, approximately 50 km (31 mi) from the National Highway 1.
The Nguồn language has been variously described as a dialect of Vietnamese or as the southernmost dialect of Mưá»ng. Some researchers who consider it more closely related to Mưá»ng find that those who connect it more closely with Vietnamese are more influenced by ethnographic and/or political concerns than linguistic evidence. Chamberlain (2003) and Sidwell (2009) count it as a third Viet–Muong language.
Geographic location
Most Nguồn live in Tuyên Hóa District (alongside the neighboring Sách people, a subgroup of the Chứt people who also speak a Vietic language) and in Minh Hoá District (living with the neighboring Việt peoples).[3]
There are also Nguồn living in Laos, but with conflicting reports as to their exact location.[4] According to Chamberlain (1998), there is a Nguồn village in central Laos known as Ban Pak Phanang in Boualapha District, Khammouane Province.[5]
Genealogical relations
Chéon (1907), Maspéro (1912), and Cuisinier (1948) considered Nguồn to be more closely related to Mưá»ng while Mạc (1964), Nguyá»…n Ä. B. (1975), and Phạm (1975) connected it with Vietnamese.
Later linguistic comparison by Nguyá»…n V. T. (1975) and Nguyá»…n Ph. Ph. (1996) suggest a closer link with the Mưá»ng dialects, and this is echoed by Barker (1993) (and others).
Jerold A. Edmondson, Kenneth J. Gregerson, and Nguyen Van Loi mention that this language is of "great interest to those studying the history of Vietic languages" due to its distinct historical developments.[6]
Nguyá»…n V. T. (1975) notes that Nguồn speakers can communicate with Mưá»ng speakers with each speaking their own language, but Vietnamese speakers who do not know Mưá»ng cannot understand Nguồn.
Although closer to Mưá»ng generally (especially concerning sound system similarities), in some aspects Nguồn is more similar to Vietnamese. For example, the negative marker in Vietnamese is the particle không, which is ultimately a loanword from Chinese that became grammaticalized. The native negative marker chẳng, which is attested in earlier stages of Vietnamese, was largely replaced by the Chinese borrowing.[7] Mưá»ng, in contrast, has preserved the original chẳng. Nguồn has, like Vietnamese, lost chẳng to không. In this feature of the loss of the native negative marker, Nguồn is like Vietnamese rather than Mưá»ng.
Language variation
Nguyễn Ph. Ph. (1996) notes that there are two varieties of Nguồn:
- Cổ Liêm
- Yên Thá» (or An Thá»)
Cổ Liêm is named after the village of the same name; Yên ThỠis the name of a cooperative in Tân Hoá village.
The Yên ThỠvariety is closer to Vietnamese than Cổ Liêm with respect to certain phonological developments.
History
In 1905, Cadière[8] reported that the Nguồn (as well as the Sách people) were to be found in valleys of the Nguồn Năn river in eleven villages.[9] Originally there were two groups of five villages. The northern group was in Cơ Sa canton (along with some Việt villages) and consisted of the following villages:
- Qui Äạt
- An Äức
- Ba Nương
- Thanh Long
- Tân Kiá»u
Tân Kiá»u was later split into two villages resulting in a sixth village in the northern group:
- Tân Hợp
The more southerly village group consisted of
- Kổ Liêm
- Bốk Thá»
- Kim Bãng
- Tân LÃ
- An Lạk
Mạc (1964) and Nguyá»…n Ä. B. (1975) assert that Nguồn is an original Việt group from the area of the Hà TÄ©nh and Nghệ An provinces who moved into their present territory by the 17th century. Evidence for this opinion is based on family records. Mạc (1964) also reports that most Nguồn declared themselves to be Việt on the 1960 census.
Nguyá»…n V. T. (1975) suggests that the Mưá»ng could have migrated further south than Nghệ An to as far as Quảng Bình. Although some Việt families may have migrated to this region, they may have done so after Mưá»ng groups had already been established in the area. These Việt migrants could, then, have assimilated in language to the Mưá»ng. This Mưá»ng variety also would have been in contact with Chứt languages, like Sách. Thus, Nguyá»…n V. T. (1975) suggests that Nguồn is a variety of Mưá»ng spoken by Mưá»ng (possibly Hà TÄ©nh Mưá»ng) and assimilated Việt people with influences from Chứt languages.[10]
Notes
- 1 2 Nguon at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Nguon". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ↑ Note the current Tuyên Hoá and Minh Hoá districts once comprised a single district known as Tuyên Hoá.
- ↑ See the Christian missionary site: Nguon people group of Laos.
- ↑ Chamberlain, J.R. 1998, "The origin of Sek: implications for Tai and Vietnamese history", in The International Conference on Tai Studies, ed. S. Burusphat, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 97-128. Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University.
- ↑ See their page on Lesser Known Languages of Northern Vietnam: ling.uta.edu/~jerry/research/.
- ↑ Alves, Mark J. (2009). "Sino-Vietnamese grammatical vocabulary and sociolinguistic conditions for borrowing" (PDF). Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (Canberra: Pacific Linguistics) 1: 1–9. ISSN 1836-6821. hdl:1885/8939. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
- ↑ The original French source is quoted in Nguyễn Ph. Ph. (1996).
- ↑ See the following satellite link from SatelliteViews.net: Nguồn Năn, Vietnam.
- ↑ In particular, see Nguyễn V. T. (1993: 242-243).
Bibliography
- Barker, Miriam A. (1993). Bibliography of Mưá»ng and other Vietic language groups, with notes. Mon–Khmer Studies, 23, 197-243. (Online version: sealang.net/archives/mks/BARKERMiriam.htm).
- Cadière, Léopold. (1902). Coutumes populaires de la vallée du Nguồn Sơn. Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême Orient, 2, 352-386.
- Cadière, Léopold. (1905). Les hautes vallées du sông Gianh. Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême Orient, 5, 349-367.
- Cuisinier, Jeanne. (1948). Les Mưá»ng: Géographie humaine et sociologie. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie.
- Mạc, ÄÆ°á»ng. (1964). Các dân tá»™c miá»n núi miá»n Bẳc Trung Bá»™ [The minority groups of Northern Central Vietnam]. Hanoi: Nhà x.b. Khoa há»c Xã há»™i.
- Nguyá»…n, Dương Bình. (1975). Vá» thà nh phần dân tá»™c cá»§a ngưá»i Nguồn [On the ethnic composition of the Nguon people]. In Viện Dân Tá»™c Há»c, Vá» vấn đỠxác định thà nh phần các dân tá»™c thiểu số ở miá»n bắc Việt Nam (pp. 472–491). Hanoi: Nhà x.b. Khoa há»c Xã há»™i.
- Nguyá»…n Khắc Tụng (1975). "Góp phần tim hiểu thà nh phần tá»™c ngưá»i cá»§a ngưá»i Nguồn qua những nháºn xét vá» nhà ở cá»§a há»". In, Ủy ban khoa há»c xã há»™i Việt Nam: Viện dân tá»™c há»c. Vá» vấn đỠxác định thánh phần các dân tá»™c thiểu số ở miá»n bắc Việt Nam, 492-499. Hà Ná»™i: Nhà xuất bản khoa há»c xã há»™i.
- Nguyễn, Phú Phong. (1996). The Nguồn language of Quảng Bình, Vietnam. Mon–Khmer Studies, 26, 179-190. (Online version: sealang.net/archives/mks/NGUYNPhPhong.htm).
- Nguyá»…n, Văn Tà i. (1975). Tiếng Nguồn, má»™t phương tiếng Việt hay má»™t phương ngôn cá»§a tiếng Mưá»ng? Ngôn Ngữ, 4, 8-16. (Translated into English as Nguyá»…n V. T. 1993).
- Nguyá»…n, Văn Tà i. (1993). Nguồn: A dialect of Vietnamese or a dialect of Mưá»ng? (Based on local data). M. A. Barker (Transl.). Mon–Khmer Studies, 22, 231-244. (Online version: sealang.net/archives/mks/NGUYNVnTi.htm).
- Pham, Äức ÄÆ°Æ¡ng. (1975). Vá» mối quan hệ thân thuá»™c giữa các ngôn ngữ thuá»™c nhóm Việt-Mưá»ng miá»n Tây tỉnh Quảng Bình [On the close relationship between the languages in the Viet–Muong group in western Quảng Bình Province]. In Viện Dân Tá»™c Há»c, Vá» vấn đỠxác định thà nh phần các dân tá»™c thiểu số ở miá»n bắc Việt Nam (pp. 500–517). Hanoi: Nhà x.b. Khoa há»c Xã há»™i.
- Viện Dân Tá»™c Há»c [Ethnology Institute]. (1975). Vá» vấn đỠxác định thà nh phần các dân tá»™c thiểu số ở miá»n bắc Việt Nam [On the problem of defining the social position of the minority groups in northern Vietnam]. Hanoi: Nhà x.b. Khoa há»c Xã há»™i.
External links
- Fieldwork on folk music of Nguồn minority in Minh Hóa district of Quảng Bình province
- Lesser Known Languages of Northern Vietnam map (Nguồn is #17)
- Nguon people group of Laos
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