Iloilo City

Iloilo City
Highly Urbanized City
City of Iloilo

From top, left to right: Calle Real (Royal Street) – Iloilo's historic city center, The Customs House of Iloilo (Casa de Aduana de Iloilo) and Muelle Loney (Loney Dock), Saint Anne Church of Molo (Iglesia de Sta. Ana) , Smallville Commercial Complex in Mandurriao District, Nelly Garden, and the Arroyo Fountain (Fuente Arroyo) and (Casa Real de Iloilo) Iloilo Royal House - The old provincial capitol

Seal
Nickname(s): "Most Loyal and Noble City" (La Muy Leal y Noble Ciudad)
"City of Love"
"The (Original) Queen's City of the South"

Map of Iloilo showing the location of Iloilo City
Iloilo City

Location within the Philippines

Coordinates: 10°43′N 122°34′E / 10.72°N 122.57°E / 10.72; 122.57Coordinates: 10°43′N 122°34′E / 10.72°N 122.57°E / 10.72; 122.57
Country Philippines
Region Western Visayas (Region VI)
Province Iloilo (geographically only)
Legislative district Lone district of Iloilo City
Founded 1581 (as La Villa Rica de Arévalo)[1]
Cityhood 5 October 1889 (Royal decree)
Reestablished July 16, 1937
Barangays 180
City districts
Government[2]
 • Mayor Jed Patrick E. Mabilog (Liberal)
 • Vice Mayor Jose S. Espinosa III (NUP)
 • City Representatives Geronimo "Jerry" P. Treñas (Liberal)
Area[3]
 • City 78.34 km2 (30.25 sq mi)
 • Metro 1,105.53 km2 (426.85 sq mi)
Elevation 2 m (7 ft)
Population (2010)[4]
 • City 424,619
 • Density 5,400/km2 (14,000/sq mi)
 • Metro 878,621
 • Metro density 795/km2 (2,060/sq mi)
Demonym(s) Ilonggo
Time zone PST (UTC+8)
ZIP code 5000
Dialing code 33
Website www.iloilocity.gov.ph

Iloilo City, officially the City of Iloilo (Hiligaynon: Dakbanwa/Syudad sang Iloilo; Karay-a: Syudad kang/ka Iloilo; Filipino: Lungsod ng Iloilo; Spanish: Ciudad de Iloílo), is a highly urbanized city on Panay island in the Philippines. It is the capital city of the province of Iloilo and is also the regional center of the Western Visayas region as well as the center of the Iloilo-Guimaras Metropolitan Area. In the 2010 census, Iloilo City had a population of 424,619 with a 1.8% population annual growth rate.[4] For the metropolitan area, the total population is 878,621.[4]

Iloilo City is bordered by the towns of Oton in the west, Pavia in the north, Leganes in the northeast and the Iloilo Strait in its eastern and southern coastline. The city was a conglomeration of former towns, which are now the geographical districts consisting of: Jaro (an independent city-before), Molo, La Paz, Mandurriao, Villa Arevalo, and Iloilo City Proper. The district of Lapuz, a former part of La Paz, was declared a separate district in 2008.[5]

History

Period of Malay Mass Migration

According to ancient legends, some of the inhabitants of Panay island were originally from other islands, including Borneo, Sulawesi and Sumatra. Panay might be named after the kingdom of Pannai which is located in Sumatra, since i and y are interchangeable in Spanish. Proof for this is corroborated by linguistic evidence[6] or it may as well be as a shortening of the Ati word, "Ananipay".

The kingdom of Pannai was a militant-nation allied under the Srivijaya Mandala that defended the conflict-ridden Strait of Malacca.

At this point, Visayan lore says that in the 13th century, ten Bornean datus came to the island which they named Panay, Pani or Panae (After the fallen kingdom of Pannai or a shortening of the Ati word for the island, Ananipay). This, after they dissented from the unjust rule of a certain Rajah Makatunao and exiled themselves. Upon arriving on the island of Panay, they gave a golden hat (salakot) and a long pearl necklace as a peace offering and treaty-items to the Ati natives of the island. It was said that it was also a way of the ten Bornean datus to barter the flat lands of Panay from the Ati. One datu, named Paiburong, was given the territory of Irong-Irong (cf. also Confederation of Madja-as).[6][7] The Confederation of Madja-as centered in Panay island eventually grew a powerful and strong naval presence that it rivaled the nearby states of the Rajahnate of Cebu, The Kingdom of Maynila and the Sultanate of Sulu when it came to wealth and prestige.

According to Friar Gaspar de San Agustín, O.S.A. That in Panay, "...in the ancient times, there was a trading center and a court of the most illustrious nobility in the whole island."[8]

By the 14th century, under Datu Padojinog, this state had grown so powerful militarily and economically, their naval power regularly threatened Chinese Imperial shipping. So much so, that the Chuan-chou gazeeter specifically reported that the Pisheya (Bisaya) [Another term for people from Irong-Irong] consistently made devastating raids against the Empire's commerce [9]

Early Spanish colonial period

In 1566, as the Spanish conquest of the Philippines was underway and moving north toward Manila, the Spaniards under Miguel López de Legazpi came to Panay and established a settlement in Ogtong ( Oton ).[6]

Images from the Boxer Codex (c. 1595), illustrating an ancient Visayans of Panay during their first contact with the Spaniards. The Visayans of Panay wore clothing over themselves compared to the Cebuanos which the Spaniards called "Pintados" for the tattoos that adorned their exposed bodies.

Unlike the Indianized Cebuanos who were neutral to the Spaniards, or the Islamized Tagalogs of Manila who were more hostile, the people of Madya-as welcomed them as allies since at that time period, Madya-as was locked in a war against the invading Muslims, especially with the Sultanate of Brunei and its vassal states, the Sultanate of Sulu and the Kingdom of Maynila. Of which, According to Spanish Governor-General Franciso de Sande, the Muslims had made slaves of the native Bisayan/Visayan people of Borneo of which, the Visayans of the Visayas islands in the Philippines, are their blood-cousins.[10] The people then fervently accepted Christianity as they supplied the bulk of the mercenaries used in the conquest of Islamic Manila which was then under occupation by the Sultan of Brunei. Then, years later, they, along with the Tagalogs, also supplied the troops in the Castille War which sent a punitive expedition to support the legitimate ruler of Brunei, Pengiran Seri Lela and Pengiran Seri Ratna who had his throne usurped by his brother, Sultan Saiful Rijal, in a civil war in Brunei. The expedition was a success but the combined Filipino-Latino-Spanish forces retreated due to a dysentery outbreak. The pre-usereped ruler of Brunei then died (Presumably of poisoning) while his daughter, the princess, went on to marry a certain Christian Tagalog by the name of Agustín de Legazpi of Tondo and had children in the Philippines.[11]

In, 1581 Ronquillo afterwards, moved the town center approximately 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) east due to recurrent raids by Moro pirates and Dutch and English privateers, and renamed the area La Villa de Arévalo in honor of his hometown in Ávila, Spain.[1]

At the early days of the Spanish period; the first Manila Galleons were originally constructed at the port of Oton to the west of Iloilo. Since there was no precedent in Spain for the immensity of a Manila-Galleon, it could be argued that the proto-type Manila galleons were of Visayan design since the Visayans were already constructing huge multi-masted 4 to 5 decked Caracoas in their wars against the other kingdoms and thus, the technical know-how to construct the first Manila galleons was an amelioration of Visayan shipbuilding with Spanish shipbuilding. Oton built the first Manila galleons before operations were eventually transferred to the Bicol and Cavite shipyards.

In the year 1600, as part of the Spanish–Moro conflict there was a large Muslim attack on Iloilo City, led by two Moros named Sirungan and Salikala. The Muslim force of 70 ships and 4,000 warriors raided and attacked several Visayan islands in order to abduct slaves to sell to their allies in the Sultanates of the Malay Archipelago. However, when they tried to attack Iloilo City they were repulsed with heavy losses in Arevalo, Iloilo by a force of 1,000 Visayan warriors and 70 Spanish arquebusiers under the command of Don Juan Garcia de Sierra (The Spanish alcalde mayor) who died in battle.[12]

In 1635, in an effort to crusade against Islamic slave-raiding into the Visayas islands, the Christian Visayans from Iloilo together with Spanish officers and their Latino soldiers from Peru[13] soon founded Zamboanga City and settled in it, using it as fortress to prevent Moro attacks in the Visayas and as a staging ground for Christian campaigns into Muslim Mindanao.

In 1700, due to ever-increasing attacks especially from the Dutch and the Moros, the Spaniards again moved their seat of power some 25 kilometres (16 miles) eastward to the village of Irong-Irong, which had natural and strategic defense against raids. At the mouth of the river that snakes through Panay, the Spaniards built Fort San Pedro to better guard against the raids which were now the only threat to their hold on the islands. Irong-Irong or Ilong-Ilong was shortened to Iloilo and with its natural port quickly became the capital of the province.[1]

Sugar boom era and the late Spanish colonial period

Customs House of Iloilo City and Muelle Loney
Nelly Garden, which is considered as the queen of all heritage houses in Iloilo, is one of the grand mansions in the district of Jaro that resulted from the sugar boom

After its establishment under Spanish rule, Iloilo received Chinese migrants from the west which worked among the city's industries (The Lopez, Jalandoni, Lim and Sy families) and Latinos from across the Pacific (Viceroyalty of New Spain) to man its military fortifications (The Araneta, De Rama and Arroyo families). In the late 18th century, the development of large-scale weaving industry started the movement of Iloilo's surge in trade and economy in the Visayas. Sometimes referred to as the "Textile Capital of the Philippines",[14] the products were exported to Manila and other foreign places. Sinamay, piña and jusi are examples of the products produced by the looms of Iloilo. Because of the rise of the textile industry, there was also a rise of the upper middle class. However, with the introduction of cheap textile from the UK and the emergence of the sugar economy, the industry waned in the mid-19th century.

The waning textile industry was replaced, however, by the opening of Iloilo's port to the world market in 1855. Because of this, Iloilo's industry and agriculture was put on direct access to foreign markets. But what triggered the economic boom of Iloilo in the 19th century was the development of the sugar industry in Iloilo and its neighboring island of Negros. Sugar during the 19th century was of high demand. Nicholas Loney, the British vice-consul in Iloilo, developed the industry by giving loans, constructing warehouses in the port, and introducing new technologies in sugar farming. The rich families of Iloilo developed large areas of Negros island, which were later called haciendas, because of sugar's high demand in the world market. Because of the increase in commercial activity, infrastructures, recreational facilities, educational institutions, banks, foreign consulates, commercial firms and much more sprouted in Iloilo.

On 5 October 1889, due to the economic development that was happening in Iloilo, the Queen Regent Maria Cristina of Spain raised the status of the town to a city through a Royal Decree,[15][16] and in 1890, the city government was established.[17] Thus, Iloilo was officially a Royal City and events soon-after, caused it to be awarded with the Perpetual Title "La Muy Leal y Noble Ciudad" (English: The Most Loyal and Most Noble City).

The Revolutionary Period

The immediate reaction of Ilonggo elite to the outbreak of the 1896 rebellion in Manila was that of surprise. They immediately responded with protestations of outrage and affirmed their loyalty to Spain. The Ilonggos themselves were united in their support of Spain during the first two years of the revolutionary period.[18]

Shortly after the Cry of Balintawak, the Jaro Ayuntamiento (another colonial city adjacent to Iloilo City), composed of native Ilongos,[19] convened a special session on September 1, 1896, where the Manila uprising was condemned as an unpatriotic act "that finds no echo in the noble hearts of Jareños, who do not forget the immense gratitude they owe Spain who, from nothing, raised us to a life of civilization and progress.[20]

The Ayuntamiento of Iloilo[21] also affirmed its allegiance and loyalty to Spain and made a similar protestation. Condemning the uprising, the City's letter to the Governor General says:

Queen Regent Maria Cristina of Spain, who raised the status of Iloilo as a Royal City, on 5 October 1889

"Those dark betrayals, the mere notion of which embarrasses good and loyal Filipinos, have produced a unanimous sentiment of protest and indignation among the Ilongo people, who engraves its most honorable blazon in the sacred and inextinguishable love that it professes to the glorious Spanish nationality that it legitimately feels proud of. The Ilongos are Spaniards, Your Excellency, and Spaniards will they be until death, because they do not want to live and die in another way than under the shadow of the august Castillan standard, to which they owe being dignified and free men now." [22]

The foreign community in the city also asked its representatives to visit local authorities and to elevate their protests against the revolt. And so did the Filipino parish priests of Jaro, Molo, Mandurriao, and Arévalo.[23] Towns in Iloilo province also condemned the Manila uprising, and those of the neighboring provinces of Antique, Cápiz, and Negros island followed suit. This emboldened the Ilonggo elite to initiate the organization of loyal volunteers in the region to be sent to quell what was seen as a mostly-Tagalog rebellion. The move was backed by the Spanish and foreign communities of Iloilo.[24] A battalion of five hundred native volunteers was raised, which was divided into two companies, and placed under the cadre of mostly Spanish officers.[25] They arrived in Manila on 16 January 1897.[26] They were one of the largest native contingent to serve the government forces against Katipunan troops led by Emilio Aguinaldo, in the battlegrounds of Cavite province.[27]

The Ilonggo volunteers established for themselves a distinguished combat record in Cavite. Once the Pact of Biak-na-Bato was signed, they returned to Iloilo. In April 1898 their homecoming, just like their departure, was met with much fanfare. This galvanized the Ilonggos into more public outpourings and manifestations of loyalty to Spain.[28]

Moved by the Ilonggos's loyalty, the Queen Regent Maria Cristina honored the city of Iloilo (in the name of her son King Alfonso III) with the title Muy Noble. The Royal Decree granting the perpetual [27] title Muy Noble was signed on 1 March 1898 by the Queen Regent.[29][30] Over time, this title earned for Iloilo City the reputation of it being "The Queen's Favored City in the South" or simply "Queen's City in the South" (a title Iloilo City still claims, but is now more attributed to Cebu City for reason of economic progress, after that city eclipsed the economy of Iloilo during the aftermath of its economic decline).

Suffering defeats from the Katipunan, and later by the Americans, the Spanish authorities fled Manila, establishing the colonial capital in Iloilo. Thus, Iloilo was the last overseas province of Spain. Sooner, however, through the leadership of General Martín Delgado, the towns of Iloilo got involved in the struggle for independence, except for Iloilo City, Molo, and Jaro.[31] The city of Iloilo proved themselves true to the moniker, most noble and loyal, by clinging on to Spain, in an era were majority of Spain's colonies in the Americas and Asia had already rebelled. On December 25 of that same year, the Spanish government surrendered to the Ilonggo revolutionaries in Plaza Alfonso XIII (Plaza Libertad today). In the name of the Governor-General, Diego de los Ríos, Military Provincial Governor Ricardo Monet, together with Lt. Col. Agustín Solís, formally handed over Plaza Alfonso XIII to Delgado, who represented Emilio Aguinaldo, president of the newly established Philippine Republic, in Iloilo. Delgado was named provincial governor afterwards.

A market in Iloilo, in the 1910s

The newly found freedom of the Ilonggos would be short-lived. The American forces arrived in Iloilo in late December 1898. By February 1899, the Americans had started mobilizing to colonize anew the City and Province. They met resistance from the Ilonggos, which lasted up to 1901. In which case, Iloilo was also among the last cities to fall to America.[7][32]

American colonial Era

Central Philippine University was founded in 1905 through a grant given by the American industrialist, oil magnate and philanthropist, John D. Rockefeller by the Baptist American missionaries, it is the first Baptist founded and second American university in the Philippines and in Asia.

In 1900, the Americans reverted the city's status into a township. Later, they initiated the construction of the Baluarte and Arroyo streets, extension of Delgado Street to Valeria and from Fuentes and Jalandoni streets up to the present-day U.P. in the Visayas. Quezon and Mabini streets were asphalted while their sidewalks were also constructed. More significant was the installation of streetlights all throughout the city in 1921. in 1926, the widening of important streets, like General Luna, J.M. Basa and Ledesma was started. In 1927, an improved street, Valeria-Ledesma (formerly known as Weyler) was inaugurated (David 1937).[33]

Old Spanish-era structure of Colegio de San Agustín.

After Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States, the islands were opened to the Americans where they bought with them their faith: Protestantism. A comity agreement was made in 1898 that the Philippine islands would divided into different Protestant denominations for missions to avoid conflict; Iloilo is one of the very first places in the country where the early Protestant sects came.[34] Western Visayas and Negros Occidental in accordance with the comity agreement was given to the jurisdictions of the Baptists, although other Protestant sects was allowed to do missions in the area.

The Protestant missionaries initiated large-scale enterprises in the predominantly Catholic province. The Presbyterians established the first Protestant and American hospital in the country, the Iloilo Mission Hospital; and supposedly it came also that Iloilo is the original location for foundation of Silliman University, the first Protestant and American university in the country and in Asia, but due to the Catholic opposition where the school will stand and establish, the founder, David Hibbard prospected some new locations where he gone to Cebu and later had a side trip in Dumaguete City, where he had a decision to establish and where the Silliman University is presently located.[35]

Iloilo Mission Hospital (Union Mission Hospital) which was founded by Protestant Presbyterian Americans in 1901 is the first and oldest American and Protestant founded in the Philippine islands. It pioneered the nursing education in the Philippines when it established the Union Mission Hospital Training School for Nurses in 1906 (the present day Central Philippine University College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences.)

Baptists on the other hand established institutions like Central Philippine University in 1905, as the first Baptist founded and second American university in Asia; the Jaro Evangelical Church, the first Baptist church in the Philippines; and the Convention of Philippine Baptist Churches, the oldest Baptist organizational body in the Philippines[36] Later, the Seventh-day Adventists came and established the Jaro Adventist Center, the first organized Seventh-day Adventist church in the islands.

Central Philippine University was established through a grant given by the American industrialist and oil magnate John D. Rockefeller.[37][38][39][39][40][41][42] Central Philippine University pioneered the work-study program in the country which was later patterned and followed by other institutions and has also established the first and oldest student governing body in South East Asia modeled on the American civil government, the Central Philippine University Republic in 1906 after the Jaro Industrial School, CPU's forerunner, was established. On other hand, Protestant Presbyterians who established the Iloilo Mission Hospital established the Union Mission Hospital Training School for Nurses which later became Central Philippine University University College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, the first Nursing School in the Philippines.

St. Vincent Ferrer Seminary in Jaro, Iloilo City

American Catholics countered the Protestant American missions and the American Catholic Bishops, like Frederick Rooker, Dennis Joseph Dougherty, and James McCloskey, were named for the Roman Catholic See of Jaro in Iloilo City. These bishops sustained the educational achievements of the Spanish friars by bringing in American and European Catholic missionaries, among whom were the Sisters of Charity of St. Paul, and Augustinian missionary priests. The Augustinians, who were the first to bring the Christian faith in the Philippines as well as in Panay island, and who built the centuries-old heritage Churches in this island,[43] established the Collegio de San Agustín in 1904. During the American regime, their confreres from the United States developed evermore this institution, which later became the first university in Iloilo. The American Catholic Bishops also maintained and upgraded the St. Vincent Ferrer Seminary (established in 1869 as the Collegio-Seminario de San Vicente Ferrer), which was the first institution of higher learning in Western Visayas.

The Paulinian Sisters took charge of St. Paul Hospital, originally owned by the Catholic Diocese of Jaro. Bishop Dougherty, who later became Cardinal Archbishop of Philadelphia, gave the medical facilities to the Sisters. To commemorate bishop's generosity, the hospital named a more recent section of the facilities after him - the CADMA (Cardinal Dougherty Medical Annex). To meet the growing need to provide nurses for their hospital, the Paulinians also opened a nursing school. Today, this institution has also become a university (St. Paul University Iloilo), and has ever since supplied high quality healthcare professionals known worldwide for their skills and dedication to work.

St. Paul Hospital c. 1920.

During the American colonial occupation, one of the platforms by the colonial government was first to establish and implement a public education system in the islands and the Thomasites were deployed and commissioned by the American government to teach in the public schools that will be established. The Thomasites tolerated religious freedom, which is one of the foundations of the United States constitution and legacy to the Philippines, while commissioned and under their tutelage to teach in public schools during the colonial period. Public schools that were established when the Thomasites came to Iloilo are Iloilo Normal School, the present day West Visayas State University (formally established in 1924 but dates back its founding in 1902 as part of the Philippine Normal School System in the Philippines); the Iloilo National High School, the first public provincial high school in the islands; and Baluarte Elementary School, the first public elementary school in the islands.

Iloilo regained cityhood status on July 16, 1937, through Commonwealth Act 158. Incorporated as part of Iloilo City were the city of Jaro and the towns of Molo, Mandurriao, La Paz, and Villa de Arévalo and inaugurated on August 15, 1937 .[44] Sugar's demand was declining, labor unrests in the port area scared the investors away, and the opening of the sub-port of Pulupandan in Negros Occidental moved the sugar importation closer to the sugar farms.

1942-1945 Japanese occupation

By 1942, the Japanese invaded Panay and the economy moved into a standstill. During World War II, Iloilo was controlled by several Japanese battalions. Japan's ultimate goal was to entrench itself deeply into the Philippines so that at the close of the war they could occupy it just as the Spanish and the Americans had years before. However, when Filipino and American forces liberated Iloilo from Japanese military occupation on March 25, 1945, the remnants of these battalions were held in Jaro Plaza as a makeshift detention facility.[7]

Post-War decline

The war heavily damaged infrastructure in Iloilo. However, the continuing conflict between the labor unions in the port area, declining sugar economy and the deteriorating peace and order situation in the countryside, the exodus of Ilonggos to other cities and islands that offered better opportunities and businessmen moved to other cities such as Bacolod and Cebu City led to Iloilo's decline in economic importance in southern Philippines. Rural agricultural areas continued to help the local economy. Iloilo's economy progressed in a moderate pace[45] The construction of the fish port, international seaport and commercial firms that invested in Iloilo helped the city to its eventual recovery.

Iloilo was declared into a highly urbanized city by the virtue of Batas Pambansa Blg. 51. their residents effectively lost their eligibility to vote for provincial officials because of this new status[46]

Geography

 Barangays by district

Iloilo City is located in the southern shores of Panay Island. The city faces Iloilo Strait and Guimaras Island across it, making it a natural harbor and a safe anchorage for ships. The city lies on a flat alluvial plain, reclaimed mostly from the swampy areas due to urbanization and industrialization in the late 19th century until the present. Traversing the city are the rivers of Iloilo, Batiano, Jaro and Dungon Creek. Iloilo River is an estuary that separates the districts of City Proper, Molo and Villa Arevalo from the rest of the city. On the other hand, Jaro River is fed by its tributary rivers, Aganan and Tigum. Lately a new escape channel for floodwaters coming from these two rivers to Iloilo Straight was developed, the Jaro Floodway. Iloilo City is 337.6 nautical miles from Manila. The city has a total land area of 70.3 square kilometres (27.1 sq mi).[48]

The city is divided into seven geographical districts. All of the districts were once individual towns, excluding Lapuz, which was a sub-district of La Paz until 2008. They were merged into one city on August 25, 1937 when the current Iloilo City inaugurated as a charter city. All districts have their own town centers complete with a plaza, a Roman Catholic church, a fire station, a police station and a public market. City Proper is a commercial area and the political center of the City and the Province of Iloilo and the Regional Government Center of Western Visayas.

Iloilo City is further subdivided into 180 barangays.[49]

Iloilo City is the center of the only officially recognized Metropolitan Area in Western Visayas.[lower-alpha 1] The metropolitan area is composed of the City of Iloilo, the municipalities of Leganes, Pavia, Sta. Barbara, Cabatuan, San Miguel, Oton, the Island Province of Guimaras and its five municipalities, namely - Sibunag, San Lorenzo, Nueva Valencia, Buenavista and Jordan.

The city of Iloilo has only one legislative district.

Climate

Iloilo City has a tropical wet and dry climate as according to the Köppen climate classification system, with pronounced wet season from June throughout November; then dry season from December to May.[48]

Climate data for Iloilo, Philippines — NOAA Station Id: PH98637
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 29.7
(85.5)		 30.2
(86.4)		 31.7
(89.1)		 33.1
(91.6)		 33.1
(91.6)		 31.6
(88.9)		 30.7
(87.3)		 30.4
(86.7)		 30.8
(87.4)		 31.1
(88)		 30.9
(87.6)		 30.2
(86.4)		 31.12
(88.02)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.1
(79)		 26.5
(79.7)		 27.6
(81.7)		 28.9
(84)		 29.1
(84.4)		 28.1
(82.6)		 27.6
(81.7)		 27.5
(81.5)		 27.6
(81.7)		 27.7
(81.9)		 27.5
(81.5)		 26.8
(80.2)		 27.59
(81.66)
Average low °C (°F) 22.7
(72.9)		 22.7
(72.9)		 23.5
(74.3)		 24.6
(76.3)		 25.1
(77.2)		 24.7
(76.5)		 24.4
(75.9)		 24.5
(76.1)		 24.4
(75.9)		 24.2
(75.6)		 24.0
(75.2)		 23.4
(74.1)		 24.02
(75.24)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 39.9
(1.571)		 19.1
(0.752)		 27.1
(1.067)		 47.7
(1.878)		 117.9
(4.642)		 255.2
(10.047)		 313.2
(12.331)		 363.7
(14.319)		 266.8
(10.504)		 264.1
(10.398)		 174.8
(6.882)		 64.2
(2.528)		 1,953.7
(76.917)
Average relative humidity (%) 82 80 75 73 77 82 85 85 85 84 84 83 81.25
Source: "Climate (Average Weather) Data". climate-charts.com. Retrieved March 13, 2011.  External link in |publisher= (help)

Demographics

Population census of Iloilo City
YearPop.±% p.a.
1990 309,505—    
1995 334,539+1.47%
2000 366,391+1.97%
2007 418,710+1.86%
2010 424,619+0.51%
Source: National Statistics Office[4]

Language

Main article: Hiligaynon language

Hiligaynon is the language spoken in Iloilo City.[50] English is used as the language of business and education. In addition, other local languages such as Karay-a (also known as Kinaray-a) is also spoken. Spanish, once widely spoken during the colonial era up to the 1980s, is still spoken by the elderly, some wealthy families and also the elder members of the micro-community of sugar-plantations related families.

Hiligaynon is part of the Austronesian language branch spoken in Western Visayas, It was heavily influenced by Spanish. The Austronesian languages are a family of languages widely dispersed throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, with a few members on continental Asia. Hiligaynon is concentrated in the provinces of Iloilo and Negros Occidental which has mixed Spanish and some Cebuano words.

The language is referred to as "Ilonggo" or "Ilongo/Ylongo" in Iloilo and in Negros Occidental. More precisely, "Ilonggo" is an ethno-linguistic group referring to the inhabitants of Iloilo and the culture associated with native Hiligaynon speakers. The distinction between the terms, Ilonggo and Hiligaynon, is unclear, however, most of the townspeople are claiming that Hiligaynon is the language being spoken and Ilonggo is a term used to refer a person living in Iloilo.

Economy

Iloilo City is a hub for trade, commerce, finance, technology, medical tourism, hospitality, real estate, tourism, education, and industry in the Western Visayas region. Major industries in the city include management of port facilities, telecommunications infrastructure and utilities, banking and finance, retail trading, real estate, tourism and business process outsourcing. The local government has provided incentives to businesses in certain investment areas, such as income tax holidays and free issuance of permits and licenses.[51]

Trade and industry

There were 8,407 business establishments as of December 2003 in Iloilo City, of which 1,182 are new. Total capital investments for new business establishments is P365,506,020.92. However, both new and renewed capital investments for the year 2003 amounted to ₱13.02 billion.[48] Of the employed person by type of industry from primary occupation 82% belongs to service sector, 14% belongs industry sector and only 4% are in agriculture (as of April 2003 FIES, NSO).[48] Average annual family income (at current prices) is P 283,604 or a percentage increase of 32.3 between 1994 and 1997 while Average Annual Family Expenditures is P 226,887 or a 25.6% increase (2000 FIES). Average per Capita Income is P 65,136 and Average Per Capita Expenditures is P 51,557 (FIES 2000). Average Inflation Rate is 3.2, the Average Purchasing Power of the Peso is 0.62 and the Average Consumer Price Index (CPI) is 162.6 in 2003. (Source: NSO, Prices Section).[48]

The BPO industry has spurred employment. BPO locators are attracted to Iloilo because of the literacy rate and number of graduates per year.[52] The Department of Science and Technology-Information and Communications Technology Office (DOST-ICTO) and Business Processing Association of the Philippines (BPAP), has named Iloilo City as one of the next wave cities. This means that Iloilo city is capable to host information technology-business process outsourcing (IT-BPO) companies on the basis of availability of talent and relevant infrastructure.[53] The city is now officially a "City of Excellence" which means that it levels the city of Manila and Cebu in terms of economic progress. It has a number of IT/BPO centers among them is the Iloilo Ayala Techno Hub, Amigo Plaza Mall, SM City Iloilo estates and Plazuela de Iloilo which houses BPO companies.[54][55][56] Another IT/BPO centers is in Iloilo International Business Park at the Sta. Barbara Heights and Iloilo Business Park, both by Megaworld Corporation and the Iloilo City Center by the Gaisano Group. It has business process outsourcing (BPO) office buildings undergoing construction.[57]

Infrastructure

Iloilo City's urban planning and architecture reflect the plans of the Spanish and the American colonial administrations. Since Iloilo City is a conglomeration of towns, the districts have their own plazas which are surrounded by establishments of political and ecclesiastical influence, such as churches and old administrative halls. In 1930, Juan M. Arellano of the Bureau of Public Works designed the schematic plan for Iloilo City, which was influenced by Ebenezer Howard's "Garden City."[58]

Public Transport

The passad jeepney, Iloilo City's primary public transport

Iloilo City is served mostly by passenger jeepneys, white metered taxis and tricycles within the city limits. The passad jeepneys of Iloilo are known for their sleek and sedan-like design. These often serve fixed routes and mostly travel on the city's major and secondary roads. Jeepneys are also the main mode of transportation to Metropolitan Iloilo areas. Tricycles serve most secondary roads and city communities. Large passad jeepneys and buses link Iloilo City to the rest of the province and the island of Panay. Buses bound for Metro Manila, Mindoro, Batangas, Cebu, Negros and Mindanao are also available via the Roll-on, Roll-off ferry services of the Strong Republic Nautical Highway. Mini-shuttle vans also serve major points in Panay Island.

Integrated Transport Terminals

Iloilo City has five Major Integrated Transport Terminals located at the city's perimeter areas: the Iloilo North ITS (Integrated Transport System) Terminal/Iloilo North Ceres Bus Terminal(NCBT) located at Tagbak, Jaro District is the transport hub serving passengers to/from north western municipalities of Iloilo, City of Passi and northwestern Panay(Capiz and Aklan including Boracay Island); Iloilo Central Line ITS (Integrated Transport System) Terminal/Pavia Peoples Terminal(PPT) in Ungka, Jaro District is the transport terminal for passengers to/from central municipalities of Iloilo; Aleonsan ITS (Integrated Transport System) Terminal at Hibao - an in Mandurriao for those to/from the upland municipalities of San Miguel, Alimodian and Leon(including Bucari, Leon); Iloilo South ITS (Integrated Transport System) Terminal/Iloilo South Ceres Bus Terminal(SCBT) located at Mohon in Villa de Arevalo for going to/from the southern municipalities of Iloilo and to/from the province of Antique; and Iloilo North Coast ITS (Integrated Transport System) Terminal at Ticud, Lapaz District for those going to/from the northern coastal municipalities of Iloilo(including Sicogon Island and Isla de Gigantes).

Railroad

From 1907 to the 1980s, Panay Railways operated a railroad from Roxas City to the port area of Muelle Loney along the Iloilo River in Iloilo City.

Iloilo International Airport

The Iloilo International Airport

Iloilo International Airport is the 4th busiest in the Philippines[59] with international flight to Singapore and Hong Kong and vice versa serving passengers from Western Visayas Region, Palawan and Mindanao.[60] For domestic flights to/from Metro Manila, Cebu, Palawan, Tacloban, General Santos City, Cagayan de Oro and Davao City, Iloilo International Airport is the airport serving the general area of Metropolitan Iloilo - Guimaras, the province of Antique and the rest of Iloilo Province. It is located 19 kilometres (12 miles) northwest of Iloilo City on a 188 hectares (460 acres) site in the town of Cabatuan. It opened to commercial traffic on June 14, 2007, replacing the Old Iloilo Airport at the Mandurriao District. The new airport inherited its IATA and ICAO airport codes.[61] It is linked to the city through Sen. Benigno S. Aquino Jr. Avenue and served by metered taxis, airport shuttle vans and multicabs.

Recently, the national government has approved the ₱791 million budget for the expansion of the Iloilo International Airport.

International and Domestic Seaports and Fish (Marine) Port Complex

Main article: Port of Iloilo
Iloilo International Port/Loboc Wharf

The Port of Iloilo, is the port serving the general area of Iloilo and the premier port in the Western Visayas Region. The new port of iloilo is located on a site away from the older port facilities. It is situated in the Southern coast of Panay Island, in the Panay Gulf. With Guimaras Island guarding the port from violent storms, it has one of safest and most natural harbors in the Philippines

The Iloilo International Port Complex(IIPC) is located on 20.8 hectares of reclaimed land. It has modern facilities that include 11,400 sq. meters of open space for unhampered operations, supplemented by a backup area of 97,000 sq. meters, a crane,[1] rails of 348 lineal meters; roll-on-roll-off support; a 7,800 container freight stations; and a 720 sq. meter passenger shed. The port complex is ideal for ships plying international routes having a berth length of 400 meters, a width of 26.26 meters and a berthing depth of 10.50 meters. It is currently expanding with the reclamation of the west side sea front portion of the complex

The Iloilo Domestic Port Complex(IDPC), located near Fort San Pedro and formerly the Old Foreign Pier, serves inter-island passenger and cargo ferries which serves the routes Manila, Palawan, Cebu, Zamboanga and Cagayan de Oro. It is located near the mouth of Iloilo River at the vicinity of the Western Visayas Regional Government Center at the City Proper District. It is also the port of call for several domestic shipping companies such as SuperFerry or 2GO Travel, Negros Navigation, Sulpicio Lines, Cokaliong Shipping, Trans-Asia Shipping Lines and others. The colloquial name "Fort San Pedro" refers to the old Spanish fortress beside it that was destroyed during World War II and soon to be restored by the Department of Tourism (DOT) under TIEZA.

Muelle Loney or Iloilo River Wharf is the original port of the city. Opened to international trade in 1855, it has served as the trans-shipment docks for muscovado sugar in the late 19th to the first half of the 20th century. It has undergone several times of expansion and improvement. Today, it serves smaller cargo ships, roll-on roll-off ferries bound for Guimaras and Negros Island and fast ferries that ply Iloilo-Bacolod route regularly. Last September, 2014, the newly opened Iloilo River Port Complex(IRPC) at Lapuz District started its operation to replace the Iloilo River Wharf.[62]

Iloilo-Guimaras Jetty Ports for Guimaras outrigger ferries are located at Calle Ortiz and Parola. The terminal at Calle Ortiz serve Jordan, Guimaras-bound passenger and cargo outrigger boats, while Parola terminal serve Buenavista, Guimaras-bound ferries. Soon the Iloilo Jetty Port Complex(IJPC) at the Western Visayas Regional Government Center will replace the two jetty ports, the complex is complete with a modern passenger terminal building, a pumpboat fuel refilling station, a 1.3 hectares (3.2 acres) children's park with a marine museum and a CityMall complex by Double Drangon Properties. This project of the City Government was achieved through public-private partnership.[63]

Roll-on/roll-off ferry service, known in as RO-RO, is available from to Iloilo City. There is also a ro-ro service to Cebu via Negros. It is ranked third in terms of ship calls at 11,853, fourth in cargo throughout at 491,719 million metric tons and fourth in passenger traffic at 2.4 million annually.

The Iloilo Fish Port Complex(IFPC) is the only and the major center of fish trading and marine products processing in entire Visayas. The port complex is the traditional landing site of bagnetters and other fishing bancas in Iloilo City and nearby towns. This strategic location has made the port the major fish/marine source of major supermarkets, hotels and restaurants and local public markets in the country and abroad.

Its services includes, unloading and marketing facilities for fish and other fishery/aquatic products both for local and foreign markets; services and facilities for harbor operations such drydocking/repair shop, fuel, oil, water and ice conveyance and for transshipping products; processing, refrigeration and other post-harvest services including product pre-processing, freezing through contact freezer, cold storages and top-grade facilities for the processing of marine products such as Prawn, Abalone, Cuttlefish, Lobster, Nylon Shell, Octopus, Slippertail, Squid, Whiting and Bangus; and raw land for establishment of fishery-related factories.

The complex is situated in a 21 hectare reclamation at southern part of the City Proper District. Recently, the fish port complex was granted ₱570 million for the expansion of its facilities which will include the construction of a new fish processing plant, establishment of a fish canning facility and the construction of an alternative energy source.[64][65]

Convention Facilities and Concert Halls

The Iloilo Convention Center (ICC).
The Rose Memorial Auditorium of Central Philippine University.

The Iloilo Convention Center is a state-of-the-art convention center located in the Iloilo Business Park by Megaworld Corporation in Mandurriao. Its construction was completed in September 2015 in time for the APEC 2015. It is a two-storey structure with a total floor area of 11,832 square meters. The main hall on the ground floor has a 3,700-seat capacity and 500-seat function rooms on the second floor. A rooftop of 1,500 sqm is available for outdoor functions.[66]

The convention center is designed by Ilonggo architect William Coscolluela. The design was inspired by Iloilo’s Dinagyang and Paraw Regatta festivals.

Iloilo has various facilities also for international and local musical, band, and solo performances or concerts and the famous and largest concert theater in the Western Visayas region is the Rose Memorial Auditorium or Rose on Central Philippine University's main campus.

The auditorium is a 2 storey structure and can occupy or has a maximum capacity of 4,000+ spectators. Rose Memorial along with Central Philippine University has been and is the only theater/auditorium and university in the Western Visayas region that has been designated (one of the first batch of nine) Cultural Center of the Philippines Regional Art Centers (or Kaisa sa Sining Regional Art Centers) in 2014 in the whole Philippines.[67][68][69][69][70][71][72][73]

Sports Venue and Stadium

The athletic track of the Iloilo Sports Complex

Iloilo Sports Complex, also known as Iloilo Sports Center, is the major sports venue in Western Visayas. The center complete with a 10,000 capacity stadium, a rubberized track oval, a football field, a soccer field, an Olympic size swimming pool, two volleyball courts, two basketball courts, two open tennis courts, four badminton courts and an indoor gymnasium.

Power and Energy

A 72 MW Diesel Fuel Power Plant operated by Panay Power Corporation and a 164 MW coal power plant operated by Panay Energy Development Corporation (PEDC) provides power generation for Iloilo City, both situated in Brgy. Ingore in Lapaz district.[74][75] Panay Energy Development Corp.(PEDC) plans for a third coal-fired power generation facility. The newest generator will be on top of the existing 164-MWs for an additional 150-megawatt to be generated that will help produce a total of 404 MW supply for Panay, Guimaras and Negros islands.[76]

Power distribution is facilitated by Panay Electric Company (PECO) . PECO is the sole power distributor in Iloilo City and it is one of the oldest private electricity distribution utilities in the country which has been operating since 1923.[77]

Media

The city and the province of Iloilo is served by mostly tabloid-type English newspapers such as Panay News, The Daily Guardian, News Express, and Sunstar Iloilo. Hublas of Panay News is the sole Hiligaynon tabloid newspaper. Iloilo has a glossy full color lifestyle magazine named Cream Magazine published monthly since 1989.

Iloilo City is the main headquarters of Bombo Radyo Philippines, which owns Bombo Radio AM stations and Star FM stations across the country. Being the urban center of the province, most of the AM and FM radio stations serve the province of Iloilo and Guimaras, mostly local stations of national radio stations.

In 1967, TV-6 Iloilo (a TV5 affiliate) stated its initial broadcast in Jaro, Iloilo City. By 1974 change its affiliation to GMA Network as their local television station. TV-6 Iloilo started upgrading its facilities and relocated their TV tower to Guimaras and serving Iloilo City, Guimaras and Panay Island provinces and some parts of Negros Occidental in 1998. Studio 23 Iloilo (UHF 38) (changed its name to ABS-CBN Sports and Action on January 18, 2014) initiated its broadcast in 1999. In 2000, ABS-CBN launched TV-10 serving Iloilo City and the neighboring towns and separated its news team from Bacolod news team and launched TV Patrol Iloilo. The government television station, PTV (VHF 2) in 1992 and IBC (VHF 12) in 1977 are also broadcasting local programs for Iloilo. In the first quarter of 2010, QTV-28 Iloilo (UHF 28) (changed its name to GMA News TV on February 28, 2011) & UNTV-42 (UHF 42) commenced operations in the city. In second quarter of 2012, TV5 Iloilo (UHF 36) and AksyonTV Iloilo (UHF 46) commenced operation and serving the southern part of Western Visayas Region that includes the Guimaras Island, Iloilo City, Panay Island and Negros Occidental and at the same time started its News5 team coverage.

Education

University of the Philippines Visayas.
The main library of Central Philippine University Library, the Henry Luce III Library. CPU Library (Central Philippine University Library) is the largest library in the Western Visayas region.

Being the center of education in Western Visayas Region, the city and the province of Iloilo has a total of ten (10) major universities.

Iloilo City alone hosts 8 large universities such as the Central Philippine University (CPU), University of the Philippines Visayas (UPV), West Visayas State University (WVSU), Iloilo Science and Technology University (formerly WVCST) (ISAT-U),[78] University of San Agustin (USA), University of Iloilo (UI), St. Paul University Iloilo (SPUI), and John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University (JBLFMU).

Iloilo is also home to numerous private colleges and schools such as the Iloilo Doctors College (IDC), St. Therese - MTC colleges (ST-MTCC), Western Institute of Technology (WIT), De Paul College (DPC), ABE International College of Business and Economics, Computer College of the Visayas, Dominican College of Iloilo, Great Saviour College, AMA Computer College - Iloilo Campus, STI College - Iloilo, Interface Computer College, IMAPF - School of Midwifery, Philippine College of Aeronautics, Science and Technology, ACSI College Iloilo, ABBA Institute of Technology, Iloilo Scholastic Academy, Hua Siong College of Iloilo, Sun Yat Sen High School, Cabalum Western College, St. Anne College of Iloilo, St. Augustine School of Nursing - Iloilo, Assumption Iloilo (run by the Congregation of the Religious of the Assumption), Ateneo de Iloilo – Santa Maria Catholic School (run by the Society of Jesus), Angelicum School Iloilo (run by the Order of Preachers), Philippine Science High School-Western Visayas and one PAREF-affiliated high school, the Westbridge School for Boys, Colegio de las Hijas de Jesus (or simply Hijas de Jesus which is run by the Congregation of the Daughters of Jesus), San Jose Catholic School (which is run by the Order of St. Agustin), Colegio de San Jose (CSJ) and Colegio del Sagrado Corazon de Jesus (CSCJ) which are both run by the Congregation of the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, and Asian College of Aeronautics. Colegio de San Jose is the oldest school for girls in Western Visayas which is now 141 years old. In June 2012, the city government opened the Iloilo City Community College at Molo, Iloilo City. These universities and colleges in Iloilo is a testament to the city being the center of education in Western Visayas.

The Department of Education – Division of Iloilo City covers 88 private schools[79] and 52 public schools.[80]

Notable people

Twin towns – Sister cities

Local Cities

International Cities

Notes

  1. ↑ Presidential Executive Order No. 559 of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed on August 28, 2006

References

  1. 1 2 3 Fernández, Juan; Jose Espinoza Jr. (2006). Monografias de los pueblos de la Isla de Pan-ay. Iloilo City: University of San Agustin Pub. House. p. 220. ISBN 978-971-0381-05-0.
  2. ↑ "Cities". Quezon City, Philippines: Department of the Interior and Local Government. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
  3. ↑ "Province: Iloilo". PSGC Interactive. Makati City, Philippines: National Statistical Coordination Board. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Population and Annual Growth Rates for The Philippines and Its Regions, Provinces, and Highly Urbanized Cities" (PDF). 2010 Census and Housing Population. National Statistics Office. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
  5. ↑ City to recognize Lapuz as separate district from La Paz. Thenewstoday.info (2008-12-22). Retrieved on 2011-11-07.
  6. 1 2 3 Iloilo History Part 1 - Research Center for Iloilo
  7. 1 2 3 Lopez Group Foundation (2008). Iloilo: A Rich and Noble Land. Pasig City, Philippines: Benpres Publishing. p. 278. ISBN 971-93904-0-9.
  8. ↑ Mamuel Merino, O.S.A., ed., Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas (1565–1615), Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 1975, pp. 374–376.
  9. ↑ Chuan-chou Fu-chi (Ch.10) Year 1612
  10. ↑ muys.blogspot.com/2013/12/administration-of-law-and-justice-in.html The Administration of the Law and Justice in Brunei before the British Part V (The Borneo Bulletin on December 7, 2013 continued with BA Hussaimiya's article on the Legal History of Brunei Darussalam.)
  11. ↑ Saunders 2002, p. 57
  12. ↑ Philippines: A Unique Nation By Dr. Sonia M. Zaide (2015) p. 150. [All Nations Publishing Co., Inc.]
  13. ↑ "SECOND BOOK OF THE SECOND PART OF THE CONQUESTS OF THE FILIPINAS ISLANDS, AND CHRONICLE OF THE RELIGIOUS OF OUR FATHER, ST. AUGUSTINE" (Zamboanga City History) "He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reënforcements of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom."
  14. ↑ http://www.rafi.org.ph/news-highlights/visayan-textiles/
  15. ↑ The actual words of the Royal Decree says: "A propuesta del Ministro de Ultramar, y teniendo en cuenta el creciente desarrollo que en la industria y el commercio ha alcanzado la cabecera de la provincia de Ilo-Ilo, la más importante de las islas de Filipinas, despues de la de Manila; En nombre de mi Augusto Hijo el Rey D. Alfonso XIII, y como Reina Regente del Reino, Vengo en conceder el titulo de la Ciudad á la cebecera de Ilo-Ilo, en dichas islas. Dado en San Sebastian á cinco de Octubre de mil ochocientos ochenta y nueve. Maria Cristina" Cf. Decreto Real de la Reina Regente Maria Cristina (5 Octubre 1889) en Gazeta de Madrid, N. 298, 25 Octubre 1889, p. 238.
  16. ↑ TIF file
  17. ↑ Funtecha, Henry (2000). "The Urbanization of the Town of Iloilo, 1865–1900". Selected Papers on Cities in Philippine history (Philippine National Historical Society): 89–108.
  18. ↑ Policarpio F. Hernadez, Iloilo, the Most Noble City: History and Development (1566-1898), p. 143.
  19. ↑ The members of the Jaro Ayuntamiento who signed the act of protestation against the uprising were: Mariano Villalobos, Tranquilino Gonzales, Severino Argüelles, Raimundo Escarilla, Vidal Jabelona, Ruperto Jalandoni, Esteban Jalandoni, Juan Ledesma, Pablo Ledesma, and León Jereos (Secretary). Cf. 7 September 1896 issue of El Porvenir de Bisayas
  20. ↑ Policarpio F. Hernadez, Iloilo, the Most Noble City: History and Development (1566-1898), p. 144. The actual text of the letter of the members of the Jaro Ayuntamiento addressed to the Governor General of the Philippines (published in the 7 September 1896 issue of El Porvenir de Bisayas) says: Estos hechos de sedición, doblemente criminales en las dolorosas circunstancias que afligen a la Patria común, que allá, al otro lado de los mares, en los Campos de Cuba, está vertiendo sin tasa la generosa sangre de sus leales hijos que otros hijos integrados la hacen derramar; no pueden levanter eco en los corazones nobles de los Jareños, que no olvidan la inmensa gratitud que deben a España que, de la nada... los hizos nacer a la vida de la civilización y del progreso.
  21. ↑ The officials of the City of Iloilo who signed the letter of protestation were as follows: Victoriano Mapa (Primer Alcalde), Emilio Escay (Primer Teniente Alcalde), Arcadio Conde Otegui (Segundo Teniente Alcalde), Vanancio Conception, José María Aguilar, Félix de la Rama, Severino Durán, Eduardo Arjanuate, Francisco Aguado, Francisco Ortiz, Lorenzo Guevara, Ramón Roco, and Mariano Teaño - regidores. Cf. 7 September 1896 issue of El Porvenir de Bisayas.
  22. ↑ Esas negras traiciones, cuya sola idea avergüenza a los Filipinos buenos y leales, han producido un sentimiento unánime de protesta e indignación en el pueblo Ilongo, que cifra su más honroso blasón en el inextinguible y sacrosanto amor que profesa a la gloriosa nacionalidad española de que se siente legitimamente orgulloso. Españoles son los Ilongos, Ex.cmo. Señor, y españoles seran hasta la muerte, porque no quieren vivir ni morir de otro modo que a la sombra de la augusta enseña castillana, a la cual deben el ser hoy hombres dignos y libres. 7 September 1896 issue of El Porvenir de Bisayas.
  23. ↑ Cf. 3 September 1896 issue of El Porvenir de Bisayas. Also cf. Policarpio F. Hernadez, Iloilo, the Most Noble City: History and Development (1566-1898), p. 145.
  24. ↑ Cf. Policarpio F. Hernadez, Iloilo, the Most Noble City: History and Development (1566-1898), p. 145.
  25. ↑ Cf. 30 December 1896 issue of El Eco de Panay. Also cf. Policarpio F. Hernadez, Iloilo, the Most Noble City: History and Development (1566-1898), pp. 145-146.
  26. ↑ Cf. 16 January 1897 issue of Diario de Manila.
  27. 1 2 Cf. Policarpio F. Hernadez, Iloilo, the Most Noble City: History and Development (1566-1898), p. 147.
  28. ↑ Cf. 26 April 1898 issue of El Eco de Panay. Cf. also Policarpio F. Hernadez, Iloilo, the Most Noble City: History and Development (1566-1898), p. 147.
  29. ↑ TIF file
  30. ↑ "Queriendo dar una prueba de Mi Real aprecio á la ciudad de Ilo-Ilo por su honroso proceder con motivo de haber sido la primera que presentó voluntarios para combatir la insurrección de Filipinas; a propuesta del Ministro de Ultramar, de acuerdo con Mi Consejo de Ministros; En Nombre de Mi augusto Hijo el Rey D. Alfonso XIII, y como Reina Regente del Reino, vengo en conceder á dicha ciudad el dictado de «Muy Noble», como recompensa á su conducta y estimulo para el porvenir. Dado en Palacio á primero de Marzo de mil ocho-cientos noventa y ocho." These were the actual words (in Spanish) of the Royal Decree honoring the City with the title "Muy Noble" (Most Noble). Real Decreto de La Reina Regente Maria Cristina (Marzo 1, 1898) in Gaceta de Mardrid,No. 63, 4 Marzo 1898, p. 750.
  31. ↑ The Iloilo culmination of the declaration of Philippine Independence. Thenewstoday.info (2008-06-06). Retrieved on 2011-11-07.
  32. ↑ N.B. For a detailed study regarding the history of war for independence in Iloilo and Panay, as well as regarding the American occupation of the Island, confer the paper of Jose Manuel Velmonte, Ethnicity and the Revolution in Panay in Kasarinlan, Volume 14 No. 1.
  33. ↑ Roads and bridges in Iloilo during the American rule
  34. ↑ Guillermo & Verora, pp. 1–3
  35. ↑ Carson 1965, p. 4
  36. ↑ The Convention of Philippine Baptist Churches, Inc. - is the oldest Baptist organizational body in the Philippines. Retrieved 10/19/2012
  37. ↑ "A tight-fisted businessman turned philanthropist". Retrieved 04-04-2015.
  38. ↑ "John D. Rockefeller (American History USA)". Retrieved 04-04-2015.
  39. 1 2 ""John Davison Rockefeller (John D. Rockefeller) Success Story". Retrieved 04-04-2015.
  40. ↑ "The Philanthropists: John D. Rockefeller". Retrieved 04-04-2015.
  41. ↑ "100 Leaders in World History: John D. Rockefeller". Retrieved 04-04-2015.
  42. ↑ "John D. Rockefeller". Retrieved 04-04-2015.
  43. ↑ Cf. Fr. Juan Fernandez, O.S.A, Monografias de los pueblos de la isla de Panay in Monographs of the Towns of Panay, Jose Espinosa, Jr., trans., Iloilo City: University of San Augustine, 2006
  44. ↑ C.A. No. 158, Iloilo City Charter - PhilippineLaw.info
  45. ↑ McCoy, Alfred (1982). "A Queen Dies Slowly". Philippine Social History : Global Trade and Local Transformations (Ateneo de Manila University Press): 289–358.
  46. ↑ BATAS PAMBANSA BILANG. 51 - Zamboanga.com :Portal to The Philippines
  47. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 National Statistics Office. "2010 Census of Population and Housing — Western Visayas". pp. 100–104.
  48. 1 2 3 4 5 Socio-Economic Profile 2004 of Iloilo City, The City Government of Iloilo, 2004
  49. ↑ Espejo, Jr., Boy. "Pacifico Sudario: The man who coined "Dinagyang"". Sun.Star Network Online. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
  50. ↑ http://ilongo.weebly.com/languages-of-iloilo.html
  51. ↑ City Government of Iloilo (2010). "Socio-Economic Profile 2010".
  52. ↑ BPO spurs local employment rate
  53. ↑ BPAP, DOST tag 10 next wave cities for IT-BPO | Business, News, The Philippine Star | philstar.com
  54. ↑ http://www.ayalaland.com.ph/portfolio/offices/technopods/iloilo-ayalaland-techno hub
  55. ↑ Properties for Rent
  56. ↑ Operating Economic Zones (277)
  57. ↑ Megaworld allots P25 B for Iloilo project | Business, News, The Philippine Star | philstar.com
  58. ↑ Iloilo City Cultural Heritage Conservation Council, Republic of the Philippines Iloilo City Conservation Planning and Development Guidelines for the Downtown Central Business District (CBD)Heritage Zone, pp. 16–17, retrieved 4 November 2010
  59. ↑ Old Iloilo airport sees last of happy landings - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos
  60. ↑ Philippines' Iloilo airport readies for int'l flights - Yahoo! News Philippines
  61. ↑ Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (1 March 2010). "Philippine Airports Passenger Movement CY 2009 Report" (PDF). Retrieved 26 October 2010.
  62. ↑ Sun Star Iloilo, September 4, 2014
  63. ↑ Pendon, Lydia (24 August 2010). "International firms eye Iloilo infra projects". SunStar Iloilo (Iloilo City, Philippines). Retrieved 26 October 2010.
  64. ↑ sun star daily march 19, 2014
  65. ↑ PFDA
  66. ↑ http://business.inquirer.net/97387/iloilo-set-to-turn-into-a-convention-hub
  67. ↑ CCP launches Art Centers. Retrieved 05-01-2015.
  68. ↑ CCP Launches Art Centers in the Provinces. Retrieved 05-01-2015.
  69. 1 2 CCP expands regional art centers. Retrieved 05-01-2015.
  70. ↑ Kaisa sa Sining: The CCP Regional Art Centers & University/College Art Associates. Retrieved 05-01-2015.
  71. ↑ CCP expands its Kaisa sa Sining Regional Art Centers. Retrieved 05-01-2015.
  72. ↑ CCP launches art centers in the provinces. Retrieved 05-01-2015.
  73. ↑ Art centers in the provinces. Retrieved 05-01-2015.
  74. ↑ Panay Energy Development Corporation
  75. ↑ Mix of coal and diesel still cheapest for Iloilo electricity
  76. ↑ http://www.pna.gov.ph/index.php?idn=&nid=2&rid=518006
  77. ↑ First Philippine Holdings Corporation
  78. ↑ http://www.senate.gov.ph/republic_acts/ra%2010595.pdf
  79. ↑ Philippine Department of Education. "Masterlist of Private Schools Schools in Region VI, SY 2007–2008". Retrieved 3 November 2010.
  80. ↑ Philippine Department of Education. "Masterlist of Public Schools Schools in Region VI, SY 2007–2008". Retrieved 3 November 2010.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iloilo City.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Iloilo City.
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Oton Iloilo Strait / Buenavista, Guimaras
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Panay Gulf Iloilo Strait
Jordan, Guimaras
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