San Fernando, Pampanga

San Fernando
Component City
City of San Fernando

(From top, left to right): Giant Lantern Festival,
San Fernando City Hall, SM City Pampanga, Metropolitan Cathedral of San Fernando, 250th Anniversary Clock Tower, Jose Abad Santos Avenue (Olongapo-San Fernando-Gapan Road), Pampanga Provincial Capitol and San Pedro Cutud Lenten Rites

Flag

Seal
Nickname(s): Christmas Capital of the Philippines
Motto: Fernandino First: Fernandino Ing Mumuna, Fernandino Ing Manimuna

Map of Pampanga showing the location of City of San Fernando
San Fernando

Location within the Philippines

Coordinates: 15°02′N 120°41′E / 15.033°N 120.683°E / 15.033; 120.683Coordinates: 15°02′N 120°41′E / 15.033°N 120.683°E / 15.033; 120.683
Country Philippines
Region Central Luzon (Region III)
Province Pampanga
Districts 3rd district of Pampanga
Founded August 16, 1754
Cityhood February 4, 2001
Barangays 35
Government[1]
  Mayor Edwin Santiago (Liberal)
  Vice Mayor Jimmy Lazatin (UNA)
  Congressman Oscar Rodriguez
Area[2]
  Total 67.74 km2 (26.15 sq mi)
Population (2010)[3]
  Total 285,912
  Density 4,200/km2 (11,000/sq mi)
Time zone PST (UTC+8)
ZIP code 2000
Dialing code +63 (0)45
Spoken languages Kapampangan, Tagalog, English
Classification Component City; Partially Urban
Website cityofsanfernando.gov.ph

San Fernando, officially and often referred to as the City of San Fernando (Kapampangan: Lakanbalen ning San Fernando; Filipino: Lungsod ng San Fernando) is a first class component city in the Philippine province of Pampanga, of which it is the provincial capital. The regional centre of Central Luzon (Region III), it has a population of 285,912 people according to the 2010 census.[3] It is located 66 kilometres (41 mi) north of Manila, 50 kilometres (31 mi) east of Subic Bay in the Zambales province, and 17 kilometres (11 mi) south of Clark Air Base in Angeles City.

The city is named after King Ferdinand VI of Spain and placed under the patronage of Saint Ferdinand III of Castile and León, whose feast is celebrated every 30 May. Popularly known as the "Christmas Capital of the Philippines," the city holds the annual Giant Lantern Festival every December where large parol are displayed in competition.

Barangays

The City of San Fernando is politically subdivided into 35 barangays.[2]

  • Alasas
  • Baliti
  • Bulaon
  • Calulut
  • Dela Paz Norte
  • Dela Paz Sur
  • Del Carmen
  • Del Pilar
  • Del Rosario
  • Dolores
  • Juliana
  • Lara
  • Lourdes
  • Maimpis
  • Magliman
  • Malino
  • Malpitic
  • Pandaras
  • Panipuan
  • Pulung Bulo
  • Santo Rosario (Pob.)
  • Quebiawan
  • Saguin
  • San Agustin
  • San Felipe
  • San Isidro
  • San Jose
  • San Juan
  • San Nicolas
  • San Pedro Cutud
  • Santa Lucia
  • Santa Teresita
  • Santo Niño
  • Sindalan
  • Telabastagan

History

The town of San Fernando was founded in 1754 from the towns of Bacolor and Mexico. The first church was built in 1755 with wooden walls and nipa roofing. The municipal tribunal was erected later in the year in front of the town plaza using durable materials and thatched nipa roofing. Don Vidal de Arrozal served as its first gobernadorcillo that year.

In 1796, after serving as gobernadorcillo the previous year, Don Ángel Pantaleon de Miranda retired to Barrio Saguin, from where he started setting up his hacienda in Barrio Culiat. The barrio was separated from San Fernando on the December 8, 1829 as the new town of Angeles, with the Los Santos Ángeles Custodios as titular patrons.

An expediente requesting the transfer of the provincial capital of Pampanga to San Fernando was signed on the August 6, 1852. Real Cedula 745, approving the transfer of the provincial capital of Pampanga from Bacolor to San Fernando, was signed on September 11, 1881. The said transfer would not materialize.

In 1878, actions were made to create the town of Calulut. This new town would be composed of Calulut and the neighboring barrios of Bulaun, Malpitic, Sindalan, La Paz, Lara, Saguin, Telabastagan, Balete, Malinao, Pulung Bulu, Panipuan, Macabacle and the caserio of Pau in San Fernando, and Panipuan, Acle, Suclaban and the sitio of Gandus in Mexico. This plan did not materialize due to strong opposition from the parish priest of San Fernando.

Governor-General Eulogio Despujol and Manila Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda inaugurated the San Fernando railroad station, together with the Bagbag-Mabalacat stretch of the Manila-Dagupan Railroad, on February 23, 1892. The station was second only to Manila in revenues that year, and was thus the most important provincial station of the Manila-Dagupan Railroad. On June 27 of the same year, Dr. José P. Rizal made a stop-over in the town as part of his mission to recruit members to the La Liga Filipina.

On September 1, 1896 the town was declared to be in a state of war despite its peaceful situation. Brigadier General Diego de los Rios arrived on December 2 to calm the revolution that started in Manila on August 30. General Ruiz Serralde took over the Rios's post on June 26, 1897 to maintain the peace in San Fernando. The revolution was not yet at its height with occasional exchanges of fire in some places in Pampanga.

On June 26, 1898, representatives from all Pampanga towns, except Macabebe, gathered in San Fernando to swear allegiance to Gen. Maximino Hizon who was the provincial military governor and representative of the revolutionary president, Emilio Aguinaldo. On October 9, Aguinaldo, together with his cabinet visited the town and was welcomed with so much applause and enthusiastic cheering from the public. He proceeded to the convento which was served as the military headquarters at that time.

On May 4, 1899, Philippine revolutionary troops led by General Antonio Luna burned the casa municipal, the town church and several houses to render them useless to the approaching American forces. On June 16, due to the strategic location of the town, Aguinaldo himself led Filipino forces in the Battle for San Fernando. The plan to retake the town proved unsuccessful. Calulut fell to the Americans on August 9.

On August 15, 1904, the Pampanga provincial government was finally transferred to San Fernando from Bacolor, by virtue of Act No. 1204 signed on July 22, 1904. This was during the term of Governor Macario Arnedo and Municipal President Juan Sengson. The town of Minalin became part of San Fernando that same year. It will later regain its political independence in 1909.

On January 2, 1905, the town of Santo Tomas was consolidated with San Fernando by virtue of Act 1208.

On August 12, 1904, US Secretary of War William H. Taft visited the town to get first hand information and gather ideas for the governance of Pampanga. Due to the short notice, a bamboo pavilion was hastily constructed for his visit where he was welcomed with a banquet for 200 people. Taft would later be elected President of the United States.

In 1921, the Pampanga Sugar Development Company (PASUDECO) sugar central began its operations. The company was formed in 1918 by large-scale planters such as José de León, Augusto Gonzales, Francisco Tongio Liongson, Tomás Lazatin, Tomás Consunji, Francisco Hizon, José Henson, and Manuel Urquico in the San Fernando residence of Governor Honorio Ventura as part of a plan to construct a locally financed central.

In 1932, the Socialist Party of the Philippines was founded by Pedro Abad Santos. Two years later, he created and headed the Aguman Ding Madlang Talapagobra (AMT). The Abad Santos compound in Barangay San Jose became the focal point of the peasant movement.

On February 14, 1939, Philippine president Manuel L. Quezon proclaimed his social justice program before a gathering of farmers in front of the Municipal Government building.

In 1941, forces of the Japanese Imperial Army occupied the town and placed the municipal government under its supervision. The following year, thousands of Filipino and American POWs walked from Bataan to the San Fernando Train Station in what will be known as the Bataan Death March.

In 1952, the town of Santo Tomas was separated from San Fernando.

In 1986, Paterno Guevarra was sworn in as officer-in-charge of the town after the successful People Power Revolution that toppled the Marcos dictatorship that same year. He was later elected municipal mayor.

In 1990, Philippine president Corazon C. Aquino inaugurated the Paskuhan Village, the first Christmas village in Asia and the third of its kind in the world. The following year, Mount Pinatubo erupted after over 600 years of dormancy hurling a layer of ash and volcanic debris on the town.

On October 1, 1995, Typhoon Sibyl (Mameng) struck the town. It unleashed floodwaters and mudflows from Mount Pinatubo into the town. The Barangays of Sto. Nino, San Juan, San Pedro Cutud and Magliman were severely damaged by lahar. The citizens of San Fernando rallied to save the town by raising funds to build the St. Ferdinand People's Dike. The Pampanga Megadike was constructed the following year, thus preventing further damage to the town.[4]

Cityhood

Jose Abad Santos Avenue

On January 6, 1997, Mayor Rey B. Aquino and Senator Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo launched the campaign for cityhood. On April 27 of that same year, Rep. Oscar Rodriguez filed House Bill No. 9267 creating the City of San Fernando.

In 2000, House Speaker Arnulfo Fuentebella and Senate President Aquilino Q. Pimintel signed the approved city charter of San Fernando on December 4 and 13 respectively.

The town officially became a component city on February 4, 2001 following the ratification of Republic Act 8990 in a plebiscite from the previous day, making it the 99th city in the Philippines. Dr. Rey B. Aquino was the city's first mayor.

Demographics

Population census of the
City of San Fernando
YearPop.±% p.a.
1990 157,851    
1995 193,025+3.84%
2000 221,857+3.03%
2007 269,365+2.71%
2010 285,912+2.19%
Source: National Statistics Office[3][5]

Religions

Nuestro Señor de la Pacencia Chapel, part of the local barangay hall

The Roman Catholicism is the majority religion in the city, with 80% of the population profess in it. The city is under the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Fernando headed by Florentino Lavarias. Other religion includes Protestantism and Independent Christianity. Islam is also evident in the city. The seat of the Archdiocese of San Fernando is located in the city, the Metropolitan Cathedral of San Fernando.

Economy

SM City Pampanga new facade
Robinsons Star Mills Pampanga in San Fernando City

Strategically located at the heart of the province, the City of San Fernando is home to two public markets, thirty nine banks, forty eight lending institutions (investors), thirty eight pawnshops, seventeen gasoline stations, three movie houses, thirty nine public and private schools, seven hospitals, thirteen dental offices, nine hotels, twenty eight drug stores, seven disco clubs, six foreign exchange firms, fifteen garment factories, twenty four groceries, seven supermarkets, forty two insurance companies, sixteen security agencies and seventy restaurants and fast food chains such as Jollibee, McDonald's, Mr. Donut, Greenwich, Shakey's, and Chowking. In addition to being the Provincial Capital of Pampanga, almost all Philippine banking institutions, military and governmental agencies have regional offices in City of San Fernando.[6] SM City Pampanga is a large shopping mall owned by Henry Sy, Sr. and his company, SM Prime Holdings. It is the very first SM Supermall in Central Luzon. SM City Pampanga is currently the longest and biggest mall in the region, with more than 820 meters sprawl of mall shopping area. It has the largest land area of 316,000 m² among SM Supermalls. Robinsons Star Mills Pampanga or Starmills Mall is a shopping mall owned and operated by John Gokongwei and his company, Robinsons Malls, the second largest mall operator in the Philippines. This is the very first Robinsons Mall in the Central Luzon and in the Pampanga Province, rivaling adjacent SM City Pampanga. The mall is located at Olongapo-Gapan Road, Barangay San Jose, San Fernando, Pampanga and Barangay Lagundi in neighboring town of Mexico, Pampanga with a total floor area of 62,000 square meters (667,120 square feet).

Manufacturing

San Fernando serves as one of the agricultural processing center of Central Luzon. It is a major rice-producing region and an important sugar-producing area. The Pampanga Sugar Development Company (PASUDECO), was once the largest private employer in Pampanga. It is a major sugar processing plant in the region. Other manufacturing companies with offices in the city include Universal Robina Corporation, Zuellig Pharma Corporation, Nestlé Philippines, Petrophil, Mondragon Industries, Asia Brewery, and Del Monte Corporation. Major bottling companies such as the San Miguel Corporation Complex, Coca-Cola, Pepsi Cola, Cosmos and Metrobottling, Pampanga's Best Inc. are located within the city.

Every year during the Christmas season, the city becomes the hub of a thriving industry centered on handcrafted lanterns called parols. What distinguish the San Fernando lantern from the ordinary parol are the intricate designs and the illusion of dancing lights, which focuses on the vibrant colors of the lantern.

Infrastructure

The City of San Fernando has four TV stations - KTV Channel 12, Infomax Channel 8, Central Luzon Television Channel 36 (CLTV36) and ABS-CBN TV-46 Pampanga. There are also two radio stations, the 5 Kilowatt RW 95.1 of the Central Luzon Broadcasting Corporation of the Philippines and the 2.5 kilowatt Power 92.7 of the Love Radio Network. Several local newspapers are published in the city which includes SunStar Pampanga, The Probe, Coffee Punch, Pampanga Times and the Observer.[7]

Mayors

This is the list of the mayors of City of San Fernando.[4]

Capitanes Municipales Term
Vidal de Arrozal1755
Tiburcio Cunanan 1756
Vidal de Arrozal 1757
Luis Catacutan 1758
Juan David 1759
Juan Yutuc 1760
Domingo de Vera 1761
Nicolas Capati 1762
Tomas Aquino 1763
Miguel de los Angeles 1764
Agustin Dizon 1765
Manuel Manaloto 1766
Francisco Bautista 1767
Miguel David 1768
Nicolas Dizon 1769
Mariano Singian de Miranda 1770
Mateo David 1771
Bernardo de Anunciacion 1772
Francisco David 1773
Agapito Singian 1774
Vicente Concepcion 1775
Eugenio Yutuc 1776
Juan Lingat 1777
Juan Lacson 1778
Vicente Concepcion 1779
Jose de Arrozal 1780
Nicolas Tuason 1781
Carlos Catacutan 1782
Vicente David 1783
Lucas David 1784
Antonio Alonso del Rosario 1785
Regino de Castro 1786
Sebastian Manarang 1787
Bernabe Pamintuan 1788
Juan Dizon 1789
Manuel Miranda 1790
Vicente Dayrit 1791
Nicolas Tuason 1792
Jose de los Angeles 1793
Vicente Quizon 1794
Angel Pantaleon de Miranda 1795
Vicente Dayrit 1796
Jose Cunanan 1797
Juan Lacson 1798
Carlos Catacutan 1799
Vicente Dizon 1800
Jose Ocson 1801
Agustin David Lising 1802
Jose Concepcion 1803
Raymundo David 1804
Ignacio David de Miranda 1805
Severino Henson 1806
Juan Crisostomo Paras 1807
Domingo Henson 1808
Leon de Vera 1809
Vicente de Castro 1810
Gregorio Singian 1811
Ignacio de Miranda 1812
Miguel Catacutan 1813
Francisco Pamintuan 1814
Severino Henson 1815
Agustin David Lising 1816
Bernardo David 1817
Bernardo Tinio 1818
Eriberto Yutuc 1819
Vicente de Castro1820
Alcaldes Municipales Term
Vicente Dizon 1821
Pablo de Ocampo 1822
Maximo Dizon 1823
Ciriaco Dizon 1824
Gobernadorcillos Term
Vicente Dizon 1825
Manuel Pasion Henson 1826
Anacleto del Rosario 1827
Vicente David Lising 1828
Vicente Dizon 1829
Pablo Ocampo 1830
Doroteo Dizon 1831
Mariano Yutuc 1832
Manuel Pasion Henson 1833
Gregorio Tuason 1834
Blas Borja 1835
Doroteo Dizon 1836
Agustin Pamintuan 1837
Agustin Cuyugan 1838
Juan Dayrit 1839
Raymundo David 1840
Macario Yutuc 1841
Matias Quiason 1842
Pedro Lacsamana 1843
Bernardino Singian de Miranda 1844
Serapio Singian de Miranda 1845
Mariano Arceo 1846
Agustin Cuyugan 1847
Guillermo Henson 1848
Bernardino Singian de Miranda 1849
Agustin Pamintuan 1850
Gregorio David 1851
Maximo Feliciano 1852
Paulino Paras 1853–1854
Agustin Lacson 1854–1855
Simon Henson 1855–1856
Cosme Lacson 1856–1857
Candido Froilan Dizon 1857–1858
Florentino Dayrit 1858–1859
Manuel Pasion Henson 1859
Jose Navarro (accidental) 1859
Victor David 1860
Manuel de Ocampo 1860–1861
Bernardino Singian de Miranda 1861–1862
Guillermo Henson 1862–1863
Aniceto Yusi 1863–1864
Simon Henson 1864–1865
Juan Quiason 1865–1866
Julian Buison 1867–1868
Benigno de Ocampo 1868–1869
Isidro Teopaco 1869–1870
Domiciano Tison 1870–1871
Florentino Dayrit 1871–1872
Eustaquio Ricafort 1872–1873
Pedro Paras y Castro 1873–1874
Bernardino Singian de Miranda 1874–1875
Julian Buison 1875–1876
Anacleto Hizon 1877–1879
Catalino Henson 1879–1880
Mariano Custodio 1880–1881
Saturnino Henson 1881–1882
Florentino Dayrit 1882–1883
Pedro Paras 1883
Domiciano Tison 1884–1885
Francisco X. Panlilio 1885
Anacleto Hizon 1886–1887
Teodoro Limjuco 1887–1889
Gregorio Tioleco 1889–1890
Presidentes MunicipalesTerm
Antonio E. Consunji 1891–1892
Juan Sengson 1893–1894
Teodoro Limjuco 1895
Celso Dayrit (accidental)1897
Republika Filipina
Presidente Municipal Term
Antonio E. Consunji1898
Military Government
Alcaldes Term
Enrique Kerr1899
Carlos Kerr1900
Teodoro Limjuco1900
Francisco S. Hizon 1900–1901
Civil Government
Municipal Presidents Term
Francisco S. Hizon1901
Mariano J. Leon Santos1902–1903
Juan Sengson 1904
Eulalio Castro 1905–1906
Vicente Tiomico 1906–1907
Pedro Teopaco 1908–1909
Clemente Ocampo1910–1912
Unknown1913–1915
Antonio B. Abad Santos1916–1921
Jose M. Valencia1922–1927
Antonio B. Abad Santos1928–1931
Jose M. Valencia1932–1934
Philippine Commonwealth
Municipal Mayors Term
Urbano D. Dizon1934–1937
Vivencio B. Cuyugan1938–1942
Vivencio B. Cuyugan1945
Japanese Occupation
Municipal Mayor Term
Rodolfo P. Hizon1942–1945
Republic of the Philippines
Municipal Mayors Term
Rodolfo P. Hizon1946–1955
Mariano P. Castro, Sr.1955
Dr. Miguel G. Baluyut1956–1959
Dr. Jose C. Quiwa1960–1967
Levi Panlilio1967–1969
Atty. Virgilio L. Sanchez1969–1971
Luis Gopiao1971
Armando P. Biliwang1972–1980
Col. Amante S. Bueno (OIC)1980–1982
Atty. Vicente A. Macalino (OIC)1982–1983
Atty. Virgilio L. Sanchez 1983–1986
Atty. Paterno S. Guevara(Appointed)1986–1987
Dr. Rodolfo P. Canlas (Appointed)1987–1988
Atty. Paterno S. Guevara1988–1995
Dr. Jesus Reynaldo B. Aquino1995–2001
City Mayors Term
Dr. Jesus Reynaldo B. Aquino2001–2004
Atty. Oscar Samson Rodriguez2004–2013
Edwin D. Santiago2013-

Education

Colleges and universities

Vocational / Technical Schools

Secondary Schools

  • Information and Communication Technology High School
  • San Vicente Pilot School for Philippine Craftsmen
  • Panipuan Integrated School
  • Baliti Integrated School
  • St. Scholastica's Academy, San Fernando
  • San Lorenzo Ruiz Center of Studies and Schools
  • University of the Assumption
  • Pampanga High School
  • Proverbsville School Inc.
  • Sindalan National High School
  • Potrero High School
  • Christ in You Faith Christian Academy
  • Academy of Our Lady of Fatima
  • Santa Barbara College of San Fernando
  • Infant Jesus Academy
  • Mother of Good Counsel Seminary
  • Lyndale Academy
  • Nasah Center for Learning Inc.
  • The Magnificat Academy
  • Northville 14 High School

Tourism

Festivals and local events

Date Name
January 31 Pedro Abad Santos Day
February 4 Cityhood Anniversary
Good Friday San Pedro Cutud Lenten Rites
May 7 José Abad Santos Day
First Saturday of May El Circulo Fernandino
May 30 San Fernando City Fiesta
September 10 San Fernando Women's Day
Around October to November San Fernando Frog Festival (Kapampangan: Piestang Tugac)
Around November to December Sinukwan Festival
December 11 Pampanga Day (Kapampangan: Aldo ning Kapampangan)
December to First Week of January Giant Lantern Festival (Kapampangan: Liligan Parul)

Places of interest

Monumento Fernandino
The monument tells the 4-fould aspect of the Fernandino story: a) the penitent girl with lantern, b) lady with torch, c) lady making the offering and d) boatman. The February 4, 2004 (dedicated by Mayor Rey B. Aquino) Monumento Fernandino is a sculptural masterpiece that pays tribute to the city's colorful history and cultural heritage. Its artistic composition when seen from a distance would seem like a sprouting plant amidst a barren landscape.[8]
WOW Philippines Hilaga
Formerly known as the Paskuhan Village, located at the mouth of the San Fernando Toll Exit along the North Luzon Expressway, North Philippines Hilaga was transformed into a cultural, historical, tourism, trade, and entertainment village by former Secretary Richard J. Gordon in 2003. Its design and concept make it a virtual window to the cultural and historical heritage of the four regions of the North Philippines as well as a showcase for their indigenous products, and arts and crafts. The star-shaped pavilions at the center pays tribute to the skilled lantern makers of San Fernando, Pampanga which produces the biggest lanterns in the world. The complex features a 1,000-seat capacity air-conditioned pavilion for conventions and special events, an open-air amphitheater for outdoor activities, air-conditioned exhibit halls, trade booths, garden restos and an 60-seat capacity conference hall.
Bren Z. Guiao Sports Complex and Convention Center
Bren Z. Guiao Sports Complex and Convention Center
Bren Z. Guiao Sports Complex and Convention Center is a multi-purpose complex with imposing venues for concerts, convention, basketball games, beauty pageants and other sport activities. The 3,000-seat, air-conditioned convention center inside the complex is one of Pampanga's pride.
Archdiocesan Museum and Archives
The Archdiocesan Museum and Archives of the Archdiocese of San Fernando is housed at the University of the Assumption, and includes antiques and exquisite works of art depicting Pampanga's rich cultural heritage. It contains numerous ecclesiastical artifacts ranging from a huge churchbell to paintings; ivory and wooden statues of all shapes and sizes, vestments worn by priests during Mass and chalices, monstrances, reliquaries and ciboriums made of gold, silver and precious gems, some dating back to the 17th century.

San Fernando Heritage District

The City of San Fernando Heritage District covers the historic core of San Fernando, including Barangay Santo Rosario and parts of Barangays San Jose (Panlumacan), Santa Teresita (Baritan), Lourdes (Teopaco), Del Pilar, Santa Lucia and Santo Niño. These important sites are broken down under Heritage Houses, Historic Government Buildings, Schools, and Hospitals, and Historic Industrial Structures and Sites[9]

Churches and Other Religious Structures:

Heritage Houses:

Hizon-Singian House
Lazatin House

Historic Government Buildings, Schools, and Hospitals:

Industrial Heritage Structures and Sites:

PASUDECO Sugar Central

Notable Fernandinos

Sister Cities

References

  1. "Official City/Municipal 2013 Election Results". Intramuros, Manila, Philippines: Commission on Elections (COMELEC). 1 July 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
  2. 1 2 "Province: Pampanga". PSGC Interactive. Makati City, Philippines: National Statistical Coordination Board. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 "Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay: as of May 1, 2010" (PDF). 2010 Census of Population and Housing. National Statistics Office. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  4. 1 2 Henares, Ivan Anthony S. "A Brief History of San Fernando, Pampanga 17542004"
  5. "Province of Pampanga". Municipality Population Data. LWUA Research Division. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  6. Camiling, Alejandro S. Fernando, Pampanga The Nerve Center of Central Luzon
  7. Province of Pampanga, A Profile of Region III September, 2001.
  8. "Department of Tourism - The Philippines Ultimate Travel Guide for Tourist". visitmyphilippines.com.
  9. "Indung Kapampangan". cityofsanfernando.blogspot.com.
  10. http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/lifestyle/lifestyle/view_article.php?article_id=11102
  11. http://www.nast.dost.gov.ph/pro_dayrit.htm
  12. http://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/former_senators/sotero_baluyot.htm

External links

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