International recognition of the Syrian National Council

Syrian opposition
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The Syrian National Council (SNC)[1] is recognized by 7 UN members, the Republic of Kosovo and the European Union as a legitimate representative of the Syrian people in the midst of the Syrian civil war, with three of those being permanent members of the Security Council. One country, Libya, recognises the SNC as the legitimate government of Syria.

In November 2012, the council agreed to unify with several other opposition groups such as the NCCDC and the Damascus Declaration to form the Syrian National Coalition. The SNC had 22 out of 60 seats of the Syrian National Coalition.[2][3][4] On January 2014 the Council withdrew from the Syrian National Coalition in protest at the decision of the coalition to attend the Geneva talks.[5]

International standing and recognition

The Syrian National Council has asked for recognition within the international community, but it also denies that it seeks to play the role of a government-in-exile.[6]

As of 27 February 2012, the Syrian National Council is currently recognised or supported in some capacity by 17 UN member states, with three of those being permanent members of the Security Council, France,[7] the United States,[8] the United Kingdom,[9] Spain, Bulgaria, Tunisia, Egypt, and also Libya's National Transitional Council,[10] who announced that it had been in talks with the Syrian National Council and is considering to give weapons, volunteer fighters, and training via National Liberation Army to the Free Syrian Army.[11] It has received support of the Turkish Prime Minister, Recep Tayyip Erdogan.[12] The Foreign Ministers of seven UN member states, notably Russia and the People's Republic of China, have met with representatives of the council, but have not recognized or supported it officially in any capacity nor have they, excepting Australia and Austria, explicitly rejected the Assad government.

Map of states that have/have not recognised the Syrian National Council
  Syria
  States that have diplomatically recognised the SNC as the sole legitimate government of Syria
  States that officially support/recognise the SNC as a partner in dialogue or as an opposition group
  States that unofficially support the SNC as partner in dialogue
  States with informal relations with the SNC
  States that have not expressed support for the SNC

UN member states

Rank Entity Date/Status of recognition Notes
1  Libya[10] Recognised on 19 October 2011
(as legitimate authority) 		"The National Transitional Council has decided after a meeting today to recognise the Syrian National Council as the sole legitimate government in Syria," NTC member Mussa al-Koni said on 10 October. Koni also announced the closure of the Syrian Embassy in Tripoli.[10] On 19 October, the NTC formally announced its recognition of the SNC as Syria's "legitimate authority".[13] The NTC promised the representatives of SNC to hand them over the embassy of Syria in Tripoli.[14]

The Libyan NTC also announced that it had been in talks with the Syrian National Council and was considering supplying weapons and volunteer fighters of the National Liberation Army to the Free Syrian Army.[11]

2  France[7] Recognised on 21 November 2011
(as legitimate interlocutor), on 13 November 2012 (as sole legitimate representative)[15] 		"The Syrian National Council is the legitimate interlocutor with which we will continue to work," French foreign minister Alain Juppe stated on November 21, 2011.
3  Spain[16][17] Recognised on 23 November 2011
(as representative of Syrian people) 		Spanish Foreign Minister Trinidad Jiménez confirmed that the Spanish government will look to SNC to discuss issues concerning Syria, and that the channels of dialogue with the Syrian government have been closed. Jiménez said "Spain support for the SNC as the main interlocutor of the Syrian people, who are seeking freedom and democracy".
4  United States[18] Recognised on 5 December 2011
(as legitimate representative) 		The US Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, deemed the Syrian National Council as a “leading and legitimate representative of Syrians seeking a peaceful democratic transition,” and that the United States was “committed to helping... make this transition.”[19]
5  United Kingdom[20] Recognised on 24 February 2012
(As legitimate representative) 		Minister for the Middle East Alistair Burt met SNC members in Paris on 12 October 2011. Burt stated, “The establishment of the Syrian National Council marked a positive step in bringing together a broad range of Syrian opposition representatives."[21] The following month, Foreign Secretary William Hague met with representatives of the SNC and National Coordination Body on 21 November. Speaking about the meeting, Hague remarked, “We will continue our contacts with the Syrian opposition. I’ve appointed a senior official to lead our liaison and coordination with them... The message for the regime is that the rest of the world is talking to the Syrian opposition, that we are looking to a different future for Syria, for the Syrian people to decide for themselves what, what we want is what so many people in Syria want, a free and democratic future for the people of Syria. And I think the Assad regime will find that more and more Governments around the world are willing to work with the opposition to step up the level of their contacts as we have done today as part of the increasing pressure on this regime and its completely unacceptable behaviour.” After a meeting with the Friends of Syria in Tunis, William Hague said the UK will recognise the Syrian National Council as a legitimate representative of the Syrian people[22]
6  Egypt[23] Recognised on 24 February 2012
(As an opposition group) 		On 24 February 2012, on the heels of the inaugural Friends of Syria Group meeting in Tunis, Foreign Minister Mohamed Kamel Amr revealed that Cairo recognizes all Syrian opposition factions.
7  Albania[24] Recognised on 1 April 2012
(as representative of Syrian people) 		During the meeting on 1 April 2012 Friends of Syria in Istanbul the Minister of foreign Affairs of the Republic of Albania, Edmond Haxhinasto underlined the support of the Albanian Government for the Syrian democratic opposition represented by the Syrian National Council, as well as its war for freedom, human dignity and progress.[24]
8  Denmark[25] Recognised on 9 December 2012
(as legitimate representative)
9  Turkey[12] Rejection of Assad government[12]
Formal relations from 14 December[26]
Verbal Support 		On 15 November 2011, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, the Prime Minister of Turkey, has expressed his support for the Syrian National Council, saying that "Turkey had lost confidence in the leadership of Bashar al-Assad" and that "the Syrian leader will pay the price sooner or later".[12] On 14 December 2011, SNC opened its first office in Istanbul.[26]Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has been trying to "cultivate a favorable relationship with whatever government would take the place of Assad."[27]
10  Tunisia Rejection of Assad government[28]
Verbal support 		Rashid al-Ghannushi, president of Ennahda Movement, Tunisia's largest party stated on 2 November that SNC is the legitimate representative of Syria, at the same time he closed Syrian embassy in Tunis and ousted Syrian ambassador.[28] On 16 December, SNC hold three-day congress (its first international congress) in Tunis where Tunisia's newly elected president, Moncef Marzouki, participated in the talks and had a press conference with SNC's president Burhan Ghalioun.[29][30] On 19 December Burhan Ghalioun announced that the new Tunisian government will officially recognise the Council.[31]
11  Italy Informal relations[32][33]
Verbal support
Rejection of Assad government 		On 25 November Italian Foreign Minister, Giulio Terzi di Sant'Agata reiterated Italy's support to "organised opposition" in the shape of SNC.[32] On 11 December, Terzi met SNC's president Burhan Ghalioun and said Italy would intensify its contacts with SNC which grouped "an important segment" of the Syrian opposition.
12  Bulgaria[34] Verbal support
Rejection of Assad government
Informal relations 		Bulgarian Foreign Minister Nikolai Mladenov announced that the Syrian National Council "is an important partner in dialogue on the future of Syria".
13  Canada[35] Rejection of Assad government
Informal relations		 Foreign Minister John Baird, in a 16 December speech in the House of Commons stated, ""Assad will fall. The government will fall. It's only a matter of time". Later that day, Baird met with a Syrian National Council delegation led by Council President Burhan Ghalioun. The council expressed its gratitude for Canada's assistance to the SNC, including international lobbying for new UN Security Council resolutions and its rejection of the Assad government. Discussions were held on Canada's participation in humanitarian assistance during a transitional period and in the rebuilding of a post-Assad Syria.[36]
14  Netherlands Verbal support
Rejection of Assad government
Informal relations 		The Syrian National Council is being openly, verbally supported by the Netherlands. In March 2012, the Dutch foreign minister, Rosenthal, had a meeting in the Netherlands with representatives of the Syrian National Council, emphasized that President Assad should step down, and that the Syrian opposition should unite.[37]
15  Germany Verbal support
Rejection of Assad government
Informal relations 		In a 6 August 2011 interview, Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle remarked that "I don't believe that Assad has a political future ahead of him which is supported by the Syrian people". The German foreign ministry is reportedly in talks with the Syrian opposition.[38] In November 2011, a Syrian National Council delegation met with Westerwelle and other high level foreign policy decision makers to brief them on developments in Syria. Westerwelle said "we cannot remain quiet to the human rights violations in Syria.” He then lauded the efforts of the National Council and discussed future cooperation with the SNC regarding the transition phase to democracy.[39]
16  Belgium[40] Verbal support
Informal relations 		A group of Belgian Foreign Ministry officials, headed by Foreign Minister Didier Reynders met with a delegation of the Syrian National Council on 5 January 2012. At the meeting, Reynders informed the delegates that he would to refer the SNC requests for the establishment of a European assistance fund for the Syrian people to the European Union, and would work to "support the SNC's goals until they become a reality on the ground."
17  Saudi Arabia Informal relations
Verbal support		 On 22 January 2012, A SNC delegation met with Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Saud Al-Faisal, who pledged "Saudi Arabia's support and commitment to stand by the Syrian people and to help alleviate their suffering in this crisis."[41] In a 27 January 2012 interview with the Kuwaiti Al-Rai newspaper, SNC Executive Council member Ahmad Ramadan reported that Prince Saud al-Faisal met a SNC delegation in Cairo the week previously. Saud informed them that Saudi Arabia will recognise the SNC as the "official representative of the Syrian people", at a yet unspecified date.[42] The UK newspaper, The Times reported that Qatar and Saudi Arabia are to begin funding the Syrian National Council and other armed groups fighting the Assad government.[43]
18  Qatar[43] Rejection of Assad government The UK newspaper, The Times reported that Qatar and Saudi Arabia are to begin funding the Syrian National Council and other armed groups fighting the Assad government. Prime Minister and foreign minister Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani visited the United Nations to formally present UN Security Council Ambassadors with a plan for Assad to step down and relinquish power to his vice-president in lieu of a transitional unity government. Speaking at a 10 March 2010 Arab ministerial meeting, Hamad advised the opposition to unify in order to "merge into one voice that expresses the aspirations of their people so that they can face the tyranny of the regime." Additionally, he called for recognition of the SNC as the legitimate representative of the Syrian people in his opening remarks.[44]
19  Australia Informal relations
Rejection of Assad government 		On 20 January 2012, Foreign Minister Kevin Rudd publicly rejected the Assad government in a joint press conference with French foreign Minister Alan Juppe. "Our view in Australia is that Assad must go."[45] On 24 January, Rudd met with UK foreign minister William Hague, and announced that he had met with Burhan Ghalioun, the president of the SNC, in the previous week.[46]
20  Austria[47] Informal relations
Rejection of Assad government 		Vice Chancellor and Foreign Affairs Minister Michael Spindelegger met with SNC President Burhan Ghalioun on 9 December 2011. In a statement regarding the meeting, Spindelegger stated, "A regime that cracks down against its own people with inhumane violence has lost all its legitimacy. With his recent statements, President Assad has proven again that he is either a ruthless cynic or that he lives in a grotesque world of illusion. He must step down immediately, to finally allow for a peaceful transition to a new leadership“.
21  Portugal[48] Informal relations A Syrian National Council delegation, headed by Burhan Ghalioun, met on 3 January 2012 with Foreign Minister Paulo Portas in Lisbon. After a briefing on the current situation in Syria, Portas was requested by the delegation to formally reject the Assad government, and to use Portugal's influence with Brazil to get the South American country to do the same.
22  Norway[49] Informal relations A Syrian National Council delegation visited Oslo and met with foreign ministry officials, along with political, and humanitarian groups to promote its cause from 9–11 December 2012. The council delegation met with the foreign minister, whom had a reaction to their requests that the delegation reported as "generally positive."
23  Russia[50] Informal relations The Syrian National Council sent a delegation to Moscow to meet with Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov on 15 November 2011 in response to an official invitation. While in Moscow, the council met with high level Russian government officials, notably the Deputy Foreign Minister of Russia, Mikhail Bogdanov; and the Vice Chairman of the Russian Federation, Ilyas Umakhanov.
24  China[51] Informal relations A high-level SNC delegation visited Beijing on 10 May 2012 and met with the Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi, the Deputy Foreign Minister, and the Director of External Communication for the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. According to the SNC, Yang promised to "look into" issuing a permit for the SNC to open an official office in China.
25  Japan[52] Informal relations On 11 May 2012, a SNC Delegation visited the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs and SNC President Burhan Ghalioun held discussions with Foreign Mninister Koichiro Gemba. Later, Ghalioun met with Parliamentary Senior Vice-Minister for Foreign Affairs Ryuji Yamane and former UN Under Secretary General Yasushi Akashi.
26  Sweden[53] Verbal support
Informal relations 		Asked about recognising SNC, Swedish Foreign Minister Carl Bildt commented: "We are talking to them, as we are talking to a lot of other people who have the ability to influence events in Syria. We will be discussing that further today."
27  Slovenia[54] Formal recognition in January 2013 Ambassador of the government of Syria was declared persona non-grata, and the SNC was declared the sole representative of the Syrian state.

Non-UN member states

Autonomous regions

International organisations

International organisation Position
 European Union (EU) On 10 October 2011, EU officially supported SNC and "welcomed their initiatives", but without recognition.[57] Later at a 27 February 2012 EU foreign Ministers meeting in Brussels, the EU formally recognised the Syrian National Council as "a legitimate representative of the Syrians seeking peaceful democratic change" in addition to announcing new sanctions against the Assad government.[58] The SNC welcomed the move in a 28 February 2012 press release.[59] On 2 March 2012, EU officially recognized the Syrian National Council as a legitimate representative of Syrian people.


International Union for Muslim Scholars On 15 October 2011, Yusuf al-Qaradawi, president of IUMS recognised SNC as the sole representative of Syria.[60]
 Arab League On 6 March 2013, the Syrian National Coalition was granted Syria's seat in the Arab League.[61]

Political parties and legislatures

See also

References

  1. ↑ CNN Wire Staff (23 August 2011). "Syrian activists form a 'national council'". CNN. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  2. ↑ "Syrian opposition groups reach unity deal". USA Today.
  3. ↑ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/11/20121111141834268537.html
  4. ↑ "Syrian opposition agrees deal, chooses preacher as leader". Reuters. 11 November 2012.
  5. ↑ "Main bloc quits Syrian National Coalition over Geneva". The Times of Israel. 21 January 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  6. ↑ "Syrian council wants recognition as voice of opposition". Reuters. 2011-10-10. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
  7. 1 2 Andrew Rettman (24 October 2011). "France recognises Syrian council, proposes military intervention". EUObserwer. Retrieved 2011-11-24.
  8. ↑ "Clinton to Syrian opposition: Ousting al-Assad is only first step in transition". CNN. December 6, 2011.
  9. ↑ "UK Recognizes Syrian Opposition". International Business Times. 24 February 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-29.
  10. 1 2 3 "Libya NTC says recognises Syrian National Council". Khaleej Times. 11 October 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  11. 1 2 "Libya to arm syrian rebels". The Sydney Morning Herald. Sydney Morning Herald. November 27, 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Jaffe, Greg (November 15, 2011). "Turkish PM: Lost Confidence in Syrian Leadership". Voice of America.
  13. ↑ Jaffe, Greg (19 October 2011). "New Libyan government recognizes Syrian opposition council". The Washington Post. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
  14. ↑ İpek Yezdani (20 October 2011). "Syria dissidents secure Libya embassy promise". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  15. ↑ Syria: France backs anti-Assad coalition - BBC News
  16. ↑ "Spain considered Syrian National Council, representative for the dialogue with the Syrian people". LCC Syria. 25 November 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
  17. ↑ "Spain Considers the SNC the Representative of the Syrian People". Syrian National Council. 24 November 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
  18. ↑ "Clinton to Syrian opposition: Ousting al-Assad is only first step in transition". CNN. December 6, 2011.
  19. ↑ DeYoung, Karen (December 6, 2011). "Clinton meets with Syria opposition". Washington Post.
  20. ↑ "UK Recognizes Syrian Opposition". International Business Times. February 24, 2012.
  21. ↑ "Foreign Office Minister meets Syrian National Council members". UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 12 October 2011. Retrieved 2012-01-23.
  22. ↑ "Foreign Secretary meets Syrian opposition". UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 21 November 2011. Retrieved 2012-01-23.
  23. ↑ "Egypt: Foreign Minister - Country Directly Concerned About Syria". allAfrica.com. 25 February 2012. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  24. 1 2 Minister Haxhinasto participates in the meeting of the “Friends of the Syrian People” Group, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Albania, 2012-04-01
  25. ↑ "Søvndal: Danmark anerkender Syriens opposition". Information (in Danish). 9 December 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  26. 1 2 "Syria's opposition opens office in Turkey". Al Jazeera. 14 December 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-21.
  27. ↑ Epatko, Larisa (November 15, 2012). "Syria and Turkey: A Complex Relationship". PBS NEWSHOUR. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  28. 1 2 "تونس تؤيد المجلس الوطني السوري باعتباره ممثلا شرعيا". RT News. 2 November 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-21.
  29. ↑ "Moncef Marzouki appelle à l'attachement au caractère pacifique de la révolution syrienne". Agence Tunis Afrique Presse. 16 December 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-21.
  30. ↑ "Syrian National Council Holds First Congress in Tunis". Tunisia Live. 16 November 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-21.
  31. ↑ "Tunisian Government to Recognize Syrian Political Opposition". Tunisia Live. 19 December 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-21.
  32. 1 2 "Syria: Terzi, Italy support for organised opposition". ansamed.info. 25 November 2011.
  33. ↑ "Italy seeks tougher sanctions against Syrian regime – FM". Kuwait News Agency. 25 November 2011.
  34. ↑ "UN Human Rights Council strongly condemns abuses by Syrian authorities". Sofia Echo. 3 December 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
  35. ↑ "Canada imposing further sanctions on Syria". Canadian Broadcasting Company. 20 December 2011. Retrieved 2012-01-21.
  36. ↑ "SNC Delegation Meets Canada's Minister of Foreign Affairs". Syrian National Council. 20 December 2011. Retrieved 2012-01-21.
  37. ↑ ‘Rosenthal spreekt oppositie Syrië’. Website of the Dutch government, 8 March 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
  38. ↑ "Syria Aug 6, 2011 -16:18". Al Jazeera. 6 August 2011. Retrieved 2012-01-23.
  39. ↑ "The Syrian National Council meets with the foreign ministers of Germany and Russia". Syrian National Council. 15 November 2011. Retrieved 2012-01-23.
  40. ↑ "SNC delegation visits Belgium". Syrian National Council. 7 January 2012. Retrieved 2012-01-21.
  41. ↑ "SNC Delegation Meets with Saudi Foreign Minister". Syrian National Council. 23 January 2012. Retrieved 2012-01-24.
  42. ↑ "Saudi to recognise Syrian National Council". Khaleej Times Online. 27 January 2012. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
  43. 1 2 "Saudi Arabia to recognize, fund Syrian National Council; Russia rejects Syria resolution". Al-akhbar. 27 January 2012. Retrieved 2011-01-28.
  44. ↑ "UPDATE 1-Qatar calls for recognising Syrian opposition". Reuters Africa. 10 March 2012. Retrieved 2011-03-12.
  45. ↑ "Rudd says Syria's Assad must go". The Australian. 20 January 2012. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
  46. ↑ "Transcript of joint Australia-UK Ministerial Meeting (AUKMIN) press conference". The Hon. Kevin Rudd, Australian Minister of Foreign Affairs. 24 January 2012. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
  47. ↑ "Spindelegger: Consensus and commitment to democracy are keys to success for the Syrian opposition". Austrian Foreign Ministry. 9 December 2011. Retrieved 2012-01-24.
  48. ↑ "SNC Meets with the Foreign Minister of Portugal". Syrian National Council. 5 January 2012. Retrieved 2012-01-21.
  49. ↑ "SNC Delegation Meets Norwegian Foreign Ministry". Syrian National Council. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 2012-01-21.
  50. ↑ "SNC Delegation Meets with the foreign ministers of Germany and Russia". Syrian National Council. 15 November 2011. Retrieved 2012-01-23.
  51. ↑ "SNC Delegation Visits China". Syrian National Council. 10 May 2011. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
  52. ↑ "SNC Delegation Visits Japan". Syrian National Council. 11 May 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
  53. ↑ "European Union hails Syria opposition group". London: Telegraph. 10 October 2011. Retrieved 2012-01-28.
  54. ↑ "Slovenia Recognises Syrian National Coalition". www.sloveniatimes.com. Retrieved 2015-09-30.
  55. ↑ Ministry of Foreign Affairs condemns the violence in Syria, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2011-08-23
  56. ↑ Syrian National Council (16 January 2012). "SNC Delegation Visits the Kurdistan Region in Iraq". Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  57. ↑ "سورية: ترحيب اوروبي بتشكيل المجلس الوطني لكن لا اعتراف". BBC. 10 October 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  58. ↑ thejournal.ie (27 February 2012). "EU ministers recognise Syrian National Council as legitimate representatives". Retrieved 29 February 2012.
  59. ↑ Syrian National Council (28 February 2012). "SNC Welcomes EU’s Recognition of the SNC". Retrieved 29 February 2012.
  60. ↑ ""علماء المسلمين" يعترف بالمجلس الوطني السوري". ONISLAM. 15 October 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  61. ↑ https://twitter.com/AP/status/309334889545744385
  62. ↑ "الجبهة الاسلامية للإنقاذ تعلن رسميا اعترافها بالمجلس الوطني الانتقالي السوري نقيض الموقف المخزي للسلطة الجزائرية". OUJDA City. 16 November 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  63. ↑ "Bahrain's parliament pushes for Syrian National Council recognition". Gulf News. 7 March 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  64. ↑ "Egypt’s largest political bloc recognizes Syria’s opposition council". Al Arabiya. 11 October 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  65. ↑ ""العمل الاسلامي" يطالب بدعم الشعب السوري ويدين اقتحام السفارة الاردنية بدمشق". Jabha. 15 November 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  66. ↑ "نواب في مجلس الأمة يريدون الاعتراف بمجلس اسطنبول وسوريون يطلبون من دولة الكويت تربية "أطفال السياسة"". Al Watan. 16 November 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  67. ↑ "Kuwait's emir dissolves parliament". CNN. 6 December 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  68. ↑ "Kuwaiti MPs vote to recognize Syrian council". Al Arabiya News Channel. 29 February 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  69. ↑ "March 14 commends SNC statement on Syrian-Lebanese ties". NOW Lebanon. 25 January 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  70. ↑ "Mustaqbal: Syrian National Council’s Letter to Lebanese Paves Way for New Phase of Ties". Naharnet. 26 January 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  71. ↑ "Geagea commends SNC statement on ties with Lebanon". Said Online. 26 January 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  72. ↑ "الجماعة الإسلامية الباكستانية تعترف بالمجلس الوطني السوري وتدعو باكستان وحكومات العالم الإسلامي للاعتراف به.". AL Mokhtsar. 19 October 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
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