James River Bridge

For the bridge in Richmond, see James River Bridge (Interstate 95). For a community in Canada, see James River Bridge, Alberta.
James River Bridge

The 1928 bridge, replaced from 1975 to 1982
Coordinates 36°59′28″N 76°29′01″W / 36.9910°N 76.4836°W / 36.9910; -76.4836Coordinates: 36°59′28″N 76°29′01″W / 36.9910°N 76.4836°W / 36.9910; -76.4836
Carries 4 lanes of US 17 / US 258 / SR 32
Crosses James River
Locale Isle of Wight County, VA to Newport News, VA
Maintained by Virginia DOT
ID number 10364[1]
Characteristics
Design steel lift bridge[1]
Total length 7.0714 km (4.3940 mi)[1]
Width 20.8 m (68.2 ft)[1]
Longest span 126.5 m (415.0 ft)[1]
Clearance above 4.87 m (16.0 ft)[1]
Clearance below 44.1 m (145 ft) open[1]
18.2 m (59.7 ft) closed[1]
History
Opened 1982 (1982)[2]

The James River Bridge is a four-lane divided highway lift bridge across the James River in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Owned and operated by the Virginia Department of Transportation, it carries U.S. Route 17 (US 17), US 258, and State Route 32 across the river near its mouth at Hampton Roads. The bridge connects Newport News on the Virginia Peninsula with Isle of Wight County in the South Hampton Roads region, and is the easternmost such crossing without a tunnel component.

When completed in 1928, the 4.5-mile (7 km) bridge was the longest bridge in the world over water.[3] The original two-lane bridge was replaced from 1975 to 1982 with a wider four-lane bridge that could handle increased traffic volumes. In 2005, the bridge carried an annual average daily traffic of about 30,000 vehicles per day.[4]

Description of the current bridge

At the Newport News end, traffic approaches the bridge at a six-ramp partial cloverleaf interchange, where Mercury Boulevard (carrying U.S. Route 17, U.S. Route 258, and State Route 32 onto the bridge) passes over Warwick Boulevard (U.S. Route 60). After an intersection with River Road and the entrance to Huntington Park, the four-lane divided bridge begins, lying to the southeast a part of the old bridge that remains as a fishing pier. The 126.5 m (415.0 ft) lift span over the shipping channel, with a clearance of 44.1 m (145 ft) when raised and 18.2 m (59.7 ft) when lowered, is about 1/4 of the way along the 7.0714 km (4.3940 mi) bridge.[1] This allows ocean-going ships to pass en route to civilian port facilities in Hopewell and at the Port of Richmond.

The current bridge's lift span at sunset

The roadway becomes Carrollton Boulevard on the Isle of Wight County end; after a number of intersections, US 258 and SR 32 turn west at Bartlett towards State Route 10 at Benns Church, while US 17 curves southeast towards Portsmouth.

The nearest upstream crossing of the James River is the Jamestown Ferry (State Route 31); the next fixed crossing is the 1966 Benjamin Harrison Bridge (State Route 156) at Hopewell. When the bridge opened in 1928, the next bridge upstream was the 1913 Mayo Bridge in Richmond.

Downstream, both crossings of Hampton Roads are bridge-tunnels for military reasons: the 1992 Monitor-Merrimac Bridge-Tunnel (Interstate 664) and 1957 Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel (Interstate 64/U.S. Route 60).

Bicycles, mopeds, and pedestrians are banned from using the bridge; the easternmost crossing for them is the Jamestown Ferry, about 25 miles (40 km) upstream.[5] The State Highway and Transportation Commission banned these transportation modes from using the bridge in 1978 "in the interest of safety", due to high traffic and lack of sidewalks.[6] Once the replacement bridge was completed, they returned to the question in 1983, and decided to continue the ban, since the new bridge also had no sidewalks or sufficient recovery area.[7]

History

The privately owned James River Bridge Corporation was chartered by the General Assembly to build a system of bridges across the James River, Chuckatuck Creek, and Nansemond River, as well as approach roads.[8] On the Newport News end, the bridge simply ended at an intersection with State Route 39/U.S. Route 60 (Virginia Avenue, now Warwick Boulevard).[9] However, a large system of approach roads, including two smaller toll bridges, was built on the Isle of Wight County side. Traffic coming off the bridge reached a Y intersection at Bartlett, at which it could head west over a private approach road past Carrollton to State Route 10 at Benns Church, or head southeast into Nansemond County. The first of the two smaller bridges was the Crittenden Bridge over Chuckatuck Creek (the county line) at Crittenden, and the second, after passing the road to Hobson and Chuckatuck (now State Route 628), was the Nansemond River Bridge over the Nansemond River. The end of the private approach road was at the current intersection of Bennetts Pasture Road (State Route 627) and Lee Farm Lane (State Route 701), where one could go south to State Route 10 (now State Route 337) at Driver.[10][11] So the James River Bridge System served not only traffic crossing the James River, but also traffic along State Route 10; the 1928 Chuckatuck-Driver Kings Highway Bridge (now State Route 125) competed with the James River Bridge System for this traffic.

The $5.2 million James River Bridge was opened on November 17, 1928, by the press of a button in Washington, D.C., where U.S. President Calvin Coolidge, sitting in the Oval Office of the White House, sent an electric signal to lower into place the upraised lift span over the James River channel.[12] Drivers could now choose to cross Hampton Roads on a fixed bridge rather than one of many ferries. The new bridge was narrow by current standards, with a 20-foot (6.1 m) roadway from curb to curb, and railings much less substantial than found on modern structures. The main lift span was 300 feet (90 m) long; the other two bridges included 110-foot (34 m) bascule spans.[13]

From 1928 to 1931, State Route 503, a state highway from Portsmouth via Churchland and Belleville to the private approach road south of the Nansemond River, was added to the state highway system.[14][15][16] U.S. Route 17 was moved onto this alignment (from one of the ferries) by 1932, and still uses it today.[17] State Route 258, now part of U.S. Route 258, was extended over the Benns Church approach and bridge by late 1943 to reach the new Mercury Boulevard.[18] Thus all approaches had numbers at the time of the state takeover in 1949. In 1951, State Route 32 was extended from Suffolk over the bridge to end in Newport News, completely overlapped with other routes, "to facilitate the routing of traffic over the James River Bridge System, between points north of Newport News and south of Suffolk".[19]

Controversial tolls, ownership, shunpiking

As early as 1933, the State Highway Commission (SHC) considered taking over the bridge approaches - but not the bridges themselves - from the corporation.[20] Projected traffic volumes were not reached, leading to bankruptcy of the James River Bridge Corporation. It was bought by bondholders, headed by a local businessman from Smithfield. The new owners raised tolls, proving unpopular with local residents.[21] Chapter 399 of the Acts of Virginia of 1940 authorized the SHC to acquire the James River Bridge System, consisting of the three bridges and approach roads. The SHC bought the system from the corporation for $5.6 million[22] on September 30, 1949.[23]

However, in 1955, the state doubled tolls to $1.80 round trip for cars and $4.00 or more for trucks[21] in order to pay for repairs, new toll booths, and a new punched card system compatible with the Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel. The toll plazas, which had numbered three - one for each bridge - were consolidated to two, one at the south end of the main bridge and one at the north end of the Nansemond River Bridge. Thus the Crittenden Bridge became free for local traffic. In addition, passenger vehicles and light trucks only had to pay at the first booth they reached; large trucks and buses had to pay twice. This meant that light vehicles crossing only the main bridge (for instance between Smithfield and Newport News) only had to pay southbound.[23]

J.W. Luter, Jr. of the local Smithfield Packing Company rerouted his trucks via a smaller, cheaper bridge owned by a Norfolk car dealer.[21] Tolls were eventually dropped to 10 cents per axle, and later removed on June 3, 1976; the state paid off the remaining bonds at that time. Simultaneously, the parallel Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel opened, and tolls were removed from that facility, the Coleman Bridge, and the Robert O. Norris Bridge.[24] Many considered this an important step in the development of the area.[25] The former toll building and parking area was used for maintenance workers, police, and tow truck drivers until 2002, when asbestos was discovered. Despite the efforts of preservationists, who argued the building had historic significance,[21] it was torn down in 2004.

Replacement bridge without tolls: 1975-1982

James River Bridge. Picture taken from Huntington Park Beach.

A new four-lane lift bridge was completed in stages from 1975 to 1982 at a cost of $75 million. The replacement was funded with road user taxes rather than toll revenue bonds.

During construction, the two southbound lanes of the new bridge were completed first and carried northbound traffic while the old bridge carried two lanes of southbound traffic until the northbound lanes of the new bridge were completed. When the northbound lanes of the new bridge opened the old bridge was demolished, but a 0.75-mile (1.2 km) section on the Newport News side was retained for use as a fishing pier. Now known as the James River Pier, it is the longest fishing pier on the East Coast.

Proposal to reinstate tolls

In 2010, a consortium of private developers submitted a proposal to the Hampton Roads Transportation Planning Organization that would help ease traffic congestion in the Hampton Roads region by expanding the Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel from four to eight lanes. Under the proposal this project would be partially funded by one-way tolls ranging from $4 to $8 on the Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel, the Monitor-Merrimac Memorial Bridge-Tunnel and the James River Bridge.

The proposed tolls have drawn sharp criticism from Isle of Wight County officials and residents who are opposed to tolls being reinstated on the James River Bridge.[26]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 National Bridge Inventory Data, December 2003
  2. ↑ VDOT Bulletin, May-June 2006, Bridges, Tunnels and Ferries
  3. ↑ James River Bridge (US-17), Roads to the Future (accessed July 31, 2013)
  4. ↑ "2005 Virginia Department of Transportation Jurisdiction Report - Daily Traffic Volume Estimates - Isle of Wight County" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-08-19.
  5. ↑ "VDOT Info & Service: Bicycling and Walking in Virginia". Virginiadot.org. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
  6. ↑ State Highway and Transportation Commission (September 21, 1978). Minutes of Meeting (PDF) (Report). Richmond, VA: Commonwealth of Virginia., page 23
  7. ↑ State Highway and Transportation Commission (March 17, 1983). Minutes of Meeting (PDF) (Report). Richmond, VA: Commonwealth of Virginia., page 21
  8. ↑ State Highway Commission of Virginia (April 28, 1927). Minutes of Meeting (PDF) (Report). Winchester, VA: Commonwealth of Virginia., page 2
  9. ↑ Map of Warwick County, late 1920s
  10. ↑ Map of Nansemond County, revised July 1, 1936
  11. ↑ Map of Isle of Wight County, revised July 1, 1936
  12. ↑ Hampton Roads Daily Press, The crossing of the James River
  13. ↑ State Highway Commission of Virginia (October 19, 1954). Minutes of Meeting (PDF) (Report). Richmond, VA: Commonwealth of Virginia., page 184
  14. ↑ State Highway Commission of Virginia (August 9–10, 1928). Minutes of Meeting (PDF) (Report). Richmond, VA: Commonwealth of Virginia., page 32
  15. ↑ State Highway Commission of Virginia (August 15, 1929). Minutes of Meeting (PDF) (Report). Richmond, VA: Commonwealth of Virginia., page 17
  16. ↑ State Highway Commission of Virginia (December 18, 1930). Minutes of Meeting (PDF) (Report). Lynchburg, VA: Commonwealth of Virginia., page 14
  17. ↑ "Virginia Highways Project: US 17". Vahighways.com. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
  18. ↑ State Highway Commission of Virginia (November 15–17, 1943). Minutes of Meeting (PDF) (Report). Roanoke and Richmond, VA: Commonwealth of Virginia., page 5
  19. ↑ State Highway Commission of Virginia (February 20, 1951). Minutes of Meeting (PDF) (Report). Richmond, VA: Commonwealth of Virginia., page 19
  20. ↑ State Highway Commission of Virginia (March 9, 1933). Minutes of Meeting (PDF) (Report). Richmond, VA: Commonwealth of Virginia., page 17
  21. 1 2 3 4 Lon Wagner, Groups driven to save James River toll plaza, The Virginian-Pilot, June 20, 2004
  22. ↑ State Highway Commission of Virginia (September 16, 1949). Minutes of Meeting (PDF) (Report). Richmond, VA: Commonwealth of Virginia., pages 4 and 6
  23. 1 2 State Highway Commission of Virginia (October 19, 1954). Minutes of Meeting (PDF) (Report). Richmond, VA: Commonwealth of Virginia., pages 143, 172, and 173
  24. ↑ State Highway and Transportation Commission (May 20, 1976). Minutes of Meeting (PDF) (Report). Richmond, VA: Commonwealth of Virginia., page 28
  25. ↑ "Virginia Department of Transportation History of Roads" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-08-19.
  26. ↑ http://articles.dailypress.com/2011-03-08/news/dp-nws-patriots-crossing-20110308_1_tolls-hrbt-and-monitor-merrimac-james-river-bridge

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