January 2015 North American blizzard

January 2015 North American blizzard
Category 3 "Major" (RSI: 6.158)

Satellite image of the blizzard near peak intensity at 06:45Z (1:45 a.m. EST) on January 27, 2015.
Type Extratropical cyclone
Nor'easter
Blizzard
Formed January 23, 2015 (2015-01-23)[1]
Dissipated January 31, 2015 (2015-01-31)[2]
Lowest pressure 970 mbar (29 inHg)[3]
Highest winds
  • 75 mph (121 km/h)[4]
Highest gust 95 mph (153 km/h)[5]
Maximum snowfall or ice accretion 36.0 in (91 cm) in Lunenburg, Milford, Auburn, and Hudson, and Maynard, Massachusetts
Damage Unknown
Casualties 3 indirect fatalities
Areas affected Pacific Northwest, Central United States, Eastern United States, Atlantic Canada, Southern Greenland, Portugal, Spain, France
Part of the 2014–15 North American winter

In late January 2015, a powerful nor'easter affected Canada and the Central and Eastern United States, and eventually, parts of Southern Greenland and Western Europe. The nor'easter disrupted transportation, with snow emergencies declared in six states and travel bans enacted in four of these states – Connecticut, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island – as well as in New York City. Most passenger rail service was suspended, and thousands of flights were cancelled.[6][7] Schools and activities saw weather-related cancellations for one or more days. The storm was also given unofficial names, such as Blizzard of 2015, and Winter Storm Juno.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm according to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale
The precursor to the blizzard tracking across the Ohio Valley, as an Alberta clipper on January 25, 2015.

On January 23, a low-pressure area developed off the Pacific Northwest,[1] before moving over the Canadian Prairies by January 24. The storm system quickly moved southeastward into the Upper Midwest during the evening of January 24, taking a path typical of an Alberta clipper.[8][9] As it progressed southward, the storm intensified, with frontogenesis occurring the next day.[10] By noon on January 25, the upper-level low was centered near the border between Iowa and Missouri in correlation with a weak shortwave trough. Moisture from the Gulf of Mexico wrapped around the system from the south, resulting in widespread rainfall and snow over the Midwest.[11] Throughout the day, the system traversed eastward along the Kentucky-Tennessee border. Snowfall remained concentrated along a cold front north of the Ohio River.[12]

At 09:00 UTC on January 26, the Weather Prediction Center began issuing storm summaries on the developing disturbance while the low-pressure system was centered near Bluefield, West Virginia. At the time, mixed precipitation was occurring over northern Appalachia.[13][14] As this system tracked eastward, it gradually weakened;[15] however, at the same time, a new low-pressure system formed off the coast of North Carolina and began to track north-northeastward, eventually becoming the dominant low of the storm.[16] Early on January 30, the nor'easter left the East Coast, even as another winter storm began to impact the region.[17] During the next day, the former nor'easter continued to accelerate eastward across the North Atlantic, even as it rapidly weakened.[18] On January 31, the winter storm was absorbed by a much more powerful extratropical cyclone developing over Western Europe.[2]

Preparations

On January 25, 2015, blizzard warnings were issued for areas of coastal New England, New York and New Jersey.[19] High winds and heavy snow were forecast for the evening of January 26 and all day January 27, impacting a 250-mile area from New York City to Boston.[6] On January 26, many roads in New York and New England were closed to all vehicles except emergency vehicles due to life-threatening conditions on area roadways.[20][21]

Many churches and other houses of prayer remained open to those in need of a warming center.

At the height of the storm, a 300-mile (480 km) stretch of Interstate 95 from northern New Jersey to the Massachusetts/New Hampshire border was closed in conjunction with travel bans in the impacted areas. Portions of Interstates 78, 80, 84, 87, 90, 91 and 93 were also shut down by the storm.

Pennsylvania

In preparation for the winter storm, the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation deployed approximately 350 salting trucks to treat major roadways.[22] On January 26, Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf signed a disaster emergency proclamation in an attempt to distribute state resources as quickly as possible.[23] Philadelphia Mayor Michael Nutter closed municipal offices and schools for January 27 and cancelled trash collection for the day. Meanwhile, SEPTA's bus lines closed while its train system ran 24 hours a day for Monday and Tuesday. According to the Philadelphia Office of Emergency Management, the snow emergency declaration was lifted at 6:00 a.m. Tuesday morning.[24]

New Jersey

The South Brunswick Police Department said in a press release on January 25 that additional officers and public works staff would be on duty throughout the storm. The department urged residents to make preparations in anticipation that travel would be impossible for several days. The Monroe Township Office of Emergency Management released a guideline to ensure residents were safe and prepared for the nor'easter.[25] New Jersey Governor Chris Christie declared a state of emergency for the duration of the storm; in a morning press conference, Christie also urged all nonessential personnel to remain off roadways.[26] A travel ban was issued later that day, to be put in effect on January 26 at 11 pm; Amtrak and New Jersey Transit services were also suspended.[20]

New York

In a statement on January 25, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo urged residents to take their necessary safety precautions and prepare for the possibility of disrupted commute on Monday and Tuesday. The Metropolitan Transportation Authority deployed extra crews, salting trucks, and chained tires. Delta Air Lines promised full refunds for flights significantly delayed.[27] The State Emergency Operations Center in Albany was expected to be staffed beginning early on January 26 to coordinate with all affected counties. At least 1,806 plows and 126,000 tons of salt were expected to be divided across the region, and the National Guard was expected to deploy more than six dozen personnel and 20 vehicles throughout the region. New York State Police were expected to bring in additional personnel, as well as supply at least 50 4x4 vehicles, 8 all-terrain vehicles, and 8 snowmobiles.

At its major transportation facilities, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey readied more than 200 piece of snow equipment at its airports, more than 60 pieces of snow equipment for its bridges and tunnels, hundreds of thousands of gallons of liquid anti-icer chemicals and thousands of tons of solid de-icers, plow-equipped trains, liquid snow-melting agent trains, and a "jet engine" plow. The New York State Thruway Authority activated its emergency operations ahead of the winter storm and is expected to supply 338 snowplows, 18 snowblowers, 55 front-end loaders, and approximately 126,000 tons of salt. The New York State Department of Transportation also activated its emergency operations, mobilizing 162 snow plows and nearly 338 operators to Long Island and the Hudson Valley, totaling to approximately 600 plows and 1,300 operators and supervisors across downstate New York. A total of 1,444 snow plows and 3,629 operators and supervisors would be available statewide.[28]

New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio warned of 2 to 3 feet (0.61 to 0.91 m) of snow, and said, "Prepare for something worse than we have seen before."[29] De Blasio ordered all vehicles off the streets by 11 pm on January 26, and declared that, with the exception of emergency and government vehicles, anyone driving in New York City after 11 pm on January 26 would be fined. Services on the New York City Subway, Long Island Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad, and Amtrak were also suspended.[20]

Connecticut

Connecticut Governor Dannel Malloy announced in a press conference early on January 26 that Connecticut Transit services would be suspended and a statewide travel ban would be effective beginning at 9 p.m EST; he also urged all residents to leave work early and shelter in their homes. The Metropolitan Transportation Authority announced that it would be adding additional trains to accommodate for those who travel by rail. The governor announced that more than 600 crews would be working to pre-treat major roads, while he issued a declaration of civil preparedness emergency to coordinate resources during the storm.[30] Connecticut Light and Power and United Illuminating prepared for a "Level 1" emergency and summoned outside tree and line crews.[31] Later that day, the governor declared a state of emergency. The travel ban was lifted for Fairfield and Litchfield Counties in western Connecticut at 8 a.m. on the 27th, and for the remainder of the state at 2 p.m. that afternoon.[32]

Rhode Island

Rhode Island Governor Gina Raimondo urged people to ensure that they had enough food, water, and fuel to last several days for what could be a "very severe and dangerous weather event". She asked residents to keep fire hydrants uncovered and asked that generators used for electricity were located outside of homes and in well-ventilated locations.[33] On January 26, the governor declared a state of emergency and announced that a statewide travel ban would go into effect at midnight. National Grid gathered approximately 1,000 crews to help restore power after the storm passed.[34]

Massachusetts

Harvard Square store closed in preparation for blizzard

Massachusetts Governor Charlie Baker declared a state of emergency and asked residents to remain safe and off roadways. A statewide travel ban was issued effective at midnight on January 27, and the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority announced that it would be closed that day. In Boston, up to 35,000 tons of salt were prepared and snow farms were readied to store the removed snow following the passage of the storm. Electric companies brought in extra crews.[35] The Fall River, Massachusetts Department of Public Works gathered more than 800 tons of salt and began to treat major roadways in advance of the storm.[36]

Atlantic Canada

Environment Canada issued special weather statements to all of the Maritime provinces on January 23, warning of the future developing storm. On January 26 Environment Canada issued Winter Storm Warnings for all of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and central to southern New Brunswick. These warnings were later upgraded to Blizzard Warnings. Between 6 and 20 inches (15 and 51 cm) of snow was forecast across the Maritimes. On January 27, Snow started early in the morning in southwestern Nova Scotia and continued northeastward. A large wind gust of 80 mph (130 km/h) was measured in Baccaro Point, NS.[37] Meanwhile, in Sluice Point there were gusts exceeding 70 mph (110 km/h) in the afternoon.[38] In Moncton snow totaled near 11.8 inches (30 cm) the most out of all four provinces.[39] The strong winds and blowing snow caused poor traveling conditions across Atlantic Canada.

Impact

FlightAware reported that 1,200 flights were expected to be cancelled on January 26.[6] Delta pre-emptively cancelled 600 flights; furthermore, a dozen flights from London Heathrow to New York, Philadelphia and Boston were cancelled on the same date.[7]

At least two deaths related to the nor'easter occurred on Long Island, New York. Sean Urda, a 17-year-old student from John Glenn High School, was killed when he struck a light pole while snow tubing with two other people in Huntington.[40] An 83-year-old man with dementia was found dead in his backyard in Bay Shore.[41]

The National Basketball Association postponed two games scheduled to take place on January 26, both in New York City. The game between the Portland Trail Blazers and the Brooklyn Nets was rescheduled for April 6, while the game between the Sacramento Kings and the Manhattan-based New York Knicks was rescheduled for March 3. Both games will take place from their originally-scheduled sites of the Barclays Center and Madison Square Garden, respectively.[42]

Significant flooding was reported in Scituate, Massachusetts, where National Guardsmen were sent to rescue people from the high waters[43] and power was cut to some areas of the town to prevent fires from breaking out.[44] Elsewhere in the state, eighty feet of seawall in Marshfield was washed away by the storm, and a number of houses in the town were condemned.[45] "Virtually all" utility customers lost power on the island of Nantucket and in Provincetown on Cape Cod during the storm.[46]

A replica of the USS Providence, maintained by the Providence Maritime Heritage Foundation and designated in 1992 as the flagship and tall ship ambassador of the state of Rhode Island, was toppled and severely damaged by high winds during the storm while in drydock for the winter.[47]

Snow from the storm fell as far south as parts of North Carolina, southern Virginia,[48] Washington, D.C., and the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, where trace amounts were reported beginning on January 26.[49] Schools in some Virginia counties were closed due to the weather.[48][50]

Gallery

Images of snowfall accumulated during the blizzard
Snowfall in Brooklyn, New York on January 26 
Snowfall in Providence, Rhode Island on January 27 
Snowfall in Watertown, Massachusetts on January 27 
Snowfall at the Massachusetts-New Hampshire border before noon on January 27 
Snow covered mailboxes in Boston's Back Bay neighborhood after the January 2015 blizzard 

Records

Up to 34.5 in (88 cm) of snow fell in Worcester, Massachusetts, marking the city's largest storm total accumulation on record. The Blue Hill Observatory in Massachusetts observed 30.8 in (78 cm), or the second-largest storm total accumulation on record, while both Providence, Rhode Island and Portland, Maine recorded their fourth-largest storm total accumulations on record, at 19.1 in (49 cm). Boston observed 24.6 in (62 cm) of snow, its largest January storm total accumulation and its sixth largest storm total accumulation on record.[51]

Snowfall totals

The following is a list of storm totals above 24 inches (61 cm). Click "hide" to collapse table.

Sources:[52][53][54][55]

Amount City/location State
36.0 inches (91 cm) Lunenburg MA
36.0 inches (91 cm) Auburn MA
36.0 inches (91 cm) Hudson MA
36.0 inches (91 cm) Milford MA
36.0 inches (91 cm) Oxford MA
34.5 inches (88 cm) Worcester MA
34.4 inches (87 cm) East Sandwich MA
34.1 inches (87 cm) Clinton MA
33.8 inches (86 cm) Chelmsford MA
33.5 inches (85 cm) Thompson CT
33.5 inches (85 cm) West Boylston MA
33.5 inches (85 cm) Framingham MA
33.2 inches (84 cm) Nashua NH
33.1 inches (84 cm) Dracut MA
33.0 inches (84 cm) Acton MA
32.5 inches (83 cm) Brewster MA
32.0 inches (81 cm) Hudson NH
32.0 inches (81 cm) Holden MA
31.5 inches (80 cm) West Harwich MA
31.5 inches (80 cm) Methuen MA
31.0 inches (79 cm) South Boston MA
31.0 inches (79 cm) Sharon MA
31.0 inches (79 cm) Gloucester MA
31.0 inches (79 cm) Milford MA
30.7 inches (78 cm) Plymouth MA
30.0 inches (76 cm) Orient NY
30.0 inches (76 cm) Putnam CT
29.0 inches (74 cm) Southampton NY
27.1 inches (69 cm) Hyannis MA
27.0 inches (69 cm) Oak Bluffs MA
26.9 inches (68 cm) Mattituck NY
26.2 inches (67 cm) Shrewsbury MA
25.6 inches (65 cm) Medford NY
25.6 inches (65 cm) Tewksbury MA
25.0 inches (64 cm) Cumberland ME
24.6 inches (62 cm) Boston MA
24.5 inches (62 cm) Quincy MA
24.4 inches (62 cm) West Gloucester RI
24.1 inches (61 cm) Fall River MA
24.0 inches (61 cm) Groton CT
24.0 inches (61 cm) West Babylon NY
24.0 inches (61 cm) Hanover MA
24.0 inches (61 cm) Marshfield MA

Disaster relief funds

In April 2015, President Obama made a federal disaster declaration for the January 26–27 snow, allowing some reimbursement for damages.[56] Massachusetts distributed an extra $30 million to cities and towns for repairs from the winter overall.[57]

Forecasting controversy

A number of New York City residents criticized New York Governor Andrew Cuomo's decision to shut down the city's subway system; it had never previously been closed due to snow. The nor'easter dropped much less snow in the city than originally expected, totaling 9.8 inches (25 cm) in Central Park. The models were 50 miles off; the storm failed to bring moisture back to New York City and New Jersey.[58][59]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to January 24–28, 2015 North American winter storm.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Winter Storm Juno.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "WPC Surface Analysis Archive". noaa.gov. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
  2. 1 2 "Fu-Berlin Map" (gif). 31 January 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  3. ↑ "WPC Surface Analysis Archive". noaa.gov. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
  4. ↑ "High Seas Forecast for Metarea IV 01/27/2015 12Z". noaa.gov. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  5. ↑ "Winter Storm Juno Hammering New England". The Weather Channel. January 26, 2015. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 Verena Dobnik (January 26, 2015). "Nor'easter threatens Northeast with up to 2 feet of snow". AOL. Associated Press. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  7. 1 2 "Weather NYC: Thousands of transatlantic travellers face serious disruption caused by New York winter storm 'Juno'". The Independent. January 26, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  8. ↑ Rubin-Oster, Brenden (January 24, 2015). "Short Range Public Discussion Jan 24 2015 335 AM EST". Weather Prediction Center. College Park, Maryland: United States National Weather Service. Archived from the original on January 25, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  9. ↑ Petersen, Daniel (January 23, 2015). "Probabilistic Heavy Snow And Icing Discussion Jan 23 2015 3:17AM EST". College Park, Maryland: Weather Prediction Center. Archived from the original on January 25, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  10. ↑ Petersen, Daniel (January 24, 2015). "Probabilistic Heavy Snow And Icing Discussion Jan 24 2015 3:49AM EST". College Park, Maryland: Weather Prediction Center. Archived from the original on January 25, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  11. ↑ Office of Satellite and Product Operation (January 25, 2015). "Satellite Precipitation Estimates Jan 25 2015 1545Z". National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  12. ↑ Office of Satellite and Product Operation (January 25, 2015). "Satellite Precipitation Estimates Jan 25 2015 1945Z". National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  13. ↑ Fanning, Amanda (January 26, 2015). "Storm Summary Number 01 For Mid-Atlantic To Northeast Major Winter Storm". Weather Prediction Center. College Park, Maryland: National Centers for Environmental Prediction. Archived from the original on January 26, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  14. ↑ Office of Satellite and Product Operation (January 26, 2015). "Satellite Precipitation Estimates Jan 26 2015 0915Z". National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  15. ↑ Petersen, Daniel (January 26, 2015). "Probabilistic Heavy Snow And Icing Discussion Jan 26 2015 4:07AM EST". College Park, Maryland: Weather Prediction Center. Archived from the original on January 26, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  16. ↑ Kong, Kwan-yin (January 26, 2015). "Storm Summary Number 02 For Mid-Atlantic To Northeast Major Winter Storm". Weather Prediction Center. College Park, Maryland: National Centers for Environmental Prediction. Archived from the original on January 26, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  17. ↑ "Winter Storm Kari Blankets Snow-Weary New England". The Weather Channel. January 29, 2015.
  18. ↑ "Fu-Berlin Map" (gif). 30 January 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  19. ↑ Linda Lam; Chris Dolce (January 26, 2015). "Winter Storm Juno: Blizzard Warnings for New York City, Boston, Parts of 7 States; Potentially Historic Northeast Snowstorm Ahead". The Weather Channel. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  20. 1 2 3 Marc Santora (January 26, 2015). "Snowstorm Barrels Into Northeast; New York City Subways and Buses Are Halted". The New York Times. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  21. ↑ "North East coast of America on unprecedented lockdown: Road and train travel banned and businesses closed as 60 million people warned to stay indoors today in anticipation of deadly blizzard". Daily Mail. January 26, 2015. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
  22. ↑ "NWS: 18–24 inches for Burlington and Lower Bucks; 14–18 for parts of Bucks, Montco". Burlington County Times. January 25, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
  23. ↑ Howard Sheppard (January 26, 2015). "Governor signs disaster emergency proclamation". Fox 43 News. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  24. ↑ Berger, Michele; Bonaccorso, N. (January 27, 2015). "Philadelphia, Mid-Atlantic States: Less Snow Than Expected from Juno". The Weather Channel. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
  25. ↑ Charles Kim (January 25, 2015). "Region prepares for possible blizzard". Central Jersey. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
  26. ↑ Susan Livio (January 26, 2015). "Christie declares state of emergency for N.J. blizzard, urges residents to stay home". NJ Advance Media. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  27. ↑ "Going Somewhere? Planes, Trains and Automobiles Prep for Blizzard". A Breaking News. January 25, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
  28. ↑ "Governor Cuomo Urges New Yorkers to Prepare for Major Snowstorm Forecasted to Hit Downstate Areas on Monday and Tuesday". Albany, New York: New York State. January 25, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
  29. ↑ Major Nor'easter to Disrupt Travel for Millions Bringing Heavy Snow and Blizzard Conditions ABC News, January 25, 2015
  30. ↑ "Travel Ban Issued, Schools Dismiss in Advance of Blizzard". NBC Connecticut. January 26, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  31. ↑ "Governor Orders Travel Ban As of 9 p.m.". CBS Connecticut. January 26, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  32. ↑ Jim Levulis (January 26, 2015). "MA And CT Declare State Of Emergency, Issues Travel Bans As Winter Blast Nears". WAMC Northeast Public Radio. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  33. ↑ "RI governor: Prepare for possible dangerous weather event". Associated Press. January 25, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
  34. ↑ Dee DeQuattro (January 26, 2015). "Raimondo announces State of Emergency for RI". ABC 6 News. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  35. ↑ "State of emergency declared; travel ban imposed in Massachusetts". WCVB 5 News. January 26, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  36. ↑ Colin Spence (January 26, 2015). "SE Massachusetts makes preparations for blizzard". WPRI 12 News (Fall Rivers, Massachusetts). Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  37. ↑ "Weather Data". Environment Canada. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  38. ↑ "Weather data". wunderground. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  39. ↑ "Snowstorm hits the Maritimes". Global News. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  40. ↑ "1st death of storm reported: Teen dies after sledding accident". WCVB.
  41. ↑ "Bay Shore man, 83, found dead on Long Island, police say". Newsday. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  42. ↑ NBA POSTPONES TONIGHT’S GAMES IN NEW YORK AREA DUE TO WEATHER CONDITIONS National Basketball Association.com (01/26/2015)
  43. ↑ "National Guard rescues Scituate residents". Boston Globe. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  44. ↑ "Massachusetts Town of Scituate Cuts Power to Prevent Flood Fires". NBC News. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  45. ↑ Erin Smith. "Scenes from Juno: Marshfield seawall crumbling, homes condemned". bostonherald.com. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  46. ↑ Fitzgerald, Jay (January 27, 2015). "Utilities emerge from storm with fewer outages than feared". Boston Globe. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  47. ↑ "USS Providence damaged after falling in storm's strong winds". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  48. 1 2 "Snow closes schools, causes wrecks goes away quickly". Richmond.com. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  49. ↑ "D.C. area forecast: Tricky storm brings snow tonight into Monday, cold start to the week". Washington Post. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  50. ↑ "Mid-Atlantic dealt 'glancing blow,' avoids worst of storm". stardem.com. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  51. ↑ Jeffrey Masters; Bob Henson (January 28, 2015). "Blizzard of 2015 brings 2–3' of Snow and Questions About Forecast Accuracy". Weather Underground. Weather Underground. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  52. ↑ "Storm Reports: 2 Feet of Snow, 70 mph Winds". The Weather Channel. January 26, 2015.
  53. ↑ "How Did East Coast Blizzard of 2015 Play Out?". accuweather.com. January 30, 2015.
  54. ↑ "National Weather Service – Eastern Region Hydrometeorological Event Display". noaa.gov.
  55. ↑ "Public Information Statement Spotter Reports National Weather Service Taunton MA". weather.gov.
  56. ↑ http://www.masslive.com/politics/index.ssf/2015/04/obama_approves_massachusetts_d.html
  57. ↑ http://www.mass.gov/governor/press-office/press-releases/fy2015/winter-recovery-assistance-program-announced.html
  58. ↑ Flegenheimer, Matt. "Leaders in New York and New Jersey Defend Shutdown for a Blizzard That Wasn’t". New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  59. ↑ Dolce, Chris; Lam, Linda; Wiltgen, Nick. "Juno: Heavy Snow Continues in New England". Weather.com. The Weather Channel, LLC. Retrieved 28 January 2015.

External links

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