Jennifer Connelly

Jennifer Connelly

A woman with brown hair smiles into the camera. Behind her, there is a blue wall full of logos.

Born Jennifer Lynn Connelly
(1970-12-12) December 12, 1970
Cairo, New York, U.S.
Occupation Actress
Years active 1982–present
Spouse(s) Paul Bettany (m. 2003)
Children 3

Jennifer Lynn Connelly (born December 12, 1970)[1] is an American film actress who began her career as a child model. She appeared in magazine, newspaper and television advertising, before she made her debut role in the 1984 crime film Once Upon a Time in America. Connelly continued modeling and acting, starring in films such as the 1986 film Labyrinth and the 1991 films Career Opportunities and The Rocketeer. She gained critical acclaim for her work in the 1998 science fiction film Dark City and for her portrayal of Marion Silver in the 2000 drama Requiem for a Dream.

In 2002, Connelly won an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award and a BAFTA Award for her supporting role as Alicia Nash in Ron Howard's 2001 biopic A Beautiful Mind. Her later credits include the 2003 Marvel superhero film Hulk where she played Bruce Banner's true love Betty Ross, the 2005 horror film Dark Water, the 2006 drama Blood Diamond, the 2008 science fiction remake The Day the Earth Stood Still, the 2009 romantic comedy He's Just Not That into You and the 2009 biographical drama Creation. She re-teamed with her Requiem for a Dream director Darren Aronofsky and A Beautiful Mind co-star Russell Crowe for the 2014 biblical epic Noah.

Connelly was named Amnesty International Ambassador for Human Rights Education in 2005. She has been the face of Balenciaga fashion advertisements, as well as for Revlon cosmetics. In 2012, she was named the first global face of the Shiseido Company. Magazines including Time, Vanity Fair and Esquire, as well as the Los Angeles Times newspaper have included her on their lists of the world's most beautiful women.

Early life

Connelly was born in Cairo, New York, in the Catskill Mountains. She is the daughter of Ilene, an antiques dealer, and Gerard Karl Connelly (1941–2008), a clothing manufacturer.[2][3] Her father was Roman Catholic of Irish and Norwegian descent. Her mother was Jewish and was educated at a yeshiva; Ilene's family had emigrated from Poland and Russia.[4][5] Connelly was raised primarily in Brooklyn Heights, near the Brooklyn Bridge, where she attended Saint Ann's, a private school specializing in the Arts.[5] Her father suffered from asthma, so the family moved to Woodstock, New York, in 1976 to escape the city smog.[2] Four years later, the family returned to Brooklyn Heights, and Connelly returned to Saint Ann's.[6]

Career

Child modeling and early film appearances

When Connelly was 10 years old, an advertising executive friend of her father suggested she audition as a model.[7] Her parents sent a picture of her to the Ford Modeling Agency, which shortly after added her to its roster. Connelly began modeling for print advertisements before moving on to television commercials.[3][8] In an interview with The Guardian, she revealed that, after having done some modeling, she had no aspirations to become an actor.[9] She appeared on the cover of several issues of Seventeen in 1986 and 1988.[10][11][12][13] In December 1986, she recorded two pop songs for the Japanese market: "Monologue of Love" and "Message of Love".[14] Connelly sang in phonetic Japanese as she did not speak the language.[8]

Her mother started taking her to acting auditions. At once, Connelly was selected for a supporting role as the aspiring dancer and actress Deborah Gelly in Sergio Leone's 1984 gangster epic Once Upon a Time in America.[5][8] The role required performing a ballet routine. During the audition, Connelly, who had no ballet training, tried to imitate a ballerina. Her performance, and the similarity of her nose to Elizabeth McGovern's, who played the character as an adult, convinced the director to cast her.[15][16] Connelly described the movie as "an incredibly idyllic introduction to movie-making".[17] While Once Upon a Time in America was being filmed, Connelly made her first television appearance, in the episode "Stranger in Town" of the British series Tales of the Unexpected.[18]

Her first leading role was in Italian giallo-director Dario Argento's 1985 film Phenomena, as a girl who uses her psychic powers to communicate with insects, in order to pursue the serial killer of students of the Swiss school where she has just enrolled.[19] She next had the lead in the coming-of-age movie Seven Minutes in Heaven, released the same year.[20]

Of her early career, she said, "Before I knew it, [acting] became what I did. It was a very peculiar way to grow up, combined with my personality."[9] She described feeling like "a kind of walking puppet" through her adolescence, without having time alone to deal with the attention her career was generating.[9]

1980s–1990s

Connelly gained public recognition with Jim Henson's 1986 film Labyrinth with David Bowie, in which she played Sarah, a teenager on a quest to rescue her brother Toby from the world of goblins. Although a disappointment at the box office,[21] the film later became a cult classic.[22] The New York Times, while noting the importance of her part, panned her portrayal: "Jennifer Connelly as Sarah is unfortunately disappointing. ... She looks right, but she lacks conviction and seems to be reading rehearsed lines that are recited without belief in her goal or real need to accomplish it."[23] Two years later, she starred as a ballet student in the Italian film Étoile,[24] and portrayed college student Gabby in Michael Hoffman's Some Girls.[25]

Balancing work and school, she studied English for two years at Yale University in 1988 and 1989, before transferring to Stanford University in 1990 to study drama.[26] There, she trained with Roy London, Howard Fine and Harold Guskin.[27] Encouraged by her parents to continue with her film career,[3] Connelly left college and returned to the movie industry the same year.[26]

In 1990, Dennis Hopper directed The Hot Spot, in which Connelly played Gloria Harper, a woman being blackmailed.[28] The film was a box office failure but Connelly was praised.[7] Stephen Schaefer wrote for USA Today, "Anyone looking for proof that little girls do grow up fast in the movies should take a gander at curvaceous Jennifer Connelly [...] in The Hot Spot. Not yet 20, Connelly has neatly managed the transition from child actress to ingenue". During an interview with Shaeffer, Connelly commented on her first nude scene: "The nudity was hard for me and something I thought about...but it's not in a sleazy context".[7] The same year, director Garry Marshall considered her for the role of Vivian Ward in Pretty Woman, but ultimately felt that she was too young for the part.[29]

Connelly's next film was the 1991 romantic comedy Career Opportunities, starring alongside Frank Whaley.[30] People magazine criticized the film for exploiting Connelly's body. The marketing included a life-size cardboard cutout showing Whaley watching Connelly ride a mechanical horse, with the caption "He's about to have the ride of his life".[8] In an interview with Rolling Stone, Connelly said that a Yale professor brought it to her attention and "... that wasn't something I felt all that comfortable about".[17]

The big-budget Disney film The Rocketeer (1991) followed later that year, but failed to ignite her career.[31] She played Jenny Blake, the aspiring actress girlfriend of stunt pilot Cliff, "the Rocketeer".[32] New York characterized the movie as "pallid". The review said of her performance, "Connelly is properly cast; she has the moist, full-to-the-cheek bones sensuality of the Hollywood starlets of that period, but she's a little straight".[33] She appeared alongside Jason Priestley in the Roy Orbison music video for "I Drove All Night" the following year.[34]

Connelly next appeared in Of Love and Shadows, a 1994 Argentine-American drama film written and directed by Betty Kaplan starring Antonio Banderas. In 1995, director John Singleton cast Connelly as a lesbian college student in Higher Learning.[35] She next appeared in the 1996 independent film Far Harbor as Elie, a prominent person in a Hollywood studio who writes a screenplay based on her traumas.[36]

It was followed that year by the neo-noir crime thriller Mulholland Falls, which featured the murder of Allison Pond (Connelly), mistress of General Timms (John Malkovich), and the investigation by a group of detectives led by Maxwell Hoover (Nick Nolte).[37] New York magazine wrote about a clip that reveals the link between Timms and Pond: "This footage is actually dirty. That is, it makes us feel like voyeurs when looking at it, but it's so juicily erotic that we can hardly look away".[38] About nudity in the movie, Connelly said: "It kind of shocked everyone who knows me that I wound up doing this movie, because I had always been so careful about nudity, it was very much a part of this character and I couldn't be coy or guarded or self-conscious--otherwise it wouldn't work. It was sort of a challenge I wanted to take on, I guess".[7]

She began to appear in small-budget films which did well with critics, such as 1997's drama Inventing the Abbotts, set in the late 1950s, in which she played the part of Eleanor, one of three daughters of the town millionaire, Lloyd Abbott.[39] About her performance, director Ron Howard said, "She not only was beautiful and seductive but gave some difficult psychological moments in the film a lot of depth and complexity. She had an extraordinary combination of talent and beauty, and I guess I stored that information in the back of my brain".[7]

Her next appearance was in the critically acclaimed 1998 science fiction film Dark City, where she played alongside Rufus Sewell, William Hurt, Ian Richardson and Kiefer Sutherland.[40] Connelly portrayed femme fatale Emma, a torch singer whose husband, John Murdoch (Rufus Sewell), suffers from amnesia. As Murdoch is regaining his memories, Emma is kidnapped by Mr. Hand (Richard O'Brien) and The Strangers, who alter her memories and assign her a new identity.[41][42] Author Sean McMullen wrote, "Jennifer Connelly is visually splendid as the 1940s femme fatale (Emma)."[43]

The animated drawing of Aladdin [44] was modelled after Tom Cruise and Jasmine was based on Connelly.

Early 2000s

In 2001, Ed Harris directed Connelly in the biopic Pollock in which she played Ruth Kligman, Jackson Pollock's mistress.[45] In 2000 she appeared in what critics considered her breakthrough film, Requiem for a Dream, directed by Darren Aronofsky and based on the novel of the same name by Hubert Selby, Jr.[46] Connelly played Marion Silver, the girlfriend of Harry, played by Jared Leto; the movie also starred Marlon Wayans and Ellen Burstyn.[47][48] Her character is a middle-class girl from Manhattan Beach who pursues the dream of establishing a dress shop. She becomes addicted to heroin and descends into a life of prostitution.[49] Connelly prepared for the role by renting an apartment in the building where the character lived. During her time in the apartment, Connelly isolated herself, painted, listened to music that she considered that her character would, designed clothes, and used the time to reflect about addictions and their origin. Connelly also talked to addicts and attended Narcotics Anonymous meetings with a friend who was in recovery.[7] Critics acclaimed the individual performances for the actors' emotional courage in portraying physical and mental degradation.[50] Connelly said she became interested in the script for its depiction of the addictions and their effects on the lives and affections of the characters and their relatives.[51]

The critic Elvis Mitchell wrote in The New York Times,

"Ms. Connelly, too, whittled herself down to a new weight class, and it's her performance that gives the movie weight, since her fall is the most precipitous. By the end, when she curls into a happy fetal ball with a furtive smile on her face, she has come to love her debasement.... Her dank realization is more disturbing than anything in the novel, and Ms. Connelly has never before done anything to prepare us for how good she is here."[50]

During 2000, she appeared as Catherine Miller in the FOX drama series The $treet, about a brokerage house in New York.[52]

Also in 2000, she appeared in Waking the Dead, a film based on the 1986 novel of the same name, playing Sarah Williams, an activist killed by a car bomb in Minneapolis while she was driving Chilean refugees(Strangely, Sarah Williams was also the name of Connelly's character in Labyrinth).[53] Initially, director Keith Gordon was reluctant to cast Connelly in this role as he did not consider her a serious actress. Her agent Risa Shapiro persuaded him to watch Connelly's performance in Far Harbor. Gordon later said: "There was a subtlety and depth even to her gaze that captured more of the relationship than I ever could have hoped for."[16] About her role, Connelly said, "Waking the Dead was the first film I worked on where whatever I did felt like my own thing. I was really trying to make something of the part and threw myself into it, so that meant a lot to me".[54] The New York Times described her performance, "As Sarah, Ms. Connelly captures a burning ethereality and willfulness that are very much of the period. And she and Mr. Crudup connect powerfully in love scenes that convey the fierce tenderness of a relationship whose passion carries a tinge of religious fervor."[55]

The script of Ron Howard's 2001 film A Beautiful Mind, loosely based on Sylvia Nasar's 1998 biography of the mathematician John Nash, sparked her interest in the project.[56] Connelly was invited to an audition after her agent Risa Shapiro sent the producers a tape with a clip of the yet unreleased Requiem for a Dream. She was cast by the film's producer, Brian Grazer, as Alicia Nash, the caring and enduring wife of the brilliant, schizophrenic mathematician, played by Russell Crowe.[57] Howard and the producers eventually chose them after being particularly impressed by their screen chemistry.[58] The film was a critical and commercial success, grossing more than US$313 million worldwide.[59] Connelly had the chance to meet the real Alicia Nash before starting shooting and learned more about her life.[9] For her portrayal, Connelly earned a Golden Globe,[60] an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress,[61] and a BAFTA for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.[62] Time magazine critic Richard Schickel called her performance "luminous" and the actress intelligent and passionate.[63] Roger Ebert wrote, "...Jennifer Connelly is luminous as Alicia. Although the showier performance belongs to Crowe, it is Connelly's complex work, depicting a woman torn by love for and fear of the same man, that elevates the film to a higher level".[64]

Connelly said afterward, "[A Beautiful Mind] is the film I'm really proud of and really love."[35] A.O. Scott of The New York Times said, "There is, for one thing, Ms. Connelly, keen and spirited in the underwritten role of a woman who starts out as a math groupie and soon finds herself the helpmeet of a disturbed, difficult man."[65]

In relation to previous roles, Connelly said:

"There was a period where I felt like I wasn't quite being considered for the projects that I wanted to work on because maybe people were thinking. 'I'm not going to cast the girl who was in that movie for this adult project.' I've felt for a long time that this is what I want to do so I'm happy at this point to just take my time and work on projects that I feel really strongly about and the rest of the time just live my life."[7]

Connelly said that she became interested in Ang Lee's Hulk (2003) because of his philosophical perspective on the Marvel Comics superhero.[66] She played Betty Ross, a scientist and the former girlfriend of the main character, Bruce Banner. The film was a moderate success.[67]

It was followed the same year by House of Sand and Fog, a drama based on the novel by Andre Dubus III. She portrayed Kathy Nicolo, an abandoned wife whose inherited house is sold at auction to the Iranian emigre and former colonel Massoud Amir Behrani (Ben Kingsley).[68] After reading the script, Connelly said: "(the story is) moving and beautifully written. I liked the fact that there is no good guy and bad guy. I found it really compelling that both sides do things that are morally questionable, because life is often like that." Producer Michael London said about Connelly's portrayal: "I think she understood Kathy and knew in her bones that she could take this character and give her the kind of dimension that she had. I don't think there is another actress who could have played Kathy with such power and grace."[69] The film received worldwide critical acclaim, with a BBC reporter commenting, "[Connelly] convinces totally as a selfish, desperate and lonely woman who confesses to her brother, 'I just feel lost'".[70]

2005–present

A brown haired woman, wearing a white dress with small flowers detail and a black ribbon in her hips. She is also wearing pendants. Behind her there is a woman dress with a white shirt and a white skirt with big flowers details.
Connelly in Central Park, New York City, June 2005

After a two-year absence from the film scene, Connelly returned in the 2005 horror/psychological thriller Dark Water, which was based on a 2002 Japanese film of the same name.[8] She played Dahlia, a frightened young woman traumatized by her past, who moves with her daughter to an apartment in New York City where paranormal happenings take place.[71] In his review, critic Roger Ebert wrote, "I cared about the Jennifer Connelly character; she is not a horror heroine but an actress playing a mother faced with horror. There is a difference, and because of that difference, Dark Water works".[72]

She played Kathy Adamson in an adaptation of the novel Little Children alongside Kate Winslet, a movie which focuses on the relationship between Sarah Pierce (played by Winslet) and Brad Adamson (Patrick Wilson).[73] Connelly co-starred in Blood Diamond opposite Leonardo DiCaprio where she portrayed journalist Maddy Bowen, who is working on exposing the real story behind blood diamonds.[74] New York praised her performance: "Connelly is such a smart, sane, unhistrionic actress that she almost disguises the fact that her character is a wheeze."[75] Both Little Children and Blood Diamond were nominated for multiple Academy Awards.[76]

Her next appearance was as Grace in the drama Reservation Road with Joaquin Phoenix and Mark Ruffalo, a film released in 2007.[77] After her son dies in a hit-and-run, Grace gradually tries to overcome her grief, while her husband Ethan (Joaquin Phoenix) becomes obsessed with discovering who killed him.[78] By her own account, the character she played in the movie proved tougher than any of her previous roles.[79] USA Today's Susan Wloszczyna commented, "The strong performances of Jennifer Connelly and Mark Ruffalo ... raise the film above overheated melodrama".[80]

Parisian fashion house Balenciaga and Revlon cosmetics signed Connelly as the face of their 2008 campaigns.[81][82] Connelly portrayed astrobiologist Helen Benson alongside Keanu Reeves in the 2008 remake of the 1951 science fiction film The Day The Earth Stood Still. Unlike the original movie, in which Benson was a secretary and her relationship with Klaatu was the focus, the remake featured Benson in a troubled relationship with her stepson, portrayed by Jaden Smith.[83] This was followed by a role in the 2009 romantic comedy He's Just Not That Into You, which also featured Jennifer Aniston and Ginnifer Goodwin.[84] The film was based on the self-help book of the same name.[85] Variety praised her portrayal: "Despite its layer of darkness Connelly gives a really rich performance as a woman whose principles back her into a corner".[86]

In 2009, she appeared in the costume drama biopic Creation, in which she played Emma Darwin, wife of Charles Darwin, opposite her real-life husband Paul Bettany.[87] Set during the writing of On the Origin of Species, the movie depicts Darwin's struggle with the subject of the book as well as with his wife, who opposed his theories, and their mourning for their daughter Annie.[88] The San Francisco Chronicle wrote, "Darwin's wife, a religious woman who disapproved of her husband's theories, is played by Jennifer Connelly, Bettany's real-life wife, in the kind of casting that doesn't always work, but it does here. We believe in the Darwins' history together, their familiarity and affection. Connelly's English accent is also as good as Renée Zellweger's and Gwyneth Paltrow's. She doesn't get just the sounds right, but also the music and the attitude".[89] She then voiced the character named "7", an adventurous warrior in the animated film 9.[90]

Connelly at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival

Dustin Lance Black's Virginia premiered on September 15, 2010, at the Toronto International Film Festival. Two years later, it was announced that the movie would receive a limited theatrical release in May 2012.[91][92] Connelly portrayed the title role of Virginia, a mentally unstable woman who has a 20-year affair with the local sheriff, whose daughter then starts a relationship with Virginia's son.[93] Connelly prepared for the role by watching documentaries on schizophrenia. She also spent time at the New York State Psychiatric Institute and the New York University's Cancer Center to understand the afflections and obstacles of her character. While she was preparing for the role, director Dustin Lance Black requested Connelly's advice to design the set of Virginia's house, as well as the selection of the apparel to create the character's style.[94]

She described the film as a "very different" and "very personal" independent film.[95] According to Cinema Blend, "Virginia is propped up by a strong central performance, with Connelly doing some of her best work in years".[96]

In 2011, Connelly starred in Ron Howard's comedy The Dilemma with Vince Vaughn. Although the Austin Chronicle's review noted, "Vaughn nails it, and his nicely nuanced everyguy performance is aided by the always-excellent Connelly,"[97] the movie opened to generally negative reviews.[98] Variety remarked, "Connelly, though a shade looser and more spontaneous than usual, seems stuck at an emotional remove from the action".[99] Her next project, George Ratliff's Salvation Boulevard, premiered during the 2011 Sundance Film Festival.[100] In the film Connelly played Gwen, the wife of Carl Vanderveer (Greg Kinnear); the couple are members of the Church of the Third Millennium, led by pastor Dan (Pierce Brosnan).[101] During the same year, Connelly recorded an audiobook version of Paul Bowles' The Sheltering Sky, which integrates the A-List Collection of Audible.com, released in March 2012.[102][103]

Her next project, starred alongside Greg Kinnear was the family drama Stuck in Love, the directorial debut of Josh Boone. Connelly played the ex-wife of Kinnear's character, with whom he is obsessed.[104][105] The film was premiered during the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival.[106]

In February 2012, Connelly was announced as the first global brand ambassador for Shiseido, having previously worked with the company in the 1980s in a series of advertisements for the Japanese market.[107] On August 2013, it was announced that Connelly was cast by her husband, Paul Bettany, for his directorial debut Shelter.[108] Connelly had a role in the 2014 film adaptation of the 1983 Mark Helprin novel, Winter's Tale, the directorial debut of Akiva Goldsman, alongside Colin Farrell and William Hurt;[109] As well as starring in the English-speaking directorial debut of Claudia Llosa Cry/Fly.[110]

Working again in collaboration with A Beautiful Mind co-star Russell Crowe, she portrayed Naameh in Darren Aronofsky's 2014 biblical epic Noah.[111] The film opened to favorable reviews.[112] The Washington Post declared Connelly and Crowe's performances "impressively grounded, powerful";[113] The Denver Post felt that Connelly portrayed the role with "fine intelligence".[114] Variety deemed her appearance "solid but underused",[115] while Detroit News stated "Connelly has too little to do, but when she lets go, she hits hard."[116] Indiewire wrote that Connelly conveyed the role with a "steady hand",[117] while St. Paul Pioneer Press defined her interpretation as "compelling".[118]

Personal life

A brown hair woman signs autographs for fans. She wears a red dress. Behind her there is a blond man dressed with a suit. The woman and the man are facing a crowd of fans.
Connelly and her husband, Paul Bettany, at the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival

While filming The Rocketeer, she began a romance with co-star Billy Campbell. They were involved for five years before they broke up in 1996.[119] Her first son, Kai, was born in 1997, with photographer David Dugan.[120]

On January 1, 2003, in a private family ceremony in Scotland she married actor Paul Bettany whom she had met while working on A Beautiful Mind.[121] The couple's first child, Stellan, named after their friend, actor Stellan Skarsgård,[122] was born the same year. She gave birth to her third child, Agnes Lark, on May 31, 2011, in New York City.[123]

On November 14, 2005, Connelly was named Amnesty International Ambassador for Human Rights Education.[124] She appeared in an advertisement highlighting the global need for clean water, and sought donations for African, Indian, and Central American drilling projects for the non-profit organization Charity: Water.[125] On May 2, 2009, she participated in Revlon's annual 5k Run/Walk for Women.[126] In May 2012, Connelly was named ambassador for Save the Children fund, to advocate for children's rights in the United States and worldwide.[127]

Publications such as Vanity Fair, Esquire, and the Los Angeles Times have ranked her among the most beautiful women in the world.[128][129][130]

Filmography

Feature films and television shows
Year Title Role Director Notes
1982 Tales of the Unexpected The Girl Wendy Toye TV show; Episode: "Stranger in Town"
1984 Once Upon a Time in America Young Deborah Gelly Sergio Leone Debut film role
1985 Phenomena Jennifer Corvino Dario Argento First starring role
1985 Seven Minutes in Heaven Natalie Becker Linda Feferman
1986 Labyrinth Sarah Williams Jim Henson
1988 Some Girls Gabriella d'Arc Michael Hoffman
1989 Étoile (Ballet) Claire Hamilton / Natalie Horvath Peter Del Monte
1990 The Hot Spot Gloria Harper Dennis Hopper
1991 Career Opportunities Josie McClellan Bryan Gordon
1991 The Rocketeer Jenny Blake Joe Johnston Nominated—Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress
1992 The Heart of Justice Emma Burgess Bruno Barreto TV Movie
1994 Of Love and Shadows Irene Betty Kaplan
1995 Higher Learning Taryn John Singleton
1996 Mulholland Falls Allison Pond Lee Tamahori
1996 Far Harbor Ellie John Huddles
1997 Inventing the Abbotts Eleanor Abbott Pat O'Connor
1998 Dark City Emma Murdoch / Anna Alex Proyas
2000 Waking the Dead Sarah Williams Keith Gordon
2000 Pollock Ruth Kligman Ed Harris
2000 The $treet Catherine Miller Michael Dinner Television series
2000 Requiem for a Dream Marion Silver Darren Aronofsky Nominated—Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female
Nominated—Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress
Nominated—Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress
Nominated—Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress
2001 A Beautiful Mind Alicia Nash Ron Howard Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
American Film Institute Award for Best Supporting Actress
BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role
Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress
Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture
Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress
Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress
Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress
Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress
Southeastern Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress
Nominated—Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress
Nominated—Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress
Nominated—Empire Award for Best Actress
Nominated—Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress
Nominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role
Nominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
2003 Hulk Betty Ross Ang Lee Nominated—Saturn Award for Best Actress
2003 House of Sand and Fog Kathy Nicolo Vadim Perelman Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress
Nominated—Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress
Nominated—Central Ohio Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress
Nominated—Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress
Nominated—Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama
Nominated—Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress
2005 Dark Water Dahlia Williams Walter Salles
2006 Little Children Kathy Adamson Todd Field
2006 Blood Diamond Maddy Bowen Edward Zwick
2007 Reservation Road Grace Learner Terry George
2008 The Day the Earth Stood Still Helen Benson Scott Derrickson
2009 He's Just Not That Into You Janine Gunders Ken Kwapis
2009 Inkheart Roxane Iain Softley
2009 9 7 Shane Acker Voice role
2009 Creation Emma Darwin Jon Amiel
2010 Virginia Virginia Dustin Lance Black
2011 The Dilemma Beth Ron Howard
2011 Salvation Boulevard Gwen Vanderveer George Ratliff
2012 Stuck in Love Erica Josh Boone
2014 Winter's Tale Virginia Gamely Akiva Goldsman
2014 Aloft Nana Kunning Claudia Llosa
2014 Noah Naameh Darren Aronofsky
2014 Shelter Hannah Paul Bettany
2016 American Pastoral Dawn Dwyer Levov Ewan McGregor Filming

References

  1. ↑ "Monitor". Entertainment Weekly (1237): 26. Dec 14, 2012.
  2. 1 2 Sischy, Ingrid (April 1, 2002). "How holding out for something that mattered paid off". Interview Magazine (Brant Publications): 36.
  3. 1 2 3 Schneider, Karen S. (February 4, 2002). "Jennifer Connelly's love saves Russell Crowe in a Beautiful Mind—but her no. 1 guy is 4-year-old Kai". People. pp. 73, 74. ISSN 0093-7673. Retrieved September 1, 2009.
  4. ↑ Dicker, Ron (July 3, 2005). "Jennifer Connelly feeling more at home in her career". Hartford Courant. Retrieved December 14, 2008. "She jokes that she was raised with a double dose of guilt, having an Irish Catholic father and a Jewish mother who was schooled at a yeshiva in New Rochelle."
  5. 1 2 3 Connelly, Jennifer (November 7, 2004). Inside The Actors Studio: Jennifer Connelly. Interview with Lipton, James. Inside The Actors Studio. Bravo. New York.
  6. ↑ "Jennifer Connelly Biography". Biography Channel. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Thompson, Clifford (2002). Current Biography Yearbook 2002. H.W. Wilson. pp. 115–118. ISBN 978-0-8242-1026-7.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Wills, Dominic (2008). "Jennifer Connelly biography". TalkTalk. Tiscali UK Limited. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Rentilly, J. (February 23, 2002). "Prime Number". The Guardian (London: Guardian Media Group). Retrieved October 27, 2011.
  10. ↑ "Cover". Seventeen Magazine (Hearst Communications, Inc.). April 1986. 714356-04.
  11. ↑ "Cover". Seventeen Magazine (Hearst Communications, Inc.). August 1986. 714356-08.
  12. ↑ "Cover". Seventeen Magazine (Hearst Communications, Inc.). April 1987. 714356-04.
  13. ↑ "Cover". Seventeen Magazine (Hearst Communications, Inc.). December 1988. 714357-12.
  14. ↑ Monologue of Love (7-inch disk). Jennifer Connelly. Toshiba East World Records. 1986. WTP-17908.
  15. ↑ Aghdashloo, Shohreh (February 2004). "Jennifer Connelly's Mystery Revealed". Interview (Brant Publications): 107. ASIN B0018A7KQI. UPC 07447001517802.
  16. 1 2 Testino, Mario (September 2002). "The Intriguing Miss Connelly" (505): 318–325; 374–376. ISSN 0733-8899.
  17. 1 2 Wild, David (August 8, 1991). "Jennifer Connelly: Love and Rockets". Rolling Stone (Wenner Media LLC). Retrieved April 9, 2015.
  18. ↑ Lentz, Harris (1994). Science Fiction, Horror & Fantasy Film and Television Credits: Supplement 2, Through 1993 4. McFarland. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-89950-927-3.
  19. ↑ Kenneth Muir, John (2007). Horror films of the 1980s. McFarland. p. 431. ISBN 978-0-7864-2821-2.
  20. ↑ "Seven Minutes in Heaven (1986)". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). Retrieved September 2, 2010.
  21. ↑ "Labyrinth (1986)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
  22. ↑ Sparrow, A.E. (September 11, 2006). "Return to Labyrinth vol. 1 review". IGN. News Corporation. Retrieved August 11, 2010.
  23. ↑ Darnton, Nina (June 27, 1986). "Labyrinth (1986) screen: Jim Henson's 'Labyrinth'". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). Retrieved April 19, 2011.
  24. ↑ "Étoile (ballet) (1988)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. 2010. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
  25. ↑ Hirschberg, Lynn (2005). "Some Girls review". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). Retrieved August 11, 2010.
  26. 1 2 Laufenberg, Norbert B. (2005). Entertainment Celebrities. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4120-5335-8. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
  27. ↑ "Jennifer Connelly biography". Turner Classic Movies. Turner Broadcasting System. 2009. Retrieved August 8, 2010.
  28. ↑ Maslin, Janet (October 12, 1990). "The Hot Spot (1990)". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). Retrieved March 23, 2011.
  29. ↑ Pretty Woman: 15th anniversary. Buena Vista Home Entertainment, Touchstone. 2005.
  30. ↑ Pratt, Douglas (2004). Doug Pratt's DVD: Movies, Television, Music, Art, Adult, and More!, Volume 1. UNET 2 Corporation. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-932916-00-3.
  31. ↑ "Ten actors that started out right". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixter. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
  32. ↑ Smith, Dave (1998). Disney A to Z: The Updated Official Encyclopedia. Hyperion. p. 475. ISBN 0-7868-6391-9. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
  33. ↑ Denby, David (June 24, 1991). "Rambo Hood". New York (New York Media LLC) 24 (25). ISSN 0028-7369. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  34. ↑ "Roy Orbison – I drove all night". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved August 11, 2010.
  35. 1 2 "Jennifer Connelly biography". MSN Movies. Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved August 18, 2010.
  36. ↑ Craddock, Jim (2005). Videohound's Golden Movie Retriever 2005. Thomson/Gale. p. 287. ISBN 978-0-7876-7470-0.
  37. ↑ Hirsch, Foster (1999). Detours and Lost Highways: A Map of Neo-Noir. Limelight Editions. ISBN 978-0-87910-288-3.
  38. ↑ Denby, David (May 13, 1996). "The Bad Old Days". New York 29 (19): 58. ISSN 0028-7369.
  39. ↑ Huang, Teresa (1997). "The good old days really weren't so easy" (PDF). The Tech Online Edition (The Tech) 117 (16): 9. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  40. ↑ "Dark City". Metacritic. Retrieved August 16, 2010.
  41. ↑ Murray, Robin; Heumann, Joseph (2009). Ecology and Popular Film: Cinema on the Edge. Suny Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-7914-7677-2.
  42. ↑ Newman, Kim (2002). Science fiction/Horror. BFI Publishing. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-85170-896-6.
  43. ↑ Goldsmith, Ben; Lealand, Geoff (2010). Directory of World Cinema: Australia and New Zealand. Intellect Books. p. 235. ISBN 978-1-84150-373-8.
  44. ↑ https://www.londontheatredirect.com/post/737/Facts-You-May-Not-Know-About-Aladdin-Part1-.aspx. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  45. ↑ Ebert, Roger (2008). Roger Ebert's Four Star Reviews 1967-2007. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 608. ISBN 978-0-7407-7179-8.
  46. ↑ Lemmons, Stephen (October 26, 2000). "Requiem For a Dream author Hubert Selby Jr.". Salon.com (Salon Media Group, Inc). Retrieved March 23, 2011.
  47. ↑ "Requiem For a Dream". Official Site of the Cannes Film Festival. Festival International de Cannes. Retrieved August 18, 2010.
  48. ↑ Ebert, Roger (November 3, 2000). "Requiem for a Dream". Chicago Sun-Times (Sun-Times Media Group). Retrieved August 18, 2010.
  49. ↑ McGowan, Todd; Kunkle, Sheila (2004). Lacan and Contemporary Film. Other Press, LLC. p. 14. ISBN 1-59051-084-4.
  50. 1 2 Mitchell, Elvis (April 5, 2011). "Requiem for a Dream (2000)". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). Retrieved March 23, 2011.
  51. ↑ Mottram, James (2000). "Jennifer Connelly: Requiem for a Dream". BBC. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
  52. ↑ The New York Times television reviews 2000. The New York Times (Routledge). 2001. pp. 504, 525. ISBN 978-1-57958-060-5.
  53. ↑ Stark, Jeff (May 19, 1986). "Books: Ambitions: Waking the Dead". Time (Time, Inc). Retrieved March 23, 2011.
  54. ↑ Sischy, Ingrid (December 2006) [January 2007]. "They may have put her in a cage, but here's an actress who won't be tamed". Interview Magazine (Brant Publications): 111. UPC 07148601517801.
  55. ↑ "Film Review; The ghosts of idealism and an obsessive love". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). March 24, 2000. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  56. ↑ Danna, Kennedy (November 4, 2001). "Jennifer Connelly: Ever more familiar, but still hard to get to know". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). Retrieved June 15, 2011.
  57. ↑ Russell Crowe, Jennifer Connelly, Ron Howard (2002). A Beautiful Mind DVD featurette: Casting Russell Crowe and Jennifer Connelly (Motion picture). Universal studios/DreamWorks.
  58. ↑ Hirshenson, Janet; Jenkins, Jane; Kranz, Rachel (2007). A Star Is Found: Our Adventures Casting Some of Hollywood's Biggest Movies. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-603365-7. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  59. ↑ "A Beautiful Mind (2001)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 2, 2011.
  60. ↑ "The 59th Annual Golden Globe Awards (2002) nomenees". Golden Globe Awards' Official Site. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. 2002. Retrieved August 18, 2010.
  61. ↑ "Nominees & winners for the 74th Academy Awards". 'Academy Awards' Official Site. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. 2002. Retrieved August 18, 2010.
  62. ↑ "Film nominations 2001". British Academy of Film and Television Arts Official Site. British Academy of Film and Television Arts. 2001. Retrieved August 18, 2010.
  63. ↑ Schickel, Richard; Nugent, Benjamin (January 21, 2002). "Cinema: Jennifer Connelly". Time (Time, Inc.). Retrieved March 14, 2002.
  64. ↑ Ebert, Roger; Berardinelli, James (2005). Reel views 2: the ultimate guide to the best 1,000 modern movies on DVD and video. Justin, Charles & Co. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-932112-40-5.
  65. ↑ Scott, A.O. (December 21, 2001). "A Beautiful Mind film review: from math to madness, and back". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). Retrieved April 17, 2011.
  66. ↑ "Connelly embraces The Hulk". Sci Fi Wire (NBCUniversal). December 12, 2001. Archived from the original on February 14, 2008. Retrieved August 18, 2010.
  67. ↑ "Biggest opening weekends at the box office". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
  68. ↑ Welsch, Janice; Adams, J.Q. (2005). Multicultural films: a reference guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-313-31975-4.
  69. ↑ "House of Sand and Fog Production Notes". DreamWorks Pictures. Reliance ADA Group. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
  70. ↑ Pierce, Nev (February 25, 2004). "House Of Sand And Fog (2004)". BBC. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
  71. ↑ Dargis, Manohla (July 8, 2005). "Dark Water – A noisy upstairs neighbor is just the beginning of a rental nightmare". The New York Times (New York Times Company). Retrieved August 18, 2010.
  72. ↑ Ebert, Roger (2008). Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2009. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7407-7745-5. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  73. ↑ Scott, A.O. (September 29, 2006). "Little Children". The New York Times (New York Times Company). Retrieved March 30, 2011.
  74. ↑ Bowles, Scott (April 12, 2006). "Blood Diamond in the rough". USA Today (Gannett Co. Inc). Retrieved March 30, 2011.
  75. ↑ Edelstein, David (December 3, 2006). "They cut glass. And hands". New York (New York Media LLC). Retrieved March 1, 2011.
  76. ↑ "Academy Award winners 2007". CNN (Turner Broadcasting System, Inc). 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2010.
  77. ↑ Stein, Ruthe (October 14, 2007). "Jennifer Connelly's little girl lost in 'Reservation Road'". San Francisco Chronicle (Hearst Corporation). Retrieved August 16, 2011.
  78. ↑ Dargis, Manohla (October 19, 2007). "Two Fathers, Facing Different Anguish". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). Retrieved October 28, 2011.
  79. ↑ Wloszczyna, Susan (October 15, 2007). "Connelly, Ruffalo, Phoenix travel down a rough road". USA Today (Gannett Co. Inc.). Retrieved August 19, 2010.
  80. ↑ Puig, Claudia (October 19, 2007). "Murky 'Reservation Road' loses direction". USA Today (Gannett Co. Inc). Retrieved March 1, 2011.
  81. ↑ Odell, Amy (August 3, 2009). "Jennifer Connelly poses awkwardly in the new Balenciaga campaign". New York (New York Media LLC). Retrieved August 22, 2010.
  82. ↑ Showbiz, BANG (July 23, 2008). "Jennifer Connelly's Revlon deal". The Boston Globe (The New York Times Company). Retrieved August 22, 2010.
  83. ↑ Bagby, Laura (2008). "The Day the Earth Stood Still: A modern remake". Christian Broadcasting Network. The Christian Broadcasting Network, Inc. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
  84. ↑ Kaltenbach, Chris (February 1, 2009). "Baltimore perfect setting for 'He's Just Not That Into You'". The Baltimore Sun (Tribune Company). Retrieved August 22, 2010.
  85. ↑ Pols, Mary (February 1, 2008). "He's just not that into you, and neither are we". Time (Time Inc). Retrieved February 5, 2009.
  86. ↑ Anderson, John (February 1, 2009). "He's Just Not That Into You". Variety (Reed Business Information). Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  87. ↑ "Hollywood returns to Wiltshire". BBC. November 26, 2008. Retrieved August 22, 2010.
  88. ↑ Singh, Anita (November 9, 2009). "Charles Darwin film 'too controversial for religious America'". The Daily Telegraph (London: Telegraph Media Group). Retrieved August 22, 2010.
  89. ↑ LaSalle, Mick (January 22, 2010). "Review: Darwin film flawed, but intriguing". San Francisco Chronicle (Hearst Corporation). Retrieved March 18, 2011.
  90. ↑ "9 review". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. 2009. Retrieved March 23, 2011.
  91. ↑ "'What's Wrong with Virginia' premiere". Toronto Sun (Sun Media). September 16, 2010. Retrieved September 25, 2010.
  92. ↑ Jagernauth, Kevin. "Watch: Trailer For Dustin Lance Black's Re-Edited 'Virginia' (aka 'What's Wrong With Virginia')". Indie Wire. Archived from the original on April 18, 2012. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
  93. ↑ Cieply, Michael (2010). "What's Wrong With Virginia?". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). Retrieved September 27, 2010.
  94. ↑ Connelly, Jennifer (October 4, 2010). DP/30 – What's Wrong With Virginia, actress Jennifer Connelly. Interview with Poland, David. Movie City News. Toronto.
  95. ↑ Carnevale, Rob (January 20, 2010). "The Dilemma - Jennifer Connelly interview". Orange film news (Orange Group). Retrieved February 16, 2012.
  96. ↑ Rich, Kathy (September 1, 2010). "TIFF review: What's Wrong With Virginia is a messy pastiche". Cinema Blend (Cinema Blend LLC). Retrieved March 1, 2011.
  97. ↑ Savlov, Marc (January 14, 2011). "The Dilemma". Austin Chronicle (Austin Chronicle Corp). Retrieved March 1, 2011.
  98. ↑ "The Dilemma review". Metacritic. 2011. Retrieved March 3, 2011.
  99. ↑ Chang, Justin (January 11, 2011). "The Dilemma". Variety (Reed Business Information). Retrieved March 1, 2011.
  100. ↑ Wilson, Stacey (2010). "2011 Sundance Film Festival: Salvation Boulevard". Sundance Film Festival (Prometheus Global Media). Retrieved December 13, 2010.
  101. ↑ Smith, Nigel (January 28, 2011). "'Salvation Boulevard' goes to IFC and Sony Pictures". IndieWire (SnagFilms LLC). Retrieved March 1, 2011.
  102. ↑ Kilday, Gregg (September 29, 2011). "A-Listers Including Kate Winslet, Nicole Kidman, Anne Hathaway Lining Up to Record Audiobooks". The Hollywood Reporter (Prometheus Global Media). Retrieved May 20, 2012.
  103. ↑ "Audible Launches 'The A-List Collection'". MarketWatch.com (MarketWatch, Inc.). Business Wire. March 8, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
  104. ↑ Royal, Judy (February 3, 2012). "Greg Kinnear, Jennifer Connelly headed to Wilmington". Star News Online. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2012.
  105. ↑ Kilday, Gregg (January 26, 2012). "Greg Kinnear and Jennifer Connelly to Star in Writers". The Hollywood Reporter (Prometheus Global Media). Retrieved January 28, 2011.
  106. ↑ Jay, Fernandez (September 14, 2012). "Toronto 2012: Millennium Entertainment Books Greg Kinnear-Jennifer Connelly Drama 'Writers' for the U.S.". IndieWire (SnagFilms Co.). Retrieved September 16, 2012.
  107. ↑ Schutte, Lauren (February 3, 2012). "Jennifer Connelly Named New Face of Shiseido". Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2012.
  108. ↑ McNary, Dave (August 21, 2013). "Jennifer Connelly, Anthony Mackie Starring in Paul Bettany’s ‘Shelter’". Variety (Reed Business Information). Retrieved August 21, 2013.
  109. ↑ "Jennifer Connelly will tell 'A Winter's Tale'". deadline.com (IndieWire). October 11, 2012. Retrieved October 13, 2012.
  110. ↑ Rodriguez, Cain (November 2, 2012). "Jennifer Connelly, Cillian Murphy & Melanie Laurent Will 'Cry/Fly' Together". IndieWire (SnagFilms Co.). Retrieved November 3, 2012.
  111. ↑ Dang, Simon (April 26, 2012). "Jennifer Connelly & Saoirse Ronan board Russell Crowe's Ark in Darren Aronofsky's 'Noah'". Indie Wire (SnagFilms Co.). Retrieved April 28, 2012.
  112. ↑ Respers, Lisa (March 28, 2013). "'Noah': Roundup of the flood of reviews". CNN (Turner Broadcasting System, Inc). Retrieved March 28, 2014.
  113. ↑ Hornaday, Ann (March 27, 2014). "‘Noah’ movie review: Russell Crowe in a slightly different take on the biblical story". Washington Post (The Washington Post Company, | LLC). Retrieved March 28, 2014.
  114. ↑ Kennedy, Lisa (March 28, 2014). "Review: Russell Crowe as Noah can't stave a sinking feeling". Denver Post (MediaNews Group). Retrieved March 28, 2014.
  115. ↑ Foundas, Scott (March 20, 2014). "Film Review: ‘Noah’". Variety (Reed Business Information). Retrieved March 28, 2014.
  116. ↑ Long, Tom (March 28, 2014). "Review: 'Noah' is epic any way you look at it". Detroit News (MediaNews Group). Retrieved March 28, 2014.
  117. ↑ Schmidlin, Charlie (March 27, 2014). "Review: Darren Aronofsky's 'Noah' Starring Russell Crowe, Emma Watson, Jennifer Connelly & More". IndieWire (SnagFilms LLC). Retrieved March 28, 2014.
  118. ↑ Hewitt, Chris (March 27, 2014). "'Noah's Ark' review: The world is broken, and God wants Noah to fix it". TwinCities.com (St. Paul Pioneer Press). Retrieved March 28, 2014.
  119. ↑ Schneider, Karen S. (February 4, 2002). "Beautiful Minder". People.com. Time, Inc. Retrieved February 27, 2014.
  120. ↑ Hill, Logan (May 21, 2005). "Brownstone of death". New York (New York Media LLC). Retrieved August 24, 2010.
  121. ↑ Armstrong, Mark (January 10, 2003). "Jennifer Connelly marries Paul Bettany". People Magazine (Time Inc.). Retrieved August 24, 2010.
  122. ↑ Zakarin, Jordan (December 14, 2010). "Jennifer Connelly pregnant with husband Paul Bettany's second child". The Huffington Post (AOL, Inc). Retrieved August 16, 2011.
  123. ↑ "Jennifer Connelly gives birth to baby girl!". US Weekly (Wenner Media). June 8, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
  124. ↑ "Actress Jennifer Connelly named Amnesty International ambassador for human rights education". Amnesty International USA official website (Amnesty International USA). November 14, 2005. Archived from the original on July 14, 2007. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
  125. ↑ Saunders, Tim (April 4, 2008). "Jennifer Connelly makes her children drink bad water ... For charity add". Look to the Stars (looktothestars.org). Retrieved August 24, 2010.
  126. ↑ "Jessica Alba, Jessica Biel, Jennifer Connelly run for charity". Sify Movies (Sify Technologies Limited). May 4, 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
  127. ↑ "Jennifer Connelly Named as Save the Children Ambassador". Look to the Stars (looktothestars.org). May 7, 2012. Retrieved May 13, 2012.
  128. ↑ "Who is the most beautiful woman in the world?". Vanity Fair (Condé Nast). March 30, 2009. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
  129. ↑ "Esquire cover gallery". Esquire Magazine. Hearst Corporation. August 1991. Retrieved July 28, 2007.
  130. ↑ "50 Most beautiful women in film". Los Angeles Times Magazine. Los Angeles Times Communications LLC. 2011. Retrieved February 12, 2011.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jennifer Connelly.

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Sunday, May 01, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.