Joker in other media

Adaptations of the Joker in other media
Created by Jerry Robinson (concept)
Bill Finger
Bob Kane
Original source Comics published by DC Comics
First appearance Batman #1 (Spring 1940)
Films and television
Film(s) Batman (1966)
Batman (1989)
Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993)
The Dark Knight (2008)
Suicide Squad (2016)
Television
show(s)		 Batman (1966)
Batman: The Animated Series (1992)
The Batman (2004)
Batman: The Brave and the Bold (2008)

Although Batman's archenemy, the Joker, originated as a comic book character, he has appeared in several other media. WorldCat (a catalog of libraries in 170 countries) records over 250 productions featuring the Joker as a subject, including films, books, and video games.[1] The Joker has been portrayed by Cesar Romero in the Batman television series, Jack Nicholson in Tim Burton's Batman, Heath Ledger in Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight, and will soon be portrayed by Jared Leto in the upcoming film Suicide Squad. Throughout the years, Larry Storch, Lennie Weinrib, Frank Welker, Mark Hamill, Michael McKean, Allen Enlow, Kevin Michael Richardson, Jeff Bennett, Steve Blum, Michael Dobson, John Kassir, Richard Epcar, John DiMaggio, Corey Burton, Brent Spiner, Christopher Corey Smith, Michael Emerson, Troy Baker and Dee Bradley Baker have all provided the voice for the character in animated, motion comic, and video game form.

Live-action

Television

Cesar Romero (standing) in his role as Joker in Batman

Cesar Romero portrays the character in the 1960s Batman television series. Romero refused to shave his distinctive mustache for the role, and it is partially visible beneath his white face makeup.[2] His performance captures how the character was portrayed in comics in the 1960s, which is more of an elaborate prankster than one prone to violent rampage.[3] As a parody of Batman, the Joker develops his own "utility belt" and "Jokermobile." The only information on his past life is a remark by Batman that the Joker had been a hypnotist in his youth.

Of the six Batman OnStar commercials that ran from 2000 to early 2002, the Joker appears in one commercial played by Curtis Armstrong.[4]

Roger Stoneburner makes a cameo appearance as the character in an episode of the 2002–03 series Birds of Prey. Mark Hamill, who voiced the Joker in various animated shows throughout the 1990s, provides Joker's voice in the scene, and he is the only one of the two actors to be credited.[5]

Film

Batman (1966)

Main article: Batman (1966 film)

Cesar Romero, along with most of the other villains from the 1960s television series, reprises his role in the 1966 film Batman. The Joker is a member of the United Underworld, a gathering of four of the most powerful villains in Gotham City which also includes the Penguin, Riddler and Catwoman.

Batman (1989-1997 film series)

Main article: Batman (1989 film)
Jack Nicholson portrayed the Joker in the 1989 film to critical acclaim

The Joker appears in the 1989 Batman film, portrayed by Jack Nicholson, who received critical acclaim for his performance; Newsweek's review of the film stated that the best scenes in the movie are due to the surreal black comedy portrayed in this character.[6] In 2003, American Film Institute named Nicholson's performance #45 out of 50 greatest film villains.[7] Hugo Blick also plays the Joker in a flashback.[8]

In the film, the Joker is originally Jack Napier, the right-hand man of mob boss Carl Grissom (Jack Palance), who is disfigured during a confrontation with Batman (Michael Keaton) in a chemical factory. After being shot in the face, Napier falls into a vat of chemical waste, which turns his hair green, his skin chalk white and his lips bright red. A botched attempt at plastic surgery leaves him with a permanent rictus grin. Driven completely insane by his reflection, the Joker kills Grissom and takes over his syndicate, launching a crime wave designed to outdo Batman, whom he feels is getting too much press. Bruce Wayne confronts the Joker and later recognizes him as the mugger who murdered his parents. During Batman and Joker's final battle, they discover each other's identities and realize that they "made each other." As the Joker is about to escape in a helicopter, Batman ties a grappling hook onto the Joker's leg and attaches it to a stone gargoyle, causing the Joker to fall to his death when the gargoyle breaks loose of its moorings.

Nicholson's Joker describes himself as "the world's first fully functional homicidal artist" who makes avant-garde "art" by killing people with cosmetics laced with Smilex, which leaves its victims with a grotesque grin similar to his own.[9] New York Magazine claims the film went too far when the Joker defaces his girlfriend (Jerry Hall) in the same manner.[10] In what Newsweek describes as the best scene, the Joker also defaces several prominent paintings of Western art. He saves only one: Francis Bacon's Figure with Meat, telling his henchman, "I kind of like this one, Bob. Leave it."[6]

Jack Napier appears briefly in a flashback in the 1995 film Batman Forever, the third film in the series, portrayed by David U. Hodges. The flashback is a re-creation of the death of Bruce Wayne's parents from the 1989 film.

The Joker was one of the villains to appear in Batman Unchained, the fifth film planned for the Batman series, with Nicholson reprising his role from the first film.[11] He was to return as a hallucination in Batman's mind caused by the Scarecrow's fear toxin. Harley Quinn was to appear as the Joker's daughter trying to get revenge on Batman for her father's death.[12] Due to the poor reception by critics and fans of Batman & Robin, the fourth film in the series, Batman Unchained was cancelled.

The Dark Knight (2008)

The Joker appears in The Dark Knight, portrayed by Heath Ledger, who was posthumously nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance,[13] ultimately winning the Oscar.[14] Intending to portray the character as a "psychopathic, mass-murdering, schizophrenic clown with zero empathy"[15] and with a "more chaotic" interpretation (unlike the 1989 Batman incarnation), Ledger lived alone in a hotel room for a month, formulating the character's posture, voice, and personality, and kept a diary in which he recorded the Joker's thoughts and feelings.[16][17] He and Nolan both explained seeing eye-to-eye on the Joker's appearance in the film, sharing common reference points for who the character was going to be.[18] Based on philosophical ideas of anarchy and chaos, they looked at art by Francis Bacon for visual reference and they talked about Malcolm MacDowell's performance as Alex in Stanley Kubrick's film A Clockwork Orange and also the character Alex in Anthony Burgess's novel of the same name.[19] Ledger was given Alan Moore's graphic novel Batman: The Killing Joke for preparation for the role. He also read Grant Morrison's graphic novel Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth, which he "really tried to read and put it down."[20] In an interview with MTV, Ledger said he regarded the experience playing the Joker as the most fun he ever had "and probably will ever have."[21]

Heath Ledger portrayed the Joker in The Dark Knight which received him critical acclaim as well as an Academy Award

Ledger also cited A Clockwork Orange and Sid Vicious as "a very early starting point for Christian [Bale] and I [sic]. But we kind of flew far away from that pretty quickly and into another world altogether."[22][23] "There's a bit of everything in him. There's nothing that consistent," Ledger said, and added, "There are a few more surprises to him."

In the film, the Joker is a bank robber who is hired by Gotham City's organized crime families to kill Batman (Christian Bale). He threatens to kill someone every day until Batman reveals his real identity and turns himself in. During his ensuing reign of terror, the Joker comes to define himself by his battle of wits with Batman, and expresses a desire to upset social order through chaos. He is responsible for the death of Batman's childhood sweetheart Rachel Dawes (Maggie Gyllenhaal) and Gotham City district attorney Harvey Dent's (Aaron Eckhart) transformation into Two-Face. During the climax of the film, the Joker rigs two boats - one carrying ordinary citizens, the other hardened criminals - with explosives and two separate sets of detonators, and tells both sets of passengers that, unless one boat blows up the other, he will destroy them both. The Joker's plan is foiled, however, when the passengers refuse to kill each other and Batman subdues him. As he is taken into police custody, he gloats that he has won the "battle for Gotham's soul", as the city's inhabitants will lose hope once Dent's crimes as Two-Face become public knowledge. Ultimately, however, Batman takes the blame for Dent's crimes.

Ledger was allowed to shoot and mostly direct the videos the Joker sends out as warnings. Each take Ledger made was different from the last. Nolan was impressed enough with the first video shoot that he chose to not be present when Ledger shot the video with a kidnapped reporter (Anthony Michael Hall).[24]

On January 22, 2008, after he had completed filming The Dark Knight, Ledger died of an accidental prescription drug overdose, leading to intense press attention and memorial tributes. "It was tremendously emotional, right when he passed, having to go back in and look at him every day [during editing]," Nolan recalled. "But the truth is, I feel very lucky to have something productive to do, to have a performance that he was very, very proud of, and that he had entrusted to me to finish."[23] All of Ledger's scenes appear as he completed them in the filming; in editing the film, Nolan added no "digital effects" to alter Ledger's actual performance posthumously.[25] Nolan has dedicated the film in part to Ledger's memory.[26][27]

DC Extended Universe

The Joker (Jared Leto), in promotional material for Suicide Squad (2016)
Main article: DC Extended Universe

Academy Award-winning actor and musician Jared Leto will portray the Joker in the DC Extended Universe. The Joker will make his debut in the 2016 film Suicide Squad, directed by David Ayer.[28] Zack Snyder revealed that the Joker was originally set to debut in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice alongside the Riddler, but both characters were cut from the film.[29]

Theatre

The Joker appears in the 2011 theatrical production Batman Live (portrayed by Mark Frost), in which the character masterminds a plot to defeat Batman by uniting several of the superhero's greatest foes, including Harley Quinn, Riddler, Penguin, Two-Face, Poison Ivy, and Scarecrow.[30][31] The show is an adaptation of the Batman property, drawing inspiration from the 1966 television series, the 1989 series of Batman films, and the 1992 animated series, among others.[30][32][33]

Animation

Television

Filmation

The Joker appears as a recurring villain in the 1968–1969 Filmation series The Adventures of Batman, voiced by Larry Storch.[34] He also appears in five episodes of Filmation's 1977 series The New Adventures of Batman, voiced by Lennie Weinrib.[35]

Hanna-Barbera

Storch reprises his role for two crossover episodes of the 1972 series The New Scooby-Doo Movies. In both episodes, he teams up with Penguin and runs afoul of Batman, Robin, and the Mystery Inc. gang.

The Joker makes one appearance in The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians (1985–1986), in the episode "The Wild Cards," voiced by Frank Welker.[36][37] In the episode, the Joker assists in Darkseid's latest plot by disguising himself as Ace, the leader of The Royal Flush Gang. Batman deduces Joker's masquerade upon noticing that the Joker's house of cards fortress was short the Joker's namesake card.

Mark Hamill provided the voice of the Joker in the DC Animated Universe.
DC animated universe

The Joker appears in several animated series within in the DC animated universe, a fan term for a collection of TV series and spin-offs produced by Warner Bros. that share the same continuity. The character is always voiced by Mark Hamill, who is often credited as the iconic version of the animated Joker,[38] often for, as he describes, his wide range of "joyful, gleeful, maniacal, [...] malevolent and evil laughs."[39]

The Joker's first appearance in Batman: The Animated Series (1992–1995) is in "Christmas with the Joker," in which he escapes Arkham Asylum on Christmas Eve. The series is notable for introducing his accomplice Harley Quinn to such acclaim that she became a character in the comics in her own right. The Joker is also a pivotal character in the spin-off feature film, Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993), although the writers were reluctant to include him in the movie since it was only a few years since the 1989 Batman film was released. However, they realized they "could make his appearance serve the story in a way that we never could in live-action."[40] The Joker also appears in the follow-up series The New Batman Adventures (1997–1999), this time with black sclerae and without his trademark red lips.

The Joker also makes several appearances in non-Batman titled series. In Superman: The Animated Series (1996–2000), he travels to Metropolis and makes a deal with Lex Luthor to kill Superman in exchange for one billion dollars. He also starts a crime spree in the episode "The Big Leagues" on Static Shock (2000–2004), in which he recruits Hot-Streak, Kangor, Shiv and Talon, but the group is foiled by Static. The Joker also appears in Justice League (2001–2006), in which he forces his way into Lex Luthor's Injustice Gang. In his most prominent episode, "Wild Cards," he pits the Justice League against the Royal Flush Gang as part of an elaborate ruse.

The Joker, although presumed to be long dead, inspires a motorcycle gang known as the Jokerz in Batman Beyond (1999–2001). He reappears in the direct-to-video spin-off Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker (2000), in which he mysteriously returns to Gotham. A flashback reveals that the Joker had kidnapped and tortured Tim Drake, turning Robin into an insane, miniature version of himself dubbed Joker Junior (voiced by Andrea Romano); Drake kills the Joker during his insanity, but a microchip implanted in the back of Tim's neck possesses a copy of the Joker's mind and DNA, allowing him to gradually take over Drake's body and transform him into a duplicate of the Joker. The Joker's death was edited and redubbed amid controversy surrounding the Columbine High School massacre; while the original version sees 'Joker Junior' shoot Joker in the heart, the edited version simply sees him push the Joker into damaged cables to be electrocuted out of sight.

The Batman (2004–2008)

The Joker appears throughout the animated series The Batman, voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson. Richardson was nominated twice for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program. Most notably, in the finale of Season 1, the Joker transforms Ethan Bennett into Clayface using "Joker-putty," which helps Yin change her view on the Batman and the two become allies. In the 2005 direct-to-video spin-off, The Batman vs. Dracula (2005), the Joker escapes from Arkham and unwittingly becomes a vampire under control of Count Dracula. Batman cures the Joker of his vampirism in order to learn the location of Dracula's lair in Gotham Cemetery.

Batman: The Brave and the Bold (2008–2011)

Two versions of the Joker appear on Batman: The Brave and the Bold, voiced by Jeff Bennett. The first incarnation is a heroic alternative reality version known as the Red Hood, who was disfigured after falling into a chemical vat by Owlman, in his debut episode "Game Over for Owlman!" The second incarnation is the Joker himself, whose appearance and personality are similar to the Silver Age version as drawn by Dick Sprang.

Young Justice (2010–2013)

The Joker appears in the Young Justice cartoon series, voiced by Brent Spiner.[41]

Justice League Action

The Joker will appear in Justice League Action, with Mark Hamill set to reprise the role.[42]

Other appearances

Film

The Joker has appeared in several standalone animated films that do not share continuity with an animated TV series.

John DiMaggio voiced the Joker in Batman: Under the Red Hood

Video games

As Batman's nemesis, the Joker has appeared in several Batman-related video games.

Early appearances (1988–2003)

The Joker's earliest video game appearance is in Batman: The Caped Crusader (1988) developed by Ocean Software for 8-bit home computers such as the ZX Spectrum and Commodore 64 and by Data East for other platforms such as the Apple II, Commodore Amiga, and PC.[47] The game contains two parts that can be played in any order—the Joker's story or the Penguin's story.[48] The Joker also appears in several games based on the 1989 film, released between 1989–1992, including Batman: The Movie for the Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, Commodore 64, MS-DOS, and ZX Spectrum;[49] Batman: The Video Game for the Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy;[48] Batman for the Genesis;[48] and an arcade game, Batman.[50]

Batman: Return of the Joker (also known as Batman: Revenge of the Joker) features the Joker in a platforming shoot-em-up game based on the comics, released for the NES in 1991 and the Genesis in 1992.[48]

Two games were released based on Batman:The Animated Series. The first is the Konami-developed game Batman: The Animated Series (1993) for Game Boy.[51] The second, The Adventures of Batman & Robin, was released for the Super NES as an action adventure platformer, while the Genesis version is a side-scrolling shooter.[48] The only game based on the Batman Beyond franchise, Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker, was released as a companion to the eponymous film for Game Boy Color, PlayStation and Nintendo 64.[48]

Batman: Vengeance (2001) was released for several platforms, based on The New Batman Adventures and starring its voice cast, including Mark Hamill as the Joker. In the game, the Joker and Harley Quinn mastermind a plan to destroy Gotham City using an explosive compound consisting of Joker Toxin and a new substance called Promethium. Other games include Batman: Chaos in Gotham (2001) for Game Boy Color, Justice League: Injustice for All (2002) for Game Boy Advance, and Batman: Dark Tomorrow (2003) for GameCube and Xbox, voiced by Allen Enlow. The Joker also has a cameo in Batman: Rise of Sin Tzu (2003), released for several platforms.

Lego series

Main article: Lego Batman

The Joker is a playable character in Lego Batman: The Videogame (2008), voiced by Steven Blum.[52] The Joker leads a group of villains—Harley Quinn, Mad Hatter, Scarecrow and Killer Moth—to spread Joker toxin to all of Gotham City. His weapons are dual Uzis and lethal joybuzzers, as well as a helicopter with a grappling hook.

The Joker returns in Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes (2012), with Christopher Corey Smith taking over the role from Steven Blum. The Joker breaks out of Arkham using "The Deconstructor," a kryptonite-powered weapon developed by Lex Luthor. Lex Luthor also plans to use the Joker's toxins to gain the Presidency through mind control.

Christopher Corey Smith reprises his role in the third installment, Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham (2014). The Joker joins Lex Luthor's Legion of Doom and creates mayhem with other villains using a map he received from Killer Croc. The character has several versions, some having separate abilities as well as different costumes: the original version, the 1960s television series version, the Dark Knight version (via downloadable content), and the Batman Beyond-era version (via downloadable content).

Batman: Arkham series

Main article: Batman: Arkham
Troy Baker took over Mark Hamill's voice of the Joker for Arkham Origins.

Mark Hamill reprises his DC Animated role of the Joker in the Batman: Arkham franchise in Arkham Asylum, Arkham City and Arkham Knight. Whereas Troy Baker replaces Hamill in the prequel, Arkham Origins.

Fighting games

Richard Epcar has voiced the Joker in fighting games

The Joker is a playable character in Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe, voiced by Richard Epcar.[56] The Joker sports an array of magically endowed trick (but often lethal) weapons and fatalities. In the story, he breaks from the mission Lex Luthor gave him and goes after Batman. He easily defeats Sonya Blade and interrupts a fight between Deathstroke and Kano so he can kill the latter himself. The Joker then turns on Deathstroke just for the fun. As the two worlds separate, the Joker discovers that he has retained his new powers and manages to take over Gotham, crowning himself "Mayor Joker." Under his rule, the Joker holds tournaments where combatants fight to the death for his amusement, with the Joker challenging the winner.

Online games

Prose

Craig Shaw Gardner's novelization for Tim Burton's Batman expanded on several plot lines, including giving the Joker more depth, and spent much of 1989 near the top of New York Times' bestseller list.[62] Prolific science fiction anthologist Martin H. Greenberg edited The Further Adventures of The Joker (1990), an anthology of short stories collected as a tie-in following the success of the film.[63]

The Joker's fate after the events of The Dark Knight are hinted at in the official novelization for The Dark Knight Rises by Greg Cox.[64]

References

  1. ↑ Weiner, Robert G. and Robert Moses Peaslee (2015). The Joker: A Serious Study of the Clown Prince of Crime. University Press of Mississippi. pp. 19. ISBN 978-1-62846-238-8. Partially available on Google Books.
  2. ↑ DeCaro, Frank (November 5, 2014). "Quick, Robin, to the Blu-ray Box! ‘Batman,’ the 1960s TV Series, Returns in a Collection." New York Times. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
  3. ↑ "How The Joker Went From Cesar Romero to Jared Leto." Highsnobiety. August 25, 2015. Retrieved October 16, 2015
  4. ↑ Lee, Will (April 7, 2000). "Batman Does Commercials." Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  5. ↑ Hein, David (December 22, 2012). "Retro Review: 'Birds of Prey.'" World of Entertainment. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  6. 1 2 Kroll, Jack (June 26, 1989). "The Joker is Wild, but Batman Carries the Night.". Newsweek. Tim Burton Collective. Archived from the original on June 30, 2015. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  7. ↑ "AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains". American Film Institute. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
  8. ↑ Reynolds, Sean (November 18, 2014). "Are Bruce Wayne's parents the most killed characters in movie history?". Digital Spy. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
  9. ↑ Canby, Vincent (June 23, 1989). "Nicholson and Keaton Do Battle in 'Batman.'" New York Times. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  10. ↑ Denby, David (July 17, 1989). "Bat Out of Hell." New York Magazine, 22(28), 45. "... when he defaces his girlfriend (Jerry Hall), the wit turns a little too malicious for laughter."
  11. ↑ Fleming, Michael (November 11, 1997). "Schumacher trims sails". Variety. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
  12. ↑ Linder, Brian (July 27, 2000). "Rumblings From Gotham". IGN. Retrieved October 17, 2008.
  13. ↑ Kreps, Daniel (January 22, 2009). "Heath Ledger Remembered on First Anniversary of His Death". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on January 27, 2009. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  14. ↑ Neumaier, Joe (22 February 2009). "'Slumdog Millionaire' wins Oscar for Best Movie; the late Heath Ledger is Best Supporting Actor". Daily News (New York). Retrieved 13 October 2015.
  15. ↑ Lyall, Sarah (November 4, 2007). "In Stetson or Wig, He’s Hard to Pin Down." The New York Times. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
  16. ↑ Jolin, Dan (December 2009). The Making Of The Joker. Empire Magazine. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
  17. ↑ Richards, Olly (November 28, 2007). "World Exclusive: The Joker Speaks: He's a Cold-blooded Mass-murdering Clown". Empire (Bauer Verlagsgruppe). Retrieved July 8, 2008.
  18. ↑ Jolin, Dan (December 2009). "The Making of The Joker." Empire. Retrieved September 29, 2015.
  19. ↑ Nolan, Christopher (December 12, 2012). "Interview: Christopher Nolan." Interview with Scott Foundas. Verbicide Magazine. New York. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  20. ↑ Lesnick, Silas (November 10, 2007). "IESB Exclusive: Heath Ledger Talks the Joker!". The Movie Reporter. IESB.net. Archived from the original on February 15, 2009. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
  21. ↑ Horowitz, Josh (November 12, 2007). "Heath Ledger Discusses Delving into Dylan For 'I'm Not There' and Channeling Sid Vicious For 'The Dark Knight.'" MTV.com. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  22. ↑ Horowitz, Josh (November 10, 2007). "Heath Ledger Says His Joker Has 'Zero Empathy' ". MTV Movies Blog (MTV). Retrieved November 12, 2007.
  23. 1 2 Carroll, Larry (March 18, 2008). "'Dark Knight' Stars, Director Want Film To 'Celebrate' Heath Ledger's Work". MTV Movies Blog (MTV). Retrieved June 5, 2008.
  24. ↑ "Merrick" (pseudonym) (December 5, 2008). "Nolan Talks DARK KNIGHT Blu-Ray, a 100,000 Person Screening of the Film (Featuring Live Q & A w/ Nolan), TDK Sequel, and More!!". Ain't It Cool News. Archived from the original on October 25, 2015. Retrieved December 6, 2008.
  25. ↑ Brown, Scott (June 24, 2008). "Dark Knight Director Shuns Digital Effects for the Real Thing". Wired. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
  26. ↑ "Dark Knight Dedicated to Ledger". BBC News. June 27, 2008. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
  27. ↑ Jolin, Dan (July 2008). "The Dark Knight". Empire (Bauer Verlagsgruppe) 228: 92–100.
  28. ↑ Kroll, Justin (December 2, 2014). "‘Suicide Squad’ Cast Revealed: Jared Leto to Play the Joker, Will Smith is Deadshot." Variety. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
  29. ↑ Goldberg, Matt (March 20, 2016). "These Two Batman Villains Came Close to Being in ‘Batman v Superman’". Collider.
  30. 1 2 Hughes, Rob (July 20, 2011). "Batman Live: Theater Review". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on October 15, 2015. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
  31. ↑ Bernardin, Marc (September 28, 2012). "Batman Live: Theater Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on October 15, 2015. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
  32. ↑ Payne, Alex C. (September 6, 2012). "Batman Live - Anaheim & Los Angeles - Review." Things to Do Inland Empire. Retrieved October 15, 2015. "The wardrobes included bits and pieces that alluded to each of the Batman epics from the 1990s."
  33. ↑ Martinovic, Paul (August 25, 2011). "Batman Live review #2". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on October 15, 2015. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
  34. ↑ "Batman and The Joker : Through the Years". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  35. ↑ Jean-Jacques, Kethlene. "Lennie Weinrib: Joker Through the Years". Celebuzz. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  36. ↑ Fritz, Steve (April 7, 2009). "Animated Shorts - Actor Lends Voice to the Joker Legacy". Newsarama. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  37. ↑ "The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians (1985–1986)". DC Comics.com. DC Comics. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
  38. ↑ Chrisman, Eric (July 17, 2015). "Mark Hamill Would Still Love To Be In The Killing Joke." Caped Crusades. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
  39. ↑ Kubin, Jacquie (April 1997). "An Interview with Mark Hammill." Animation World Magazine. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
  40. ↑ Tracy, Joe. "Interview with Michael Reeves." Animation Artist. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
  41. ↑ "Young Justice Recruits Brent Spiner and Alyssa Milano for the Injustice League - Today's News: Our Take". TVGuide.com. October 14, 2011. Retrieved December 14, 2011.
  42. ↑ "CONROY, HAMILL RETURN FOR "JUSTICE LEAGUE ACTION" ON CARTOON NETWORK". Comicbookresources.com. December 29, 2016. Retrieved December 29, 2016. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  43. ↑ Gallagher, Brian (4 September 2012). "Michael Emerson Joins Batman: The Dark Knight Returns - Part 2 as The Joker!". Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  44. ↑ Lidgett, Adam (October 10, 2015). "The Next Batman Film, 'Killing Joke,' Could Be The First With An R Rating." International Business Times. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
  45. ↑ Goldberg, Matt (July 27, 2015). "Exclusive: Mark Hamill to Voice The Joker for 'Batman: The Killing Joke' Animated Film". Collider.com. Retrieved July 27, 2015.
  46. ↑ Kit, Borys (August 12, 2015). "'Lego Batman' Movie Finds Its Joker (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter.
  47. ↑ Batman the Caped Crusader at World of Spectrum
  48. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Huskey, Darry (October 8, 2014). "A Complete History Of Batman Video Games". IGN. Archived from the original on July 27, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2015.
  49. ↑ Batman: The Movie at World of Spectrum
  50. ↑ Schwartz, Michael; Dykman, Joan. "Overview - Batman". allgame. Archived from the original on December 10, 2014. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
  51. ↑ Marriott, Scott Alan. "Overview - Batman: The Animated Series". allgame. Archived from the original on December 10, 2014. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
  52. ↑ Game Informer features a two-page gallery of the many heroes and villains who appear in the game with a picture for each character and a descriptive paragraph. See "LEGO Batman: Character Gallery," Game Informer 186 (October 2008): 93.
  53. ↑ Clements, Ryan (2009-04-23). "The Joker Playable in Batman: Arkham Asylum". IGN. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
  54. ↑ "Batman: Arkham Asylum, E3 09: Exclusive Joker Trailer". GameTrailers. May 29, 2009. Retrieved May 29, 2009.
  55. ↑ "Spike TV Announces 2011 'Video Game Awards' Winners". Spike.com. December 10, 2011. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
  56. ↑ "KHI and FXN - Otakon 2008 Feature!". Kingdom Hearts Insider. Retrieved October 13, 2008.
  57. ↑ http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=38725
  58. ↑ http://www.mtv.com/news/2600582/mark-hamill-joker-last-laugh-dcuo/
  59. ↑ http://www.dccomics.com/videos/infinite-crisis-joker-spotlight
  60. ↑ http://www.polygon.com/2014/6/26/5844680/beach-party-catwoman-lifeguard-aquaman-summer-laughs-joker-get-weird
  61. ↑ http://www.denofgeek.us/games/infinite-crisis/236766/infinite-crisis-new-summer-costumes-for-joker-catwoman-and-aquaman
  62. ↑ Reed, Patrick A. (July 3, 2014). "Let's Broaden Our Minds: Novelist Craig Shaw Gardner on Adapting Batman ’89 for Prose (Interview)." Comics Alliance. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
  63. ↑ Hardy, Phil (1997). "Batman." The BFI Companion to Crime. A&C Black. pp. 44.
  64. ↑ Khouri, Andy (June 26, 2012). "'The Dark Knight Rises’ Novelization Hints At The Joker’s Fate." Comics Alliance. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
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