Juba Arabic

Juba Arabic
Sudanese Creole Arabic
Arabi Juba
Native to	South Sudan
Native speakers	unknown (20,000 cited 1987)[1] 800,000 L2 speakers (2013)
Language family	Arabic-based creole Juba Arabic
Early forms	Bimbashi Arabic Juba Arabic
Language codes
ISO 639-3	pga
Glottolog	suda1237[2]

Juba Arabic is a lingua franca spoken mainly in Equatoria Province in South Sudan, and derives its name from the town of Juba, South Sudan. It is also spoken among communities of people from South Sudan living in towns in Sudan. The pidgin developed in the 19th century, among descendants of Sudanese soldiers, many of whom were recruited from southern Sudan. Residents of other large towns in South Sudan, notably Malakal and Wau, do not generally speak Juba Arabic, tending towards the use of Arabic closer to Sudanese Arabic, in addition to local languages.

Classification

Juba derives from a pidgin based in Sudanese Arabic. It has a vastly simplified grammar as well as the influence of local languages from the south of the country. DeCamp, writing in the mid 1970s, classifies Juba Arabic as a pidgin rather than a creole language (meaning that it is not passed on by parents to their children as a first language), though Mahmud, writing slightly later, appears to equivocate on this issue (see references below). Mahmoud's work is politically significant as it represented the first recognition by a northern Sudanese intellectual that Juba Arabic was not merely 'Arabic spoken badly' but is a distinct dialect.^[3]

Because of the civil war in southern Sudan from 1983, more recent research on this issue has been restricted. However, the growth in the size of Juba town since the beginning of the civil war, its relative isolation from much of its hinterland during this time, together with the relative collapse of state run education systems in the government held garrison town (that would have further encouraged the use of Arabic as opposed to Juba Arabic), may have changed patterns of usage and transmission of Juba Arabic since the time of the last available research. Further research is required to determine the extent to which Juba Arabic may now be considered a creole rather than a pidgin language. The newly independent government of South Sudan has selected English as the new official language of government in South Sudan in preference to Arabic and local languages such as Juba Arabic, Dinka, Nuer, Shilluk etc.^[4]

See also

• Sudanese Arabic

References

1. Juba Arabic at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
2. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Sudanese Creole Arabic". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
3. Abdel Salam & De Waal (2004:79)
4. Kevlihan (2007:?)

Bibliography

• DeCamp, D (1977), "The Development of Pidgin and Creole Studies", in Valdman, A, Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, Indiana University Press
• Mahmud, Ashari Ahmed (1979), Linguistic Variation and Change in the Aspectual System of Juba Arabic, Washington, D.C: Georgetown University Press
• Mahmud, Ashari Ahmed (1983), Arabic in the Southern Sudan: History and the Spread of a Pidgin-Creole, Khartoum
• Abdel Salam, A.H.; De Waal, A (2004), "On the failure and persistence of Islam", in De Waal, Islamism and Its Enemies in the Horn of Africa, Bloomington & Indiapolis: Indiana University Press, pp. 21–70, ISBN 0-253-34403-4
• Kevlihan, Rob (2007), "Beyond Creole Nationalism? Language Policies, Education and the Challenge of state building in southern Sudan", Ethnopolitics 6 (4): 513–543, doi:10.1080/17449050701252791
• Manfredi, Stefano; Petrollino, Sara (2013), "Juba Arabic", in S. Michaelis, P. Maurer, M. Haspelmath and M. Huber, The Survey of Pidgin and Creole Languages Volume III. Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Australia, and the Americas., Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 54–65, ISBN 978-0-19-969142-5
• Tosco, Mauro (1995), "A pidgin verbal system: the case of Juba Arabic", Anthropological linguistics 37 (4): 423–459
• Tosco, Mauro; Manfredi, Stefano (2013), "Pidgins and Creoles", in J. Owens, The Oxford Handbook of Arabic Linguistics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 495–519, ISBN 9780199344093

Other Readings

• (Italian) Manfredi, Stefano "Juba Arabic: A Grammatical Description of Juba Arabic with Sociolinguistic notes about the Sudanese community in Cairo", Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale". (unpublished thesis)
• (French) Miller, Catherine, 1983, "Le Juba-Arabic, une lingua-franca du Sudan méridional; remarques sur le fonctionnment du verbe", Cahiers du Mas-Gelles, 1, Paris, Geuthner, pp 105–118.
• (French) Miller, Catherine, 1983, "Aperçu du système verbal en Juba-Arabic", Comptes rendu du GLECS, XXIV–XXVIII, 1979–1984, T. 2, Paris, Geuthner, pp 295–315.
• (English) Watson, Richard L., (1989), "An Introduction to Juba Arabic", Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages, 6: 95-117.

External links

• Juba Arabic English Dictionary: Kamuus ta Arabi Juba wa Ingliizi
• Juba Arabic Swadesh list
• Podcasts in Juba Arabic
• Juba-Arabic-Verbs-and-Phrases
• Juba Arabic Facebook page