Naoto Kan

Naoto Kan
菅 直人
Kan in January 2011
Prime Minister of Japan
In office 8 June 2010 – 2 September 2011
Monarch	Akihito
Preceded by	Yukio Hatoyama
Succeeded by	Yoshihiko Noda
Minister of Finance
In office 6 January 2010 – 8 June 2010
Prime Minister	Yukio Hatoyama
Preceded by	Hirohisa Fujii
Succeeded by	Yoshihiko Noda
Deputy Prime Minister of Japan
In office 16 September 2009 – 8 June 2010
Prime Minister	Yukio Hatoyama
Preceded by	Vacant Last held by Wataru Kubo
Succeeded by	Vacant Next held by Katsuya Okada
Minister of State for Economic and Fiscal Policy
In office 16 September 2009 – 8 June 2010
Prime Minister	Yukio Hatoyama
Preceded by	Yoshimasa Hayashi
Succeeded by	Satoshi Arai
Minister of State in charge of National Strategy
In office 16 September 2009 – 6 January 2010
Prime Minister	Yukio Hatoyama
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Yoshito Sengoku
Minister of State for Science and Technology Policy
In office 16 September 2009 – 6 January 2010
Prime Minister	Yukio Hatoyama
Preceded by	Seiko Noda
Succeeded by	Tatsuo Kawabata
Minister of Health and Welfare
In office 11 January 1996 – 7 November 1996
Prime Minister	Ryutaro Hashimoto
Preceded by	Chūryō Morii
Succeeded by	Junichiro Koizumi
Personal details
Born	10 October 1946 Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
Political party	Democratic
Other political affiliations	Socialist Democratic Federation (before 1993) New Party Sakigake (1993–1996) previous Democratic Party (1996–1998)
Spouse(s)	Nobuko Kan (1970–present)
Children	Gentarō Kan Shinjirō Kan
Alma mater	Tokyo Institute of Technology
Website	Official website

Naoto Kan (菅 直人 Kan Naoto, born 10 October 1946) is a Japanese politician, and former Prime Minister of Japan. In June 2010, then-Finance Minister Kan was elected as the leader of the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) and designated Prime Minister by the Diet to succeed Yukio Hatoyama. Kan was the first Prime Minister of Japan since the resignation of Junichiro Koizumi in 2006 to serve for more than 1 year, with predecessors Yukio Hatoyama, Tarō Asō, Yasuo Fukuda, and Shinzō Abe either resigning prematurely or losing an election. On 26 August 2011, Kan announced his resignation. Yoshihiko Noda was formally appointed as Prime Minister on 2 September 2011.^[1][2] On 1 August 2012, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon announced Kan would be one of the members of the UN high-level panel on the post-2015 development agenda.^[3]

Early life and education

Kan was born in Ube City, Yamaguchi Prefecture, as the son of Hisao Kan, an executive for a glass manufacturer. He graduated in 1970 from the Tokyo Institute of Technology and became a licensed benrishi (patent agent/attorney) in 1971.

Diet career

After graduating from college, Kan worked at a patent office for four years.^[4] He actively engaged in civic grassroots movements for years and also served on election campaign staff for Fusae Ichikawa, a women's rights activist.^[5]

After having lost in the 1976 and 1979 general elections and 1977 Upper House election, Kan achieved a seat in the lower house in 1980 as a member of the Socialist Democratic Federation. He gained national popularity in 1996, when serving as the Minister of Health and Welfare, admitting the government's responsibility for the spread of HIV-tainted blood in the 1980s and directly apologized to victims. At that time, he was a member of a small party forming the ruling coalition with the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). His frank action was completely unprecedented and was applauded by the media and the public.

In 1998, his image was affected by allegations of an affair, vigorously denied by both parties, with a television newscaster and media consultant, Yūko Tonomoto.^[6] After Yukio Hatoyama resigned as the leader of the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), Kan again took over the position. In July 2003, the DPJ and the Liberal Party led by Ichirō Ozawa agreed to form a united opposition party to prepare for the general election that was anticipated to take place in the fall.

During the campaign of the election of 2003, the DPJ called the election as the choice of the government between the ruling LDP-bloc and the DPJ, with Kan being presented as the alternative candidate to then Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi. His face was used as the trademark of the campaign against the LDP.

However, in 2004 Kan was accused of unpaid annuities and again resigned the position of leader. On 10 May 2004, he officially announced his resignation and made the Shikoku Pilgrimage. Later, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare spokesman apologized, saying the unpaid record was due to an administrative error.

In mid-October 2005, Kan, who turned 60 in 2006, proposed the creation of a new political party to be called the "Dankai (baby boomer) Party". The initial intent of the party was to offer places of activity for the Japanese baby boomers – 2.7 million of whom began to retire en masse in 2007.

He believes the Japan Self-Defense Forces should play a more prominent role on the international stage.^[7]

Finance minister

On 6 January 2010, he was picked by Yukio Hatoyama to be the new finance minister, assuming the post in addition to deputy prime minister.^[8] He replaced Hirohisa Fujii as finance minister.^[9]

In his first news conference, Kan announced his priority was stimulating growth and took the unusual step of naming a specific dollar-yen level as optimal to help exporters and stimulate the economy: "There are a lot of voices in the business world saying that (the dollar) around ¥95 is appropriate in terms of trade".^[10] Hatoyama appeared to rebuke Kan. "When it comes to foreign exchange, stability is desirable and rapid moves are undesirable. The government basically shouldn't comment on foreign exchange," he told reporters.^[11]

Prime Minister

Kan with Dmitry Medvedev at the 36th G8 summit on 25 June 2010.

with Barack Obama (the 2010 G-20 Toronto summit, 27 June 2010)

On 2 June 2010 Yukio Hatoyama announced his intention to resign as the leader of the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) and as Prime Minister, also saying that he had urged his backer in the party, Ichirō Ozawa, to resign as Secretary General.^[12][13] The Cabinet resigned en masse on 4 June.^[12] Foreign Minister Katsuya Okada and Land and Transport Minister Seiji Maehara, though once considered to be possible successors to Hatoyama, announced their support for Naoto Kan.^[14] Kan, at his age of 63, won the leadership of the DPJ with 291 votes to 129, defeating a relatively unknown Ozawa-backed legislator Shinji Tarutoko, 50,^[12][15] who was leading the environmental policy committee in the lower house of the Diet.^[16]

Subsequently, on 4 June, Kan was designated Prime Minister by the Diet.^[17] On 8 June, Emperor Akihito formally appointed Kan as the country's 94th Prime Minister, and the 29th postwar Prime Minister.

Kan's approval ratings fell in the month of June after he proposed an increase in the sales tax rate from 5% to 10%.^[18] His sales tax increase proposal was opposed by Ichirō Ozawa, amongst others in the DPJ, and the proposal was quickly scaled back by Kan.^[19] The botched sales tax increase proposal was partially blamed for the DPJ's disappointing results in the July House of Councillors election, where the DPJ lost its majority and were forced to work with smaller, unaffiliated parties (such as Your Party, the JCP, and the SDP) in order to secure passage of bills in the House of Councillors.^[18]

In August, Kan apologised to the Republic of Korea on the 100th anniversary of the Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty.^[20]

Ozawa challenged Kan's leadership of the DPJ in September. Although it was initially believed that Ozawa had a slight edge among DPJ members of parliament,^[21] in the final vote Kan garnered the support of 206 DPJ lawmakers to Ozawa's 200.^[22] Local rank-and-file party members and activists overwhelmingly supported Kan, and according to opinion polls the wider Japanese public preferred Kan to Ozawa by as much as a 4–1 ratio.^[21]

After the leadership challenge, Kan reshuffled his cabinet, which left many prominent members of the pro-Ozawa faction of the DPJ without important posts in the new cabinet.^[23] The cabinet reshuffle also resulted in the promotion of long-time Kan ally Yoshito Sengoku to Chief Cabinet Secretary. Sengoku was labeled by the opposition LDP as the "second" Prime Minister of the Kan cabinet.^[24]

On 7 September a Chinese fishing boat captain was arrested by the Japan Coast Guard (JCG) after his trawler had collided with JCG patrol boats in disputed waters near the Senkaku Islands.^[25] China protested the arrest, as it claims the islands as part of its sovereign territory, and demanded the unconditional release of the captain.^[26] The captain was released on 24 September, after China had cut off all ministerial-level contacts with Japan and threatened further action.^[27] The incident brought Sino-Japanese relations to its lowest point since the Koizumi administration.^[28]

The Kan government intervened in mid-September to weaken the surging yen by buying U.S. dollars, a move which temporarily relieved Japan's exporters.^[29] The move proved popular with stock brokers, Japanese exporters, and the Japanese public.^[29] It was the first such move by a Japanese government since 2004.^[29] Later, in October, after the yen had offset the intervention and had reached a 15-year high, the Kan cabinet approved a stimulus package worth about 5.1 trillion yen ($62 billion) in order to weaken the yen and fight deflation.^[30] Kan also announced that further interventions are likely if the yen continues to rise.^[31]

In November, Kan spoke out forcefully in support of South Korea and in harsh criticism of North Korea in the wake of the latter's bombardment of Yeonpyeong, meanwhile ignoring China's public comments which had not yet included denunciation of the North.^[32]

Kan inspects Ishinomaki, one month after the Great East Japan earthquake

On 12 March 2011, after the earthquake and tsunami in the northeast Japan, Kan flew in a helicopter to observe the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant and was heavily involved in efforts to effectively respond to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.^[33][34] Naoto Kan took an increasingly anti-nuclear stance in the months following the Fukushima disaster.^[35] In May, he ordered the aging Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant be closed over earthquake and tsunami fears, and he said he would freeze plans to build new reactors.^[36]

Despite falling popularity, Kan rejected calls to step down while the country continued to suffer from the earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear crises of spring 2011. One year into his premiership on 2 June 2011, Kan proposed his resignation, hours before the Diet put forward a vote of no-confidence. The motion was defeated by 293 to 152, bolstering the Prime Minister's position.^[37]

In July 2011, Kan said that Japan must reduce its dependence on nuclear energy, breaking with a decades-old Japanese government drive to build more nuclear power plants in the country. "We must scrap the plan to have nuclear power contribute 53 percent (of electricity supply) by 2030 and reduce the degree of reliance on nuclear power," Kan told a government panel.^[38] Kan said Japan should abandon plans to build 14 new reactors by 2030. He wants to "pass a bill to promote renewable energy and questioned whether private companies should be running atomic plants".^[39] In 2012, Kan said the Fukushima disaster made it clear to him that "Japan needs to dramatically reduce its dependence on nuclear power, which supplied 30 percent of its electricity before the crisis, and has turned him into a believer of renewable energy".^[40]

Kan announced his intention to resign on 10 August 2011.^[41] On 26 August, with passage of a debt bill and the renewable energy bill as final conditions, Kan expected "to see his successor in office [within the] week, according to a Kyodo news report, which cited cabinet ministers". At the same time, Seiji Maehara, who had supported Kan in 2010, was reported to have announced his intention to run to succeed Kan. Maehara is seen as the potential DPJ candidate most popular with the voters at the time.^[42] Several other cabinet members joined the race, and the election of the DPJ successor was scheduled for 29 August. At that time, Yoshihiko Noda, most recently finance minister, was elected as the new DPJ leader and, as leader of the largest party in the Diet, became prime minister as well.^[1]

In 2012, Kan was interviewed about the Fukushima nuclear disaster, and has said that at one point Japan faced a situation where there was a chance that people might not be able to live in the capital zone including Tokyo and would have to evacuate. He says he is haunted by the specter of an even bigger nuclear crisis forcing tens of millions of people to flee Tokyo and threatening the nation's existence. "If things had reached that level, not only would the public have had to face hardships but Japan's very existence would have been in peril".^[43] That convinced Kan to "declare the need for Japan to end its reliance on atomic power and promote renewable sources of energy such solar that have long taken a back seat in the resource-poor country's energy mix".^[43]

Post Prime Ministership

During the 16 December 2012 Tokyo gubernatorial election, called due to the resignation of incumbent Governor Shintaro Ishihara, the Democratic Party of Japan itself did not endorse any candidate,^[44] but Kan supported Kenji Utsunomiya,^[45] who shared Kan's anti-nuclear stance. Ultimately Utsunomiya came second in the election, losing to Naoki Inose^[46] who had been vice-governor under Ishihara from 2007 to 2012, and then acting governor after Ishihara's abrupt resignation.

In the 16 December 2012 general election called by Kan's successor Noda, Kan lost his seat in Tokyo's Number 18 District,^[47] but retained a seat in the diet through the proportional representation system.^[48]

Personal life

Kan married his wife Nobuko in 1970. Nobuko, born in Okayama Prefecture, entered a relationship with the Tokyo-dwelling Kan after entering Tsuda College.^[49] As the two are first cousins,^[50] the engagement was met with parental opposition.^[51] They have two sons, Gentarō and Shinjirō. Gentarō is a civil rights activist and lost in elections for the Lower House in 2003 and 2005. Shinjiro is a veterinarian and works at an animal hospital in Nerima, Tokyo.^[52]

Kan is nicknamed "Ira-Kan" (Fretful Kan") due to his reputed short temper.^[53] His hobbies are go, shogi and origami.^[54] Kan built a machine to calculate the complicated mahjong point system and applied for a patent in 1973.^[55]

References

1. Yoree Koh (29 August 2011). "Noda, the DPJ and the Giant Snowball Problem". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
2. Article 6 of the Constitution of Japan
3. Ban names high-level panel to map out 'bold' vision for future global development efforts UN News Centre. 31 July 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
4. Japan Producer (September 2002). "Japan Producer インタビュー" (in Japanese). Japan Producer. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
5. Reiji Yoshida (5 June 2010). "All things have finally come to veteran who waited". The Japan Times. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
6. Landers, Peter (4 February 1999). "Dream Deffered". Far Eastern Economic Review. Archived from the original on 6 June 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
7. "Power Players: Naoto Kan". The Diplomat. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
8. McCallum, Kenneth (6 January 2010). "Kan to Take Over as Japanese Finance Chief". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
9. Hiroko Tabuchi (7 January 2010). "Japan Replaces Ailing Finance Minister". The New York Times (Tokyo). Retrieved 20 December 2013.
10. Takashi Nakamichi (7 January 2010). "Kan Calls for Weaker Yen". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
11. Nakamichi, Takashi (8 January 2010). "New Japan Minister Starts Talking Yen Down". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
12. Finance Chief Chosen as Next Japanese Leader, by Martin Fackler, The New York Times, 3 June 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
13. Ozawa's resignation at strong urging of PM will lessen his influence on DPJ, Mainichi Daily News, 2 June 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2010.
14. "Okada, Maehara, Noda Support Kan For DPJ Presidency". Nikkei. 3 June 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
15. "民主党の新代表・総理大臣に菅直人氏選出　（毎日新聞） – Yahoo!JAPAN ニュース". Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). Yahoo. Archived from the original on 7 June 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
16. Nishikawa, Yoko (3 June 2010). "FACTBOX-Japan lawmaker Tarutoko to run for ruling party head". Reuters. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
17. "Kan elected prime minister". Asahi Shimbun. 4 June 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
18. Sakamaki, Sachiko; Hirokawa, Takashi (11 July 2010). "Kan Election Loss May Impede Effort to Cut Japan Debt". Bloomberg. Retrieved 23 July 2010.
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24. "Sengoku's growing influence causes a stir". The Japan Times. 23 October 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
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27. "Japan frees Chinese boat captain amid diplomatic row". BBC News. 24 September 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
28. "China-Japan relations sour as fishing boat dispute escalates". The Christian Science Monitor. 20 September 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
29. "Naoto Kan government intervenes in currency market to weaken yen". The Christian Science Monitor. 15 September 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
30. Fujioka, Toru (25 October 2010). "Cabinet Approves $63 Billion Stimulus Plan to Fight Deflation, Rising Yen". Bloomberg. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
31. "Kan suggests further market intervention as yen touches fresh 15-year high". Japan Today. Kyodo News. 15 October 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
32. LaFraniere, Sharon with reporting by Martin Fackler and Su Hyun Lee, "South Korea Cancels Confrontational Island Drills", The New York Times, 29 November 2010. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
33. Yoshida, Reiji, "Kan hero, or irate meddler?", Japan Times, 17 March 2012, p. 2.
34. "Kan inspects quake-hit areas, pledges to protect people's lives". Kyodo News. 12 March 2011. Archived from the original on 15 March 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
35. Gerhardt, Tina (22 July 2012). "Japan's People Say NO to Nuclear Energy". Alternet.
36. Hiroko Tabuchi (13 July 2011). "Japan Premier Wants Shift Away From Nuclear Power". New York Times.
37. Greenberg, Joel (2 June 2011). "Prime Minister Kan survives no-confidence vote". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
38. Sieg, Linda (2011-07-12). "UPDATE 2-Japan PM says must reduce dependence on nuclear power". Reuters. Retrieved 2011-07-12.
39. Stuart Biggs and Kanoko Matsuyama (14 July 2011). "‘Nuclear Village’ Protester Turns Hero as Fukushima Drives Atomic Backlash". Bloomberg.
40. "AP Interview: Japan woefully unprepared for nuclear disaster, ex-prime minister says". Washington Post. 17 February 2012.
41. Wakatsuki, Yoko (10 August 2011). "Japan's prime minister to resign after post-quake bills pass". CNN (Cable News Network). Retrieved 11 August 2011.
42. Kumar, V. Phani, "Japan to get a new PM on 30 August: report", MarketWatch, 23 August 2011, Retrieved 23 August 2011.
43. Linda Sieg and Yoko Kubota (17 February 2012). "Nuclear crisis turns Japan ex-PM Kan into energy apostle". Reuters.
44. Japan Times Inose leads race for Tokyo governor as 40% of voters ponder their choice December 11, 2012
45. Japan Times Tokyo gubernatorial election a three-horse race November 30, 2012
46. Japan Times Inose wins landslide victory in Tokyo December 18, 2012
47. Japan Times LDP flattens DPJ in bruising return to power 17 December 2012
48. Japan Times Nothing left for the election-gutted DPJ to do but rebuild 18 December 2012
49. "Japan's new first lady known as eloquent, political comrade of Kan". Japan Today. Kyodo News. 9 June 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
50. Keating, Joshua (8 June 2010). "Japan's prime minister is married to his first cousin". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
51. 基礎から分かる(菅直人). Yomiuri Shimbun (in Japanese). 5 June 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
52. ヒラミ動物病院 (in Japanese). Retrieved 8 June 2010.
53. Demetriou, Danielle (4 June 2010). "Naoto Kan: profile". London: The Telegraph. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
54. "Kan: Activist, politico, mah-jongg lover". AsiaOne News. 5 June 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
55. Hayashi, Yuka (4 June 2010). "Japan's Premier Aims for Longer Stay". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 8 June 2010.

External links

• BBC NEWS – Profile: Naoto Kan
• Official Website
• Democratic Party of Japan
• Japan after Kan: Implications for the DPJ’s Political Future, Q&A with Richard J. Samuels, August 2011