Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines
The modern system of ranked Shinto shrines (è¿‘ä»£ç¤¾æ ¼åˆ¶åº¦ Kindai Shakaku Seido) (sometimes called simply shakaku (ç¤¾æ ¼), was an organizational aspect of the establishment of Japanese State Shinto. This system classified Shinto shrines as either official government shrines or "other" shrines. The official shrines were divided into
- Imperial shrines (kampeisha), which are parsed into minor, medium, or major sub-categories; and
- National shrines (kokuheisha), which are similarly categorized as minor, medium, or major.[1]
Some shrines are the "first shrines" called ichinomiya that have the highest rank in their respective provinces of Japan.
History
In 1871, an Imperial decree established a hierarchic ranking of Shinto shrines. These rankings were set aside in 1946, when such rankings were deemed "State Shinto" by the Occupation Shinto Directive. The Jinja Honcho currently has a slightly different List of Special Shrines (別表神社, beppyo jinja).
Kanpei-sha
In 1871, the Kanpei-sha (官幣社) identified the hierarchy of government-supported shrines most closely associated with the Imperial family.[2] The kampeisha were shrines venerated by the imperial family. This category encompasses those sanctuaries enshrining emperors, imperial family members, or meritorious retainers of the Imperial family.[1]
Imperial shrines, 1st rank
The most highly ranked Imperial shrines or Kanpei-taisha (官幣大社) encompassed 67 sanctuaries.[2]
Imperial shrines, 2nd rank
The mid-range of ranked Imperial shrines or Kanpei-chÅ«sha (官幣ä¸ç¤¾) included 23 sanctuaries.[6]
name | location | notes |
---|---|---|
Shiramine jingÅ«[22] | KamigyÅ-ku, Kyoto | Emperor Junnin; n.b., raised to kanpei-taisha in 1940 |
Akama jingū[17] | Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi | Emperor Antoku; n.b., raised to kanpei-taisha in 1940 |
Minase jinja[22] | Shimamoto, Osaka | Emperor Go-Toba, Emperor Tsuchimikado and Emperor Juntoku; n.b., raised to kanpei-taisha in 1940 |
Kamakura-gū[17] | Kamakura, Kanagawa[23] | Morinaga-shinnŠ|
Iinoya-gū[17] | Kita-ku, Hamamatsu[24] | Munenaga-shinnŠ|
Yatsushiro-no-miya[17] | Yatsushiro, Kumamoto[25] | Kanenaga-shinnÅ, Nganari--shinnÅ |
Umenomiya jinja.[17] | UkyÅ-ku, Kyoto[26] | Sakatoke-no-kami, ÅŒwakako-no-kami, Satatokeko-no-kami |
Kifune jinja.[17] | SakyÅ-ku, Kyoto | Kuraokami-no-kami |
ÅŒharano jinja.[17] | NishikyÅ-ku, Kyoto.[17] | Take-mikazuchi-no-mitoko, Iwainushi-no-mitoko, Hime-kami |
Yoshida jinja.[17] | SakyÅ-ku, Kyoto | Take-mikazuchi-no-mitoko, Iwainushi-no-mitoko, Hime-kami |
Kitano TenmangÅ«.[17] | KamigyÅ-ku, Kyoto | Sugawara no Michizane |
Tsukiyomi jinja.[17] | Unzen | Tsukiomi-no-mitoko |
Kanasana jinja.[17] | Kamikawa, Saitama[27] | Amaterasu ÅŒmikami, Susanoo-no-mikoto |
Ikasuri jinja | ChÅ«Å-ku, Osaka | ichinomiya of Settsu Province[3] |
Hikosan jingū | Soeda, Fukuoka | |
Yatsushiro-gū | Yatsushiro, Kumamoto | |
Kanegasaki-gÅ«[28] | Tsuruga, Fukui[29] | Takanaga ShinnÅ, Tsunenaga shinnÅ |
Dazaifu Tenmangū.[28] | Dazaifu, Fukuoka | Sugawara no Michizane |
Ikuta jinja[28] | ChÅ«Å-ku, Kobe | Waka-hirume-no-mikoto |
Nagata jinja.[28] | Nagata-ku, Kobe[30] | Kotohshironushi-no-mikoto |
Watatsumi jinja (Tarumi jinja).[28] | Tarumi-ku, Kobe, Harima | Waka-hirume-no-mikoto |
Ehikoyama jinja.[28] | Hikozan, Buzen | Ame no Oshihone-no-mikoto (Ame-n-oshiho-mimi-no-mitoko) |
Sumiyoshi jinja[28] | Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi[31] | the aramitama of the Sun Goddess, Tsuki-sasaki-itsu no mitama-amasakaru-muka-tsu-hime-no- mitoko; ichinomiya of Nagato Province[10] |
Kibitsu jinja[28] | Okayama, Okayama | Ōkibitsu-hiko-no-mikoto, son of Emperor Korei; ichinomiya of Bitchū Province[10] |
Kumano Nachi Taisha[28] | Nachikatsuura, Wakayama[32] | Ketsumiko, Kumano Hayatama-no-kami, Kumano Fusumi-no-kami |
Itakeso jinja[28] | Wakayama, Wakayama[33] | ÅŒya-hiko-no-mikoto |
Mikami jinja[28] | Yasu, Shiga[34] | Ame-no-mikage-no-mikoto |
Tainan jinja.[28] | Tainan, Taiwan | now extinct; Prince Kitashirakawa Yoshihisa-no-mikoto |
Imperial shrines, 3rd rank
The lowest ranked among the Imperial shrines or Kanpei-shÅsha (官幣å°ç¤¾) were five sanctuaries.[28]
name | location | notes |
---|---|---|
Ōkunitama jinja.[28] | Fuchū, Tokyo[35] | Musashi no Ōkuni-tama-no-kami |
Shigaumi jinja.[28] | Higashi-ku, Fukuoka[36] | Uwatsutsunoo-no-mikoto, Kakatsutsunoo-no-mitoko, Sokotsutsunoo-no-mikoto |
Sumiyoshi Jinja.[28] | Hakata-ku, Fukuoka[37] | Uwatsutsunoo-no-mikoto, Kakatsutsunoo-no-mitoko, Sokotsutsunoo-no-mikoto; ichinomiya of Chikuzen Province[10] |
Kamado-jinja.[28] | Dazaifu, Fukuoka[38] | Tamayori-hime |
Naminoue jinja.[28] | Naha, Okinawa[39] | Hayatama-no-o, Izanami, Kotosaka-no-o-no-mikoto; ichinomiya of Ryūkyū[40] |
Other Imperial shrines
In addition to the officially ranked Imperial shrines, there were also other shrines at which the kami of emperors were venerated.[28]
- This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
name | location | notes |
---|---|---|
Annei-tennÅ-sha.[28] | Shirakashi, Yamato | Emperor Annei |
Futarayama jinja.[28] | Utsunomiya, Shimotsuke | Toyoki-iri-hoko no mikoto, son of Emperor Sujin |
Anaho jinja.[28] | Anaho, ÅŒmi | Emperor KeikÅ |
Hashirimizu jinja.[28] | Uraga, Sagami | Ototachibana-hime, wife of Yamato-takeru no mikoto |
Uji jinja.[41] | Uji, Yamashiro | Uji no Waki-iratsuko-no-miko |
Takatsu no miya.[41] | Osaka, Settsu | Emperor Nintoku |
Okenomiko.[41] | Takaichi, Yamato | Emperor KenzÅ |
O-hatsuse-waka-sasagi no jinja.[41] | Takaichi, Yamato | Emperor Buretsu |
GoryÅ jinja.[41] | Ishiyama, ÅŒmi | Emperor Kobun |
Misu jinja.[41] | YokoÅji, Yamashiro | Emperor Temmu |
SudÅ jinja.[41] | ShÅ«gaku-in, Yamashiro | Prince Sawara (posthumously elevated, SudÅ-tennÅ) |
Seiwa-tennÅ-sha.[41] | Saga, Yamashiro | Emperor Seiwa |
Moriya no Yashino.[41] | Karuma, Yamashiro | Korenaga-shinnÅ, son of Emperor Montoku |
Suitengū.[41] | Kurume, Fukuoka | Emperor Antoku |
FukuÅji no jinja.[41] | Hanazono, Yamashiro | Hanshi-kÅgÅ, empress-consort of Emperor KÅkÅ |
Takakura jinja.[41] | Umekura, Yamashiro | Mochihito-Å, son of Emperor Go-Shirakawa |
ShishÅ jinja.[41] | Totsugawa, Yamato | Emperor ChÅkei |
Kokuhei-sha
The Kokuhei-sha (国幣社) identified the hierarchy of government-supported shrines with national significance. The kokuheisha enshrined kami considered beneficial to more local areas.[1]
National shrines, 1st rank
The most highly ranked, nationally significant shrines or Kokuhei Taisha (国幣大社) were six sanctuaries.
name | location | notes |
---|---|---|
Keta Shrine | Hakui, Ishikawa | ichinomiya of Noto Province[11] |
Nangū taisha | Tarui, Gifu | ichinomiya of Mino Province[3] |
Tado Shrine | Kuwana, Mie | |
Kumano Shrine (Matsue) | Matsue, Shimane | ichinomiya of Izumo Province[11] |
ÅŒyamazumi jinja | Imabari, Ehime | ichinomiya of Iyo Province[10] |
KÅra taisha | Kurume, Fukuoka | ichinomiya of Chikugo Province[10] |
National shrines, 2nd rank
The mid-range of ranked, nationally significant shrines or Kokuhei ChÅ«sha (国幣ä¸ç¤¾) encompassed 47 sanctuaries.
National shrines, 3rd rank
The lowest ranked, nationally significant shrines or Kokuhei ShÅsha (国幣å°ç¤¾) includes 50 sanctuaries.
See also
Notes
- 1 2 3 Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics, Kokugakuin University: Glossary of Shinto Names and Terms, Kampei Taisha.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 124.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 "Nationwide List of Ichinomiya," p. 1; retrieved 2013-1-28.
- ↑ Nara National Museum: No. 31, Map of the Precincts of Kanpei Taisha Isonokami Shrine
- ↑ National Diet Library (NDL): Kanpei Taisha Kasuga Jinja
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 125.
- 1 2 Sawada, Janine Anderson. (2004). Practical pursuits: religion, politics, and personal cultivation in nineteenth-century Japan, p. 312 n15.
- ↑ Chiba prefectural government: Chiba, Katori Shrine
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Shinto: Atsuta ShinkÅ
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 "Nationwide List of Ichinomiya," p. 3; retrieved 2013-1-28.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 "Nationwide List of Ichinomiya," p. 2; retrieved 2013-1-28.
- ↑ Asama Shrine: Fujinomiya, Shizuoka = Ōmiya in Suruga province
- ↑ Takebe Taisha: Ōtsu, Shiga = Seta in Ōmi province
- ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, (1963). The Vicissitudes of Shinto, p. 328.
- ↑ 北海é“神宮 ... Hokkaido Jingu Shrine at Nippon-Kichi.jp; retrieved 2012-1-29.
- ↑ NDL: Kanpei Taisha Yoshino Jingu
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 126.
- ↑ Breen, John et al. (2000). Shinto in History: ways of the Kami, p. 276.
- ↑ Bernstein, Andrew. "Whose Fuji?: Religion, Region, and State in the Fight for a National Symbol," Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 63, No. 1, Spring 2008, pp. 51-99; Ponsonby-Fane, (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 125.
- ↑ Peattie, Mark R. (1988). NanÊ»yÅ: the rise and fall of the Japanese in Micronesia, 1885-1945, pp. 225-229; n.b., construction completed in 1941
- ↑ Peattie, p. 339 n61.
- 1 2 Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 126; n.b., raised to kanpei-taisha in 1940
- ↑ Kamakura-gū: Kamakura, Kanagawa = Kamakura in Sagami province
- ↑ Iinoya-gÅ«:Kita-ku, Hamamatsu = Iya in TÅtÅmi province.
- ↑ Yatsushiro Shrine: Yatsushiro, Kumamoto = Yatsushiro in Higo province
- ↑ Umenomiya Shrine: UkyÅ-ku, Kyoto = Umetsu in Yamashiro province
- ↑ Kanasana Shrine: Kamikawa, Saitama = Aoyagi in Musashi province.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 127.
- ↑ Kanegazaki Shrine: Tsuruga, Fukui = Tsuruga in Echizen province
- ↑ Nagata Shrine: Nagata-ku, Kobe = Kobe in Settsu province.
- ↑ Sumiyoshi Shrine: Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi = Katsuyama in Nagato province
- ↑ Kumano Nachi Taisha: Nachikatsuura, Wakayama = Nachi in Kii province; n.b., Kii Province (紀伊国 Kii no Kuni) = Kishū (紀州), was a province of Honshū in Wakayama Prefecture and Mie Prefecture.
- ↑ Itakeso Shrine: Wakayama, Wakayama = Nishiyama Higashimura in Kii province; n.b., Kii Province (紀伊国 Kii no Kuni) = Kishū (紀州)
- ↑ Mikami Shrine: Yasu, Shiga = Mikamimura in Ōmi province
- ↑ Ōkunitama jinja at Fuchū, Tokyo = Fuchū in Musashi province
- ↑ Shigaumi Shrine: Higashi-ku, Fukuoka = Fukuoka, Chikuzen province
- ↑ Sumiyoshi Shrine: Hakata-ku, Fukuoka = Fukuoka in Chikuzen province
- ↑ Kamado Shrine: Dazaifu, Fukuoka = Fukuoka in Chikuzen province
- ↑ Naminoe Shrine: Naha, Okinawa = Wakasa on Okinawa Island in the Ryukyu Kingdom
- ↑ Kerr, George H. (1953). Ryukyu Kingdom and Province before 1945, p. 203.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 128.
References
- Breen, John and Mark Teeuwen. (2000). Shinto in History: Ways of the Kami. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2363-4
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
- _______________. (1962). Studies in Shinto and Shrines. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 399449
- _______________. (1963). The Viciissitudes of Shinto. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 186605327