Emperor Seiwa

Seiwa
Emperor of Japan

Reign	858–876
Coronation	858
Predecessor	Montoku
Successor	Yōzei
Born	850 Heian Kyō (Kyōto)
Died	31 December 878 (age 28) Heian Kyō (Kyōto)
Burial	Minooyama no misasagi (Kyoto)
Father	Montoku
Mother	Fujiwara no Akirakeiko

Emperor Seiwa (清和天皇, Seiwa-tennō, 850–878) was the 56th emperor of Japan,^[1] according to the traditional order of succession.^[2]

Seiwa's reign spanned the years from 858 through 876.^[3]

Traditional narrative

Seiwa was the fourth son of Emperor Montoku. His mother was Empress Dowager Fujiwara no Akirakeiko (明子), also called the Somedono empress 染殿后). Seiwa's mother was the daughter of Fujiwara no Yoshifusa (藤原良房), who was regent and great minister of the council of state.^[4] He was the younger half-brother of Imperial Prince Koretaka (惟喬親王) (lived 844–897)

Imina

Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (his imina)^[5] was Korehito (惟仁),^[6] the first member of the Imperial house to be personally named "-hito" 仁. One meaning of the character 仁 is the Confucian concept of ren. Later it has been a tradition to name the personal name of all male members of the Imperial family this way.

He was also known as emperor as Mizunoo-no-mikado^[4] or Minoo-tei.^[7]

Events of Seiwa's life

Originally under the guardianship of his maternal grandfather Fujiwara no Yoshifusa, he displaced Imperial Prince Koretaka (惟喬親王) as Crown Prince. Upon the death of his father in 858, Emperor Montoku, he became Emperor at the age of 8, but the real power was held by his grandfather, Yoshifusa.

10 July 858 (Ten'an 2, 27th day of the 8th month): In the 8th year of Montoku-tennō 's reign (文徳天皇8年), the emperor abdicated;^[6] and the succession (senso) was received by his son. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Seiwa is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).^[8]
15 December 858 (Ten'an 2, 7th day of the 11th month): The emperor's official announcement of his enthronement at age 9 was accompanied by the appointment of his grandfather as regent (sesshō). This is the first time that this high honor has been accorded to a member of the Fujiwara family, and it is also the first example in Japan of the accession of an heir who is too young to be emperor. The proclamation of the beginning of Seiwa's reign was made at the Kotaijingu at Ise Province and at all the tombs of the imperial family.^[9]
859 (Jōgan 1, 1st month): All New Year's festivities were suspended because of the period of national mourning for the death of Emperor Montoku.^[10]
859 (Jōgan 1): Construction began on the Iwashimizu Shrine near Heian-kyō. This shrine honors Hachiman, the Shinto war god.^[11]
869 (Jōgan 10): Yōzei was born, and he was named Seiwa's heir in the following year.^[12]
876 (Jōgan 17, 11th month): In the 18th year of Seiwa-tennō 's reign (清和天皇18年), the emperor ceded his throne to his five-year-old son, which meant that the young child received the succession (senso). Shortly thereafter, Emperor Yōzei formally acceded to the throne (sokui).^[13]
878 (Gangyō 2): Seiwa became a Buddhist priest. His new priestly name was Soshin.^[11]
31 December 878 (Gangyō 2, 4th day of the 12th month ): Former-Emperor Seiwa died at age 28.^[14]

Mausoleum

The actual site of Seiwa's grave is known.^[1] The emperor is traditionally venerated at the misasagi memorial shrine in the Ukyō-ku ward of Kyoto. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Seiwa's mausoleum. It is formally named the Minooyama no Misasagi (清和天皇陵) or Seiwa Tennō Ryō.^[15]^[16] From the site of his tomb the Emperor Seiwa is sometimes referred to as the Emperor Mizunoo (水尾帝, Mizunoo-tei).^[17] The kami of Emperor Seiwa is venerated at the Seiwatennō-sha in close proximity to the mausoleum.^[18]^[19]

Kugyō

Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.^[20]

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Seiwa's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:

Sesshō, Fujiwara no Yoshifusa, 804–872.^[11]
Daijō-daijin, Fujiwara no Yoshifusa.^[11]
Sadaijin, Minamoto no Makoto (源信).
Sadaijin, Minamoto no Tooru (源融).^[21]
Udaijin, Fujiwara no Yoshimi (藤原良相), 817–867.^[22]
Udaijin, Fujiwara no Ujimune (藤原氏宗).
Udaijin, Fujiwara no Mototsune, 836–891.^[23]
Naidaijin
Dainagon, Fujiwara no Mototsune.^[21]

Eras of Seiwa's reign

The years of Seiwa's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.^[6]

Ten'an (857–859)
Jōgan (859–877)

Consorts and Children

Nyōgo(Kōtaigō): Fujiwara no Takaiko (藤原高子) (842–910), daughter of Fujiwara no Nagara (藤原長良)

Imperial Prince Sadaakira (貞明親王) (868–949) (Emperor Yōzei)
Imperial Prince Sadayasu (貞保親王) (870–924)
Imperial Princess Atsuko (敦子内親王) (?–930), 7th Saiin in Kamo Shrine 877–880

Nyōgo: Fujiwara no Tamiko (藤原多美子) (?–886), daughter of Fujiwara no Yoshimi (藤原良相)

Nyōgo: Taira no Kanshi (平寛子)

Nyōgo: Princess Kashi (嘉子女王), daughter of Prince Munesada (棟貞王)

Imperial Prince Sadasumi (貞純親王) (873–916) – father of Minamoto no Tsunemoto (源経基), founder of the Seiwa Genji, from whom the Kamakura shogunate and the Ashikaga shogunate were both descended, as well as from whom the Tokugawa shogunate claimed descent

Nyōgo: Minamoto no Seishi (源済子), daughter of Emperor Montoku

Nyōgo: Minamoto no Sadako (源貞子) (?–873)

Nyōgo: Minamoto no Kenshi/Atsuko (源喧子)

Nyōgo: Princess Chūshi/Tadako (忠子女王), daughter of Imperial Prince Tokiyasu(Emperor Kōkō later)

Nyōgo: Fujiwara no Yoriko (藤原頼子) (?–936), daughter of Fujiwara no Mototsune (藤原基経)

Nyōgo: Fujiwara no Kazuko (藤原佳珠子), daughter of Fujiwara no Mototsune (藤原基経)

Imperial Prince Sadatoki (貞辰親王) (874–929)

Nyōgo: Minamoto no Takeko/Izuko (源厳子) (?–878), daughter of Minamoto no Yoshiari (源能有)

Nyōgo: Minamoto no Gishi/Yoshiko (源宜子), daughter of Minamoto no Okimoto (源興基)

Nyōgo: Princess Kenshi (兼子女王)

Nyōgo: Princess Ryūshi (隆子女王)

Koui: A daughter of Tachibana no Yasukage (橘休蔭の娘)

Imperial Prince Sadakata (貞固親王) (?–930)

Koui: A daughter of Fujiwara no Nakamune (藤原仲統の娘)

Imperial Prince Sadamoto (貞元親王) (?–909)

Koui: A daughter of Fujiwara no Yoshichika (藤原良近の娘)

Imperial Prince Sadahira (貞平親王) (?–913)
Imperial Princess Shikiko (識子内親王) (874–906), 21st Saiō (Imperial Princess serving at Ise Grand Shrine) 877–880

Koui: Ariwara no Fumiko (在原文子), daughter of Ariwara no Yukihira (在原行平)

Imperial Prince Sadakazu (貞数親王) (875–916)
Imperial Princess Kaneko (包子内親王) (?–889)

Koui: A daughter of Fujiwara no Morofuji (藤原諸葛の娘)

Imperial Prince Sadazane (貞真親王) (876–932)
Imperial Princess Mōshi (孟子内親王) (?–901)

Koui: A daughter of Fujiwara no Naomune (藤原直宗の娘)

Imperial Prince Sadayori (貞頼親王) (876–922)

Koui: A daughter of Saeki no Sanefusa (佐伯子房の娘)

Minamoto no Nagami (源長鑒)
Minamoto no Nagayori (源長頼)

Court lady : A daughter of Kamo no Mineo (賀茂岑雄の娘)

Minamoto no Naganori (源長猷) (?–918)
Minamoto no Saishi/Noriko (源載子)

Court lady : A daughter of Ōno no Takatori (大野鷹取の娘)

Minamoto no Nagafuchi (源長淵)

Notes

Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylized chrysanthemum blossom

1 2 Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō): 清和天皇 (56)
↑ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 66.
↑ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, pp. 115–121., p. 115, at Google Books; Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 286–288; Varley, H. Paul. Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 166–17.
1 2 Varley, p. 166.
↑ Brown, pp. 264; prior to Emperor Jomei, the personal names of the emperors (their imina) were very long and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.
1 2 3 Titsingh, p. 115., p. 115, at Google Books
↑ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 8.
↑ Brown, pp. 286; Varley, p. 44; a distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami.
↑ Titsingh, p. 115., p. 115, at Google Books; Brown, p. 286.
↑ Titsingh, p. 116., p. 116, at Google Books
1 2 3 4 Brown, p. 288.
↑ Titsingh, p. 122., p. 122, at Google Books
↑ Titsingh, p. 122., p. 122, at Google Books; Varley, p. 44.
↑ Brown, p. 289; Varley, p. 170.
↑ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 421.
↑ "Seiwa Tennō Ryō (清和天皇陵)". Nihon Rekishi Chimei Taikei (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-18.
↑ "Seiwa Tennō". Nihon Daihyakka Zensho (Nipponika) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-18.
↑ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 128.
↑ "Seiwatennō-sha (清和天皇社)". Nihon Rekishi Chimei Taikei (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-18.
↑ Furugosho: Kugyō of Seiwa-tennō
1 2 Titsingh, p. 119., p. 119, at Google Books
↑ Brown, p. 287.
↑ Brown, p. 287; Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Fujiwara no Mototsune" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 206, p. 206, at Google Books.

References

Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 251325323
Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 59145842