SesshÅ and Kampaku
Imperial Standard of the Regent
In Japan, SesshŠ(摂政) was a title given to a regent who was named to assist either a child emperor before his coming of age, or an empress. The Kampaku (関白) was theoretically a sort of chief advisor for the emperor, but was the title of both first secretary and regent who assists an adult emperor. During the Heian era, they were the effective rulers of Japan. There was little, if any, effective difference between the two titles, and several individuals merely changed titles as child emperors grew to adulthood, or adult emperors retired or died and were replaced by child emperors. The two titles were collectively known as Sekkan (摂関), and the families that exclusively held the titles were called Sekkan-ke or Sekkan family. After the Heian era, shogunates took over the power.
A retired kampaku is called TaikŠ(太閤), which came to commonly refer to Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
History
In earlier times, only members of the Imperial Family could be appointed sesshÅ. Kojiki reported that Emperor ÅŒjin was assisted by his mother, Empress JingÅ«, but it is doubtful if it is a historical fact. The first historical sesshÅ was Prince ShÅtoku who assisted Empress Suiko.
The Fujiwara clan was the primary holders of the kampaku and sesshÅ titles. More precisely those titles were held by the Fujiwara Hokke (Fujiwara north family) and its descendants, to which Fujiwara no Yoshifusa belonged.
In 858 Fujiwara no Yoshifusa became sesshÅ. He was the first not to belong to the Imperial house. In 876 Fujiwara no Mototsune, the nephew and adopted son of Yoshifusa, was appointed to the newly created office of kampaku.
After Fujiwara no Michinaga and Fujiwara no Yorimichi, their descendants held those two office exclusively. In the 12th century, there were five families among the descendants of Yorimichi called Sekke: Konoe family, KujÅ family, IchijÅ family, Takatsukasa family and NijÅ family. Both the Konoe and KujÅ family were descendants of Yorimichi, through Fujiwara no Tadamichi. The other three families were derived from either the Konoe or KujÅ families. Until the Meiji Restoration of 1868, those five families held those title exclusively with the two exceptions of Toyotomi Hideyoshi and his nephew Toyotomi Hidetsugu.
The office and title of kampaku fell out of use by convention with the appointment of the first Prime Minister of Japan during the Meiji Restoration. Emperor Meiji abolished the office in 1872. Today, under the Imperial Household Law, the office of sesshÅ is restricted to the Imperial Family. Crown Prince Hirohito, before becoming Emperor ShÅwa, was sesshÅ from 1921 to 1926 for the mentally disabled Emperor TaishÅ. He was called sesshÅ-no-miya.
List
The following is a list of sessho and kampaku in the order of succession.[1][2] The list is not exhaustive.
| SesshÅ | Kampaku | Reign | Monarch |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prince ShÅtoku | 593–622 | Empress Suiko | |
| Fujiwara no Yoshifusa[3] | 858–72 | Emperor Seiwa | |
| Fujiwara no Mototsune | 872–80 | Emperor Seiwa, Emperor YÅzei | |
| Fujiwara no Mototsune | 880–90 | Emperor YÅzei, Emperor KÅkÅ, Emperor Uda | |
| Fujiwara no Tokihira | 909[4] | Emperor Daigo | |
| Fujiwara no Tadahira | 930–41 | Emperor Suzaku | |
| Fujiwara no Tadahira | 941–49 | Emperor Suzaku, Emperor Murakami | |
| Fujiwara no Saneyori[5] | 967–69 | Emperor Reizei | |
| Fujiwara no Saneyori | 969–70 | Emperor En'yū | |
| Fujiwara no Koretada | 970–72 | Emperor En'yū | |
| Fujiwara no Kanemichi[6] | 972–77 | Emperor En'yū | |
| Fujiwara no Yoritada | 977–86 | Emperor En'yū, Emperor Kazan | |
| Fujiwara no Kaneie | 986–90 | Emperor IchijŠ| |
| Fujiwara no Kaneie | May 5 (lunar calendar), 990 – May 8, 990 | Emperor IchijŠ| |
| Fujiwara no Michitaka | May 8, 990 – May 26, 990 | Emperor IchijŠ| |
| Fujiwara no Michitaka | 990–993 | Emperor IchijŠ| |
| Fujiwara no Michitaka | 993–995 | Emperor IchijŠ| |
| Fujiwara no Michikane | April 28, 995 – May 8, 995 | Emperor IchijŠ| |
| Fujiwara no Michinaga | 1016–17 | Emperor Go-IchijŠ| |
| Fujiwara no Yorimichi | 1017–19 | Emperor Go-IchijŠ| |
| Fujiwara no Yorimichi[7] | Emperor Go-IchijÅ, Emperor Go-Suzaku, Emperor Go-Reizei | ||
| Fujiwara no Norimichi | 1068–75 | Emperor Go-SanjÅ, Emperor Shirakawa | |
| Fujiwara no Morozane | 1075–86 | Emperor Shirakawa | |
| Fujiwara no Morozane | 1086–1090 | Emperor Horikawa | |
| Fujiwara no Morozane | 1090–1094 | Emperor Horikawa | |
| Fujiwara no Moromichi | 1094–1099 | Emperor Horikawa | |
| Fujiwara no Tadazane | 1105–1107 | Emperor Horikawa | |
| Fujiwara no Tadazane | 1107–1113 | Emperor Toba | |
| Fujiwara no Tadazane | 1113–1121 | Emperor Toba | |
| Fujiwara no Tadamichi | 1121–1123 | Emperor Toba | |
| Fujiwara no Tadamichi | 1123–1129 | Emperor Sutoku | |
| Fujiwara no Tadamichi | 1129–1141 | Emperor Sutoku | |
| Fujiwara no Tadamichi | 1141–1150 | Emperor Konoe | |
| Fujiwara no Tadamichi | 1150–1158 | Emperor Konoe, Emperor Go-Shirakawa | |
| Konoe Motozane | 1158–1165 | Emperor NijŠ| |
| Konoe Motozane | 1165–1166 | Emperor RokujŠ| |
| Fujiwara no Motofusa | 1166–1172 | Emperor RokujÅ, Emperor Takakura | |
| Fujiwara no Motofusa | 1172–1179 | Emperor Takakura | |
| Konoe Motomichi | 1179–1180 | Emperor Takakura | |
| Konoe Motomichi | 1180–1183 | Emperor Antoku | |
| Matsudono Moroie | 1183–1184 | Emperor Antoku | |
| Konoe Motomichi | 1184–1186 | Emperor Antoku, Emperor Go-Toba | |
| KujŠKanezane | 1186–1191 | Emperor Go-Toba | |
| KujŠKanezane | 1191–1196 | Emperor Go-Toba | |
| Konoe Motomichi | 1196–1198 | Emperor Tsuchimikado | |
| Konoe Motomichi | 1198–1202 | Emperor Tsuchimikado | |
| KujŠYoshitsune | 1202–06 | Emperor Tsuchimikado | |
| Konoe Iezane[8] | 1206 | Emperor Tsuchimikado | |
| Konoe Iezane[9] | 1206–21 | Emperor Tsuchimikado, Emperor Juntoku | |
| KujŠMichiie[10] | 1221 | Emperor ChūkyŠ| |
| Konoe Iezane.[11] | 1221–23 | Emperor Go-Horikawa | |
| Konoe Iezane[12] | 1223–1228 | Emperor Go-Horikawa | |
| KujŠMichiie | 1228–1231 | Emperor Go-Horikawa | |
| KujŠNorizane | 1231–1232 | Emperor Go-Horikawa | |
| KujŠNorizane | 1232–1235 | Emperor ShijŠ| |
| KujŠMichiie | 1235–1237 | Emperor ShijŠ| |
| Konoe Kanetsune | 1237–1242 | Emperor ShijŠ| |
| Konoe Kanetsune | 1242 | Emperor Go-Saga | |
| NijŠYoshizane | 1242–1246 | Emperor Go-Saga | |
| IchijÅ Sanetsune | 1246 | Emperor Go-Saga | |
| IchijŠSanetsune | 1246–1247 | Emperor Go-Fukakusa | |
| Konoe Kanetsune | 1247–1252 | Emperor Go-Fukakusa | |
| Takatsukasa Kanehira | 1252–1254 | Emperor Go-Fukakusa | |
| Takatsukasa Kanehira | 1254–1261 | Emperor Go-Fukakusa, Emperor Kameyama | |
| NijŠYoshizane | 1261–1265 | Emperor Kameyama | |
| IchijŠSanetsune | 1265–1267 | Emperor Kameyama | |
| Konoe Motohira | 1267–1268 | Emperor Kameyama | |
| Takatsukasa Mototada | 1268–1273 | Emperor Kameyama | |
| KujŠTadaie | 1273–1274 | Emperor Kameyama | |
| KujÅ Tadaie | 1274 | Emperor Go-Uda | |
| IchijŠIetsune | 1274–1275 | Emperor Go-Uda | |
| Takatsukasa Kanehira | 1275–1278 | Emperor Go-Uda | |
| Takatsukasa Kanehira | 1278–1287 | Emperor Go-Uda | |
| NijŠMorotada | 1287–1289 | Emperor Go-Uda, Emperor Fushimi | |
| Konoe Iemoto | 1289–1291 | Emperor Fushimi | |
| KujŠTadanori | 1291–1293 | Emperor Fushimi | |
| Konoe Iemoto | 1293–1296 | Emperor Fushimi | |
| Takatsukasa Kanetada | 1296–1298 | Emperor Fushimi | |
| Takatsukasa Kanetada | 1298 | Emperor Go-Fushimi | |
| NijŠKanemoto | 1298–1300 | Emperor Go-Fushimi | |
| NijŠKanemoto | 1300–1305 | Emperor Go-Fushimi, Emperor Go-NijŠ| |
| KujŠMoronori | 1305–1308 | Emperor Go-NijŠ| |
| KujÅ Moronori | 1308 | Emperor Hanazono | |
| Takatsukasa Fuyuhira | 1308–1311 | Emperor Hanazono | |
| Takatsukasa Fuyuhira | 1311–1313 | Emperor Hanazono | |
| Konoe Iehira | 1313–1315 | Emperor Hanazono | |
| Takatsukasa Fuyuhira | 1315–1316 | Emperor Hanazono | |
| NijŠMichihira | 1316–1318 | Emperor Hanazono, Emperor Go-Daigo | |
| IchijŠUchitsune | 1318–1323 | Emperor Go-Daigo | |
| KujŠFusazane | 1323–1324 | Emperor Go-Daigo | |
| Takatsukasa Fuyuhira | 1324–1327 | Emperor Go-Daigo | |
| NijŠMichihira | 1327–1330 | Emperor Go-Daigo | |
| Konoe Tsunetada | 1330 | Emperor Go-Daigo | |
| Takatsukasa Fuyunori | 1330–1333 | Emperor Go-Daigo, Emperor KÅgon | |
| Konoe Tsunetada | 1336–1337 | Emperor KÅmyÅ | |
| Konoe Mototsugu | 1337–1338 | Emperor KÅmyÅ | |
| IchijÅ Tsunemichi | 1338–1342 | Emperor KÅmyÅ | |
| KujÅ Michinori | 1342 | Emperor KÅmyÅ | |
| Takatsukasa Morohira[13] | 1342–46 | Emperor KÅmyÅ | |
| NijÅ Yoshimoto | 1346–58 | Emperor KÅmyÅ, Emperor SukÅ, Emperor Go-KÅgon | |
| KujÅ Tsunenori | 1358–61 | Emperor Go-KÅgon | |
| Konoe Michitsugu | 1361–63 | Emperor Go-KÅgon | |
| NijÅ Yoshimoto | 1363–1367 | Emperor Go-KÅgon | |
| Takatsukasa Fuyumichi | 1367–1369 | Emperor Go-KÅgon | |
| NijÅ Moroyoshi | 1369–1375 | Emperor Go-KÅgon, Emperor Go-En'yÅ« | |
| KujŠTadamoto | 1375–1379 | Emperor Go-En'yū | |
| NijŠMorotsugu | 1379–1382 | Emperor Go-En'yū | |
| NijŠYoshimoto | 1382–1388 | Emperor Go-Komatsu | |
| Konoe Kanetsugu | 1388 | Emperor Go-Komatsu | |
| NijÅ Yoshimoto | 1388 | Emperor Go-Komatsu | |
| NijÅ Yoshimoto | 1388 | Emperor Go-Komatsu | |
| NijŠMorotsugu | 1388–1394 | Emperor Go-Komatsu | |
| IchijŠTsunetsugu | 1394–1398 | Emperor Go-Komatsu | |
| NijŠMorotsugu | 1398–1399 | Emperor Go-Komatsu | |
| IchijŠTsunetsugu | 1399–1408 | Emperor Go-Komatsu | |
| Konoe Tadatsugu | 1408–1409 | Emperor Go-Komatsu | |
| NijŠMitsumoto | 1409–1410 | Emperor Go-Komatsu | |
| IchijÅ Tsunetsugu | 1410–1418 | Emperor Go-Komatsu, Emperor ShÅkÅ | |
| KujÅ Mitsuie | 1418–1424 | Emperor ShÅkÅ | |
| NijÅ Mochimoto | 1424–1428 | Emperor ShÅkÅ | |
| NijŠMochimoto | 1428–1432 | Emperor Go-Hanazono | |
| NijÅ Kaneyoshi | 1432 | Emperor Go-Hanazono | |
| NijŠMochimoto | 1432–1433 | Emperor Go-Hanazono | |
| NijŠMochimoto | 1433–1445 | Emperor Go-Hanazono | |
| Konoe Fusatsugu | 1445–1447 | Emperor Go-Hanazono | |
| IchijŠKaneyoshi | 1447–1453 | Emperor Go-Hanazono | |
| Takatsukasa Fusahira | 1454–1455 | Emperor Go-Hanazono | |
| NijŠMochimichi | 1455–1458 | Emperor Go-Hanazono | |
| IchijŠNorifusa | 1458–1463 | Emperor Go-Hanazono | |
| NijŠMochimichi | 1463–1467 | Emperor Go-Hanazono, Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado | |
| IchijŠKaneyoshi | 1467–1470 | Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado | |
| NijŠMasatsugu | 1470–1476 | Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado | |
| KujŠMasamoto | 1476–1479 | Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado | |
| Konoe Masaie | 1479–1483 | Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado | |
| Takatsukasa Masahira | 1483–1487 | Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado | |
| KujŠMasatada | 1487–1488 | Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado | |
| IchijŠFuyuyoshi | 1488–1493 | Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado | |
| Konoe Hisamichi | 1493–1497 | Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado | |
| NijÅ Hisamoto | 1497 | Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado | |
| IchijŠFuyuyoshi | 1497–1501 | Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado, Emperor Go-Kashiwabara | |
| KujŠHisatsune | 1501–1513 | Emperor Go-Kashiwabara | |
| Konoe Hisamichi | 1513–1514 | Emperor Go-Kashiwabara | |
| Takatsukasa Kanesuke | 1514–1518 | Emperor Go-Kashiwabara | |
| NijŠKorefusa | 1518–1525 | Emperor Go-Kashiwabara | |
| Konoe Taneie | 1525–1533 | Emperor Go-Kashiwabara, Emperor Go-Nara | |
| KujŠTanemichi | 1533–1534 | Emperor Go-Nara | |
| NijŠKorefusa | 1534–1536 | Emperor Go-Nara | |
| Konoe Taneie | 1536–1542 | Emperor Go-Nara | |
| Takatsukasa Tadafuyu | 1542–1545 | Emperor Go-Nara | |
| IchijŠFusamichi | 1545–1548 | Emperor Go-Nara | |
| NijŠHaruyoshi | 1548–1553 | Emperor Go-Nara | |
| IchijŠKanefuyu | 1553–1554 | Emperor Go-Nara | |
| Konoe Sakihisa | 1554–1568 | Emperor Go-Nara, Emperor Ōgimachi | |
| NijŠHaruyoshi | 1568–1578 | Emperor Ōgimachi | |
| KujŠKanetaka | 1578–1581 | Emperor Ōgimachi | |
| IchijŠUchimoto | 1581–1585 | Emperor Ōgimachi | |
| NijÅ Akizane | 1585 | Emperor ÅŒgimachi | |
| Toyotomi Hideyoshi | 1585–1591 | Emperor ÅŒgimachi, Emperor Go-YÅzei | |
| Toyotomi Hidetsugu | 1591–1595 | Emperor Go-YÅzei | |
| KujÅ Kanetaka | 1600–1604 | Emperor Go-YÅzei | |
| Konoe Nobutada | 1605–1606 | Emperor Go-YÅzei | |
| Takatsukasa Nobufusa | 1606–1608 | Emperor Go-YÅzei | |
| KujÅ Yukiie | 1608–1612 | Emperor Go-YÅzei, Emperor Go-Mizunoo | |
| Takatsukasa Nobuhisa | 1612–1615 | Emperor Go-Mizunoo | |
| NijŠAkizane | 1615–1619 | Emperor Go-Mizunoo | |
| KujŠYukiie | 1619–1623 | Emperor Go-Mizunoo | |
| Konoe Nobuhiro | 1623–1629 | Emperor Go-Mizunoo | |
| IchijÅ Akiyoshi | 1629 | Emperor Go-Mizunoo | |
| IchijŠAkiyoshi | 1629–1635 | Empress MeishŠ| |
| NijÅ Yasumichi | 1635–1647 | Empress MeishÅ, Emperor Go-KÅmyÅ | |
| KujÅ Michifusa | 1647 | Emperor Go-KÅmyÅ | |
| IchijÅ Akiyoshi | 1647 | Emperor Go-KÅmyÅ | |
| IchijÅ Akiyoshi | 1647–1651 | Emperor Go-KÅmyÅ | |
| Konoe Hisatsugu | 1651–1653 | Emperor Go-KÅmyÅ | |
| NijÅ Mitsuhira | 1653–1663 | Emperor Go-KÅmyÅ, Emperor Go-Sai | |
| NijŠMitsuhira | 1663–1664 | Emperor Reigen | |
| Takatsukasa Fusasuke | 1664–1668 | Emperor Reigen | |
| Takatsukasa Fusasuke | 1668–1682 | Emperor Reigen | |
| IchijŠKaneteru | 1682–1687 | Emperor Reigen | |
| IchijŠKaneteru | 1687–1689 | Emperor Higashiyama | |
| IchijŠKaneteru | 1689–1690 | Emperor Higashiyama | |
| Konoe Motohiro | 1690–1703 | Emperor Higashiyama | |
| Takatsukasa Kanehiro | 1703–1707 | Emperor Higashiyama | |
| Konoe Iehiro | 1707–1709 | Emperor Higashiyama | |
| Konoe Iehiro | 1709–1712 | Emperor Nakamikado | |
| KujŠSukezane | 1712–1716 | Emperor Nakamikado | |
| KujŠSukezane | 1716–1722 | Emperor Nakamikado | |
| NijŠTsunahira | 1722–1726 | Emperor Nakamikado | |
| Konoe Iehisa | 1726–1736 | Emperor Nakamikado, Emperor Sakuramachi | |
| NijŠYoshitada | 1736–1737 | Emperor Sakuramachi | |
| IchijŠKaneka | 1737–1746 | Emperor Sakuramachi | |
| IchijŠMichika | 1746–1747 | Emperor Sakuramachi | |
| IchijŠMichika | 1747–1755 | Emperor Momozono | |
| IchijŠMichika | 1755–1757 | Emperor Momozono | |
| Konoe Uchisaki | 1757–1762 | Emperor Momozono | |
| Konoe Uchisaki | 1762–1772 | Empress Go-Sakuramachi, Emperor Go-Momozono | |
| Konoe Uchisaki | 1772–1778 | Emperor Go-Momozono | |
| KujŠNaozane | 1778–1779 | Emperor Go-Momozono | |
| KujÅ Naozane | 1779–1785 | Emperor KÅkaku | |
| KujÅ Naozane | 1785–1787 | Emperor KÅkaku | |
| Takatsukasa Sukehira | 1787–1791 | Emperor KÅkaku | |
| IchijÅ Teruyoshi | 1791–1795 | Emperor KÅkaku | |
| Takatsukasa Masahiro | 1795–1814 | Emperor KÅkaku | |
| IchijÅ Tadayoshi | 1814–1823 | Emperor KÅkaku, Emperor NinkÅ | |
| Takatsukasa Masamichi | 1823–1856 | Emperor NinkÅ, Emperor KÅmei | |
| KujÅ Hisatada | 1856–1862 | Emperor KÅmei | |
| Konoe Tadahiro | 1862–63 | Emperor KÅmei | |
| Takatsukasa Sukehiro | 1863 | Emperor KÅmei | |
| NijÅ Nariyuki | 1863–66 | Emperor KÅmei | |
| NijÅ Nariyuki | 1867 | Emperor Meiji | |
| Crown Prince Hirohito | 1921–26 | Emperor TaishŠ|
See also
- Sessei – written with the same characters as SesshÅ, sessei were akin to prime ministers of the RyÅ«kyÅ« Kingdom.
- DaijÅ-kan
Notes
- ↑ ãƒã‚±ãƒˆ. 摂政・関白 (in Japanese). JP. Retrieved 2007-09-20. Authoritative.
- ↑ ja:摂政・関白ã®ä¸€è¦§, Retrieved 2007-09-20 Alternative source.
- ↑ Brown & Ishida 1979, p. 286.
- ↑ Titsingh 1834, p. 132.
- ↑ Titsingh 1834, p. 142.
- ↑ Titsingh 1384, p. 145.
- ↑ Titsingh 1834, p. 160.
- ↑ Titsingh 1834, p. 229.
- ↑ Titsingh 1834, pp. 229–36.
- ↑ Titsingh 1834, p. 236.
- ↑ Titsingh 1834, p. 238.
- ↑ Titsingh 1834, p. 239.
- ↑ Titsingh 1834, p. 297.
References
- Brown, Delmer M; Ishida, IchirÅ, eds. (1979) [Jien, c. 1220], GukanshÅ [The Future and the Past, a translation and study of […] an interpretative history of Japan written in 1219], Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-03460-0
- Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834) [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi GahÅ, 1652], Nipon o daï itsi ran [Annales des empereurs du Japon] (in French), Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland, OCLC 84067437.
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