Emperor SanjÅ
| SanjÅ | |
|---|---|
| Emperor of Japan | |
 (from the Ogura Hyakunin Isshu) | |
| Reign | 1011–1016 |
| Coronation | 1011 |
| Predecessor | IchijÅ |
| Successor | Go-IchijÅ |
| Born |
February 6, 975 Heian KyÅ (KyÅto) |
| Died |
June 5, 1017 (aged 42) SanjÅ In (三æ¡é™¢), Heian KyÅ (KyÅto) |
| Burial | Kitayama no misasagi (北山陵) (Kyoto) |
| Father | Reizei |
| Mother | Fujiwara no ChÅshi |
Emperor SanjÅ (三æ¡å¤©çš‡ SanjÅ-tennÅ, February 6, 975 – June 5, 1017) was the 67th emperor of Japan,[1] according to the traditional order of succession.[2]
SanjÅ's reign spanned the years from 1011 through 1016.[3]
Traditional narrative
Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (imina)[4] was Iyasada-shinnÅ.[5] He was also known as Sukesada-shinnÅ,[6] and as Okisada-shinnÅ (居貞親王).[7]
Iyasada was the second son of Emperor Reizei.[6] He was the half-brother of Emperor Kazan, who was Reizei's first-born son.[8] Ieyasada's mother was Fujiwara no ChÅshi (藤原超å) (?-982), who was the daughter of the sesshÅ, Fujiwara no Kaneie. ChÅshi was posthumously elevated to the rank of empress mother (ZÅ-KÅtaigÅ, 贈皇太åŽ).[9]
In ancient Japan, there were four noble clans, the GempeitÅkitsu (æºå¹³è—¤æ©˜). One of these clans, the Minamoto clan (æºæ°)are also known as Genji, and of these, the SanjÅ Genji (三æ¡æºæ°) are descended from the 67th emperor SanjÅ.
Events of SanjÅ's life
After his mother died when he was seven, his maternal grandfather Fujiwara no Kaneie raised him at Kaneie's mansion.
- August 23, 986 (Kanna 2, 16th day of the 7th month): Iyasada-shinnÅ was appointed as heir and crown prince at age 11.[9] This followed the convention that two imperial lineages took the throne in turn, although Emperor IchijÅ was in fact Iyasada's junior. He thus gained the nickname Sakasa-no moke-no kimi (the imperial heir in reverse). When Emperor Kanzan abandoned the world for holy orders, this grandson of Kaneie ascended to the throne as Emperor IchijÅ.[10]
- July 16, 1011 (KankÅ 8, 13th day of the 6th month): In the 25th year of Emperor IchijÅ's reign (一æ¡å¤©çš‡äºŒå五年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession (senso) was received by his cousin. Shortly thereafter, Emperor SanjÅ is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui) at age 36.[11]
- August 29, 1011 (KankÅ 8, 22nd day of the 6th month): DaijÅ-tennÅ Emperor IchijÅ died at the age of 32.[12]
- August 30, 1011 (KankÅ 8, 23rd day of the 8th month): Fujiwara Michinaga is granted the extraordinary privilege of travelling to and from the court by ox-drawn cart.[9]
- November 28, 1011 (KankÅ 8, 24th day of the 10th month): DaijÅ-tennÅ Reizei, who was Emperor SanjÅ's father, died at age 62.[13]
- 1011 (KankÅ 8): Prince Atsunari, the second son of former-Emperor Ichijo, is proclaimed Crown Prince.[14] SanjÅ's eldest son, Prince Atsuakira, had been the officially designated heir; but pressure from Michinaga forced the young prince abandon his position.
Kaneie died in the early part of IchijÅ's reign. His three uncles, sons of Kaneie, made their daughters consorts of Ichijo and each aimed to seize power as the grandfather of a future emperor. These courtiers therefore sought to exclude Okisada from the Imperial succession, though each of them married their daughter to him. Later IchijÅ had children by Fujiwara no Kishi, the daughter of Fujiwara no Michinaga, and Michinaga expected his grandson to ascend to the throne as soon as possible. Michinaga became the kampaku (regent) of Japan during the reign of IchijÅ and expected to hold this position in SanjÅ's government as well.[15]
- 1012 (ChÅwa 1): The era name was changed to mark Emperor SanjÅ's accession; and in the 8th month, he married a daughter of kampaku Michinaga.[6]
- 1013 (ChÅwa 2, 3rd month): SanjÅ sent an offering of grain to the gods of the 21 principal temples of Japan.[15]
- 1013 (ChÅwa 2, 9th month): SanjÅ visited the home of Michinaga.[15]
- 1013 (ChÅwa 2, 11th month): SanjÅ visited the Shrine of Iwashimizu Hachiman, and successive emperors would emulate his example visiting this shrine annually.[15]
- 1013 (ChÅwa 2, 12th month): SanjÅ visited the Shrines of Kamo, and successive emperors would emulate his example visiting this shrine annually.[15]
- 1013' (ChÅwa 2, 12th month): Fujiwara no Masanobu, an officer of the chÅ«gos guard, was killed by Fujiwara no Korekane; and Michinaga ordered the assassin imprisoned.[15]
- March 12, 1014 (ChÅwa 3, 9th day of the 2nd month): The Imperial Palace is destroyed by fire.[15]
- 1014 (ChÅwa 3, 5th month): SanjÅ visited the home of Michinaga where he enjoyed himself with horse riding and archery.[15]
- 1015 (ChÅwa 4, 9th month): The reconstruction of the palace is completed.[15]
- 1015 (ChÅwa 4, 10th month): Michinaga's 50th birthday is celebrated.[15]
- 1015 (ChÅwa 4, 11th month): The palace is again reduced to cinders after a devastating fire.[15]
- 1016 (ChÅwa 5, 1st month): SanjÅ grew increasingly blind; he abdicated at the age of 40, having reigned for six years in the nengÅ ChÅwa. He took the title DaijÅ-tennÅ.[16]
- March 10, 1016 (ChÅwa 5, 29th day of the 1st month): In the 6th year of Emperor SanjÅ's reign (三æ¡å¤©çš‡6å¹´), the emperor abdicated; and the succession (‘‘senso’’) was received by his cousin. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Go-IchijÅ is said to have acceded to the throne (‘‘sokui’’) at age 9.[17]
- May 21, 1017 (ChÅwa 6, 23rd day of the 4th month): The era name was changed to Kannin to mark the beginning of Emperor Go-IchijÅ's reign.[18]
- May 27, 1017 (Kannin 1, 29th day of the 4th month): SanjÅ entered the Buddhist priesthood.[9]
- June 5, 1017 (Kannin 1, 9th day of the 5th month): The former-Emperor SanjÅ died at age 42.[5] He was given the posthumous name of SanjÅ-in (三æ¡é™¢) after the palace where he spent his life after abdication. During the Meiji Era, the in was dropped and replaced with tennÅ (Emperor).
The actual site of SanjÅ's grave is known.[1] This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Kyoto.
The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as SanjÅ's mausoleum. It is formally named Kitayama no misasagi.[19]
Michinaga gifted Atsuakira a status equal to the retired emperor, with the title of Ko-ichijo-in. Although no son of SanjÅ ascended to the throne, a future emperor (Emperor Go-SanjÅ) was child of Princess Teishi, SanjÅ's daughter, and thus his blood remained in the imperial bloodline.
KugyÅ
KugyÅ (å…¬å¿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.
In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During SanjÅ's reign, this apex of the DaijÅ-kan included:
- Kampaku, Fujiwara no Michinaga (藤原é“é•·), 966–1027.[9]
- Sadaijin, Fujiwara no Michinaga.[9]
- Udaijin, Fujiwara no Akimitsu (藤原顕光)
- Naidaijin, Fujiwara no Kinsue (藤原公å£)
- Dainagon
Eras of SanjÅ's reign
The years of SanjÅ's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengÅ.[6]
Consorts and Children
Empress (KÅgÅ): Fujiwara no Seishi (藤原å¨å) (972–1025), 1st daughter of Fujiwara no Naritoki (藤原済時)
- Imperial Prince Atsuakira (敦明親王) (994–1051), Emperor Go-IchijÅ's Crown Prince; later, Ko-ichijÅ In (å°ä¸€æ¡é™¢)
- Imperial Prince Atsunori (敦儀親王) (997–1054)
- Imperial Prince Atsuhira (敦平親王) (999–1049)
- Imperial Princess Masako (当å内親王) (1001–1023), 37th SaiÅ in Grand Shrine of Ise) 1012–1016
- Imperial Princess Shishi (real pronunciation is unknown) (禔å内親王) (1003–1048), spouse of Fujiwara no Norimichi (藤原教通)
- Imperial Prince Moroakira (師明親王) (1005–1085), lay priest under the name Seishin (性信) (2nd head priest of Ninna-ji Temple, ä»å’Œå¯º)
Empress (ChÅ«gÅ«): Fujiwara no Kenshi (藤原å¦å) (994–1027), 2nd daughter of Fujiwara no Michinaga
- Imperial Princess Teishi (real pronunciation is unknown) (禎å内親王) (Empress Dowager YÅmei-mon In, 陽明門院) (1013–1094), Empress (kÅgÅ) to Emperor Go-Suzaku, mother of Emperor Go-SanjÅ
NyÅgo(crown princess): Fujiwara no Yasuko (藤原ç¶å) (974–1004), 3rd daughter of Fujiwara no Kaneie; adultery with Minamoto no Yorisada (son of Imperial Prince Tamehira)
NyÅgo(crown princess): Fujiwara no Genshi (藤原原å) (ca. 980–1002), 2nd daughter of Fujiwara no Michitaka
NyÅgo: Fujiwara no Seishi (藤原盛å), daughter of Fujiwara no Michinaga
Notes
- 1 2 Imperial Household Agency (KunaichÅ): 三æ¡å¤©çš‡ (67)
- ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 74.
- ↑ Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). GukanshÅ, p. 307; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). JinnÅ ShÅtÅki, p. 195; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 154-155., p. 154, at Google Books
- ↑ Brown, pp. 264; prior to Emperor Jomei, the personal names of the emperors were very long and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.
- 1 2 Brown, p. 307; Varley, p. 195.
- 1 2 3 4 Titsingh, p. 154.
- ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 8.
- ↑ Brown, pp. 300–307.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Brown, p. 307.
- ↑ Varley, p. 195.
- ↑ Titsingh, p. 154; Brown, p. 307; Varley, p. 44; a distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except JitÅ, YÅzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami.
- ↑ Brown, p. 306.
- ↑ Titsingh, p. 155; Brown, p. 306.
- ↑ Brown, p. 308.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Titsingh, p. 155.
- ↑ Titsingh, p. 155; Brown, p. 307.
- ↑ Titsingh, p. 154; Brown, p. 307; Varley, p. 44.
- ↑ Brown, p. 310.
- ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 421.
References
- Brown, Delmer M. and IchirÅ Ishida, eds. (1979). GukanshÅ: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 251325323
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
- Varley, H. Paul. (1980). JinnÅ ShÅtÅki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 59145842
See also
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Emperor IchijÅ |
Emperor of Japan: SanjŠ1011–1016 |
Succeeded by Emperor Go-IchijÅ |
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