Khmer numerals

The number 605 in Khmer numerals, from the Sambor inscriptions in 683 AD. The earliest known material use of zero as a decimal figure.[1]

Khmer numerals are the numerals used in the Khmer language. They have been in use since at least the early 7th century, with the earliest known use being on a stele dated to AD 604 found in Prasat Bayang, Cambodia, near Angkor Borei.[2][3]

Numerals

The Khmer numerals depicted in four different typographical variants.

Having been derived from the Hindu numerals, modern Khmer numerals also represent a decimal positional notation system. It is the script with the first extant material evidence of zero as a numerical figure, dating its use back to the seventh century, two centuries before its certain use in India.[2][4] However, Old Khmer, or Angkorian Khmer, also possessed separate symbols for the numbers 10, 20, and 100. Each multiple of 20 or 100 would require an additional stroke over the character, so the number 47 was constructed using the 20 symbol with an additional upper stroke, followed by the symbol for number 7.[5] This inconsistency with its decimal system suggests that spoken Angkorian Khmer used a vigesimal system.

As both Thai and Lao script are derived from Old Khmer,[6] their modern forms still bear many resemblances to the latter, demonstrated in the table below:

Value Khmer Thai Lao
0 ០ ๐ ໐
1 ១ ๑ ໑
2 ២ ๒ ໒
3 ៣ ๓ ໓
4 ៤ ๔ ໔
5 ៥ ๕ ໕
6 ៦ ๖ ໖
7 ៧ ๗ ໗
8 ៨ ๘ ໘
9 ៩ ๙ ໙

Modern Khmer numbers

The spoken names of modern Khmer numbers represent a biquinary system, with both base 5 and base 10 in use. For example, 6 (ប្រាំមួយ) is formed from 5 (ប្រាំ) plus 1 (មួយ).

Numbers from 0 to 5

With the exception of the number 0, which stems from Sanskrit, the etymology of the Khmer numbers from 1 to 5 is of proto-Mon–Khmer origin.

Value Khmer Word Form IPA UNGEGN ALA-LC Other Notes
0 ០ សូន្យ soun sony sūny soun From Sanskrit śūnya
1 ១ មួយ muəj muŏy muay mouy Before a classifier, /muəj/ is reduced to /mə/ in regular speech.[7]
2 ២ ពីរ piː (pɨl) pir bīr pii Also /pir/
3 ៣ បី ɓəj bei pī bei
4 ៤ បួន ɓuən buŏn puan buon
5 ៥ ប្រាំ pram prăm prâṃ pram

Numbers from 6 to 20

As mentioned above, the numbers from 6 to 9 may be constructed by adding any number between 1 to 4 to the base number 5 (ប្រាំ), so that 7 is literally constructed as 5 plus 2. Beyond that, Khmer uses a decimal base, so that 14 is constructed as 10 plus 4, rather than 2 times 5 plus 4; and 16 is constructed as 10+5+1.

Colloquially, compound numbers from eleven to nineteen may be formed using the word ដណ្ដប់ [dɔnɗɑp] preceded by any number from one to nine, so that 15 is constructed as ប្រាំដណ្ដប់ [pram dɔnɗɑp], instead of the standard ដប់ប្រាំ [ɗɑp pram].[11]

Value Khmer Word Form IPA UNGEGN ALA-LC Other Notes
6 ៦ ប្រាំមួយ pram muəj prăm muŏy prâṃ muay pram muoy
7 ៧ ប្រាំពីរ pram piː (pram pɨl) prăm pir prâṃ bīr pram pii
8 ៨ ប្រាំបី pram ɓəj prăm bey prâṃ pī pram bei
9 ៩ ប្រាំបួន pram ɓuən prăm buŏn prâṃ puan pram buon
10 ១០ ដប់ ɗɑp dáb ṭáp dap Old Chinese *di̯əp.[12]
11 ១១ ដប់មួយ ɗɑp muəj dáb muŏy ṭáp muay dap muoy Colloquially មួយដណ្ដប់ [muəj dɔnɗɑp].
20 ២០ ម្ភៃ mpʰej (məpʰɨj, mpʰɨj) mphey mbhai mpei Contraction of /muəj/ + /pʰej/ (i.e. one + twenty)

Numbers from 30 to 90

The numbers from thirty to ninety in Khmer bear many resemblances to both the modern Thai and Cantonese numbers. It is likely that Khmer has borrowed them from the Thai language, as the numbers are both non-productive in Khmer (i.e. their use is restricted and cannot be used outside 30 to 90) and bear a near one-to-one phonological correspondence as can be observed in the language comparisons table below.

Informally, a speaker may choose to omit the final [səp] and the number is still understood. For example, it is possible to say [paət muəj] (ប៉ែតមួយ) instead of the full [paət səp muəj] (ប៉ែតសិបមួយ).

Value Khmer Word Form IPA UNGEGN ALA-LC Other Notes
30 ៣០ សាមសិប saːm səp sam sĕb sām sip sam sep
40 ៤០ សែសិប sae sǝp sê sĕb sae sip sae sep
50 ៥០ ហាសិប haː səp ha sĕb hā sip ha sep
60 ៦០ ហុកសិប hok səp hŏk sĕb huk sip hok sep
70 ៧០ ចិតសិប cət səp chĕt sĕb cit sip chet sep
80 ៨០ ប៉ែតសិប paet səp pêt sĕb p″ait sip paet sep
90 ៩០ កៅសិប kaw səp kau sĕb kau sip kao sep

Language Comparisons:

Value Khmer Thai Archaic Thai Lao Cantonese Teochew Min Nan Mandarin
3 ‒ *saːm sam sǎam sãam saam1 sã1 sa1 (sam1) sān
4 ‒ *sɐe si sài sii sei3 si3 si3 (su3) sì
5 ‒ *haː ha ngùa hàa ng5 ŋou6 go2 (ngo2) wǔ
6 ‒ *hok hok lòk hók luk6 lak8 lak2 (liok8) liù
7 ‒ *cət chet jèd jét cat1 tsʰik4 chit2 qī
8 ‒ *pɐət paet pàed pàet baat3 poiʔ4 pueh4 (pat4) bā
9 ‒ *kaw kao jao kâo gau2 kao2 kau4 (kiu2) jiǔ
10 ‒ *səp sip jǒng síp sap6 tsap8 tzhap2 (sip8) shí

Numbers from 100 to 10,000,000

The standard Khmer numbers starting from one hundred are as follows:

Value Khmer Word Form IPA UNGEGN ALA-LC Other Notes[13]
100 ១០០ មួយរយ muəj rɔːj (rɔːj, mərɔːj) muŏy rôy muay ray muoy roy Borrowed from Thai ร้อย roi.
1 000 ១០០០ មួយពាន់ muəj poan muŏy poăn muay bân muoy poan From Thai พัน phan.
10 000 ១០០០០ មួយម៉ឺន muəj məɨn muŏy mœŭn muay muȳn muoy muen From Thai หมื่น muen.
100 000 ១០០០០០ មួយសែន muəj saen muŏy sên muay s″ain muoy saen From Thai แสน saen.
1 000 000 ១០០០០០០ មួយលាន muəj lien muŏy leăn muay lân muoy lean From Thai ล้าน lan.
10 000 000 ១០០០០០០០ មួយកោដិ muəj kaot muŏy kaôdĕ muay koṭi muoy kaot From Sanskrit and Pali koṭi.

Although [muəj kaot] មួយកោដិ is most commonly used to mean ten million, in some areas this is also colloquially used to refer to one billion (which is more properly [muəj rɔj kaot] មួយរយកោដិ). In order to avoid confusion, sometimes [muəj ɗɑp liːən] មួយដប់លាន is used to mean ten million, along with [muəj rɔj liːən] មួយរយលាន for one hundred million, and [muəj poan liːən] មួយពាន់លាន ("one thousand million") to mean one billion.[14]

Different Cambodian dialects may also employ different base number constructions to form greater numbers above one thousand. A few of the such can be observed in the following table:

Value Khmer Word Form[14][15] IPA UNGEGN ALA-LC Notes
10 000 ១០០០០ (មួយ)ដប់ពាន់ (muəj) ɗɑp poan (muŏy) dáb poăn (muay) ṭáp bân Literally "(one) ten thousand"
100 000 ១០០០០០ (មួយ)ដប់ម៉ឺន (muəj) ɗɑp məɨn (muŏy) dáb mœŭn (muay) ṭáp muȳn Literally "(one) ten ten-thousand"
100 000 ១០០០០០ មួយរយពាន់ muəj rɔj poan muŏy rôy poăn muay ray bân Literally "one hundred thousand"
1 000 000 ១០០០០០០ មួយរយម៉ឺន muəj rɔj məɨn muŏy rôy mœŭn muay ray muȳn Literally "one hundred ten-thousand"
10 000 000 ១០០០០០០០ (មួយ)ដប់លាន (muəj) ɗɑp lien (muŏy) dáb leăn (muay) ṭáp lân Literally "(one) ten million"
100 000 000 ១០០០០០០០០ មួយរយលាន muəj rɔj lien muŏy rôy leăn muay ray lân Literally "one hundred million"
1 000 000 000 ១០០០០០០០០០ មួយពាន់លាន muəj poan lien muŏy poăn leăn muay ray bân Literally "one thousand million"

Counting fruits

Reminiscent of the standard 20-base Angkorian Khmer numbers, the modern Khmer language also possesses separate words used to count fruits, not unlike how English uses words such as a "dozen" for counting items such as eggs.[16]

Value Khmer Word form IPA UNGEGN ALA-LC Notes
4 ៤ ដំប dɑmbɑː dâmbâ ṭaṃpa Also written ដំបរ (dâmbâr or ṭaṃpar)
40 ៤០ ផ្លូន ploːn phlon phlūn From (pre-)Angkorian *plon "40"
80 ៨០ ពីរផ្លូន piː~pɨl ploːn pir phlon bir phlūn Literally "two forty"
400 ៤០០ ស្លឹក slək slœ̆k slẏk From (pre-)Angkorian *slik "400"

Sanskrit and Pali influence

As a result of prolonged literary influence from both the Sanskrit and Pali languages, Khmer may occasionally use borrowed words for counting. Generally speaking, asides a few exceptions such as the numbers for 0 and 100 for which the Khmer language has no equivalent, they are more often restricted to literary, religious, and historical texts than they are used in day to day conversations. One reason for the decline of these numbers is that a Khmer nationalism movement, which emerged in the 1960s, attempted to remove all words of Sanskrit and Pali origin. The Khmer Rouge also attempted to cleanse the language by removing all words which were considered politically incorrect.[17]

Value Khmer Word form IPA UNGEGN ALA-LC Notes
10 ១០ ទស tʊəh tôs das Sanskrit, Pali dasa
12 ១២ ទ្វាទស tvietʊəh
tvieteaʔsaʔ 		tvéatôs(â) dvādas(a) Sanskrit, Pali dvādasa
13 or 30 ១៣ or ៣០ ត្រីទស trəj tʊəh trei tôs trǐ das Sanskrit, Pali trayodasa
28 ២៨ អស្តាពីស ʔahsdaː piː sɑː ’asta pi sâ qastā bǐ sa Sanskrit (8, aṣṭá-) (20, vimsati)
100 ១០០ សត saʔtaʔ sâtâ sata Sanskrit sata

Ordinal numbers

Khmer ordinal numbers are formed by placing the word ទី [tiː] in front of a cardinal number.[18] This is similar to the use of ที่ thi in Thai, and thứ (from Chinese 第) in Vietnamese.

Meaning Khmer IPA UNGEGN ALA-LC Other Notes
First ទីមួយ tiː muəj ti muŏy dī muay ti muoy
Second ទីពីរ tiː piː~pɨl ti pir dī bīr ti pii
Third ទីបី tiː ɓəj ti bei dī pī ti bei

Angkorian numbers

It is generally assumed that the Angkorian and pre-Angkorian numbers also represented a dual base (quinquavigesimal) system, with both base 5 and base 20 in use. Unlike modern Khmer, the decimal system was highly limited, with both the numbers for ten and one hundred being borrowed from the Chinese and Sanskrit languages respectively. Angkorian Khmer also used Sanskrit numbers for recording dates, sometimes mixing them with Khmer originals, a practice which has persisted until the last century.[19]

The numbers for twenty, forty, and four hundred may be followed by multiplying numbers, with additional digits added on at the end, so that 27 is constructed as twenty-one-seven, or 20×1+7.

Value Khmer Orthography[5] Notes
1 ១ mvay
2 ២ vyar
3 ៣ pi
4 ៤ pvan
5 ៥ pram (7 : pramvyar or pramvyal)
10 ១០ tap Old Chinese *di̯əp.[12]
20 ២០ bhai
40 ៤០ plon
80 ៨០ bhai pvan Literally "four twenty"
100 ១០០ çata Sanskrit (100, sata).
400 ៤០០ slik

Proto-Khmer numbers

Proto-Khmer is the hypothetical ancestor of the modern Khmer language bearing various reflexes of the proposed proto-Mon–Khmer language. By comparing both modern Khmer and Angkorian Khmer numbers to those of other Eastern Mon–Khmer (or Khmero-Vietic) languages such as Pearic, Proto-Viet–Muong, Katuic, and Bahnaric; it is possible to establish the following reconstructions for Proto-Khmer.[20]

Numbers from 5 to 10

Contrary to later forms of the Khmer numbers, Proto-Khmer possessed a single decimal number system. The numbers from one to five correspond to both the modern Khmer language and the proposed Mon–Khmer language, while the numbers from six to nine do not possess any modern remnants, with the number ten *kraaj (or *kraay) corresponding to the modern number for one hundred. It is likely that the initial *k, found in the numbers from six to ten, is a prefix.[20]

Value Khmer Reconstruction[21][22] Notes
5 ៥ *pram
6 ៦ *krɔɔŋ
7 ៧ *knuul
8 ៨ *ktii Same root as the word hand, *tii.
9 ៩ *ksaar
10 ១០ *kraaj Corresponds to present-day /rɔj/ (one hundred).

References

General
  1. David Smyth (1995). Colloquial Cambodian: A Complete Language Course. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-415-10006-2. 
  2. Huffman, Franklin E.; Charan Promchan; Chhom-Rak Thong Lambert (2008). "Huffman, Modern Spoken Cambodian". Retrieved 2008-03-25. 
  3. Unknown (2005). Khmer Phrase Book: Everyday Phrases Mini-Dictionary. 
  4. Smyth, David; Tran Kien (1998). Practical Cambodian Dictionary (2 ed.). Tuttle Language Library/Charles E. Tuttle Company. ISBN 0-8048-1954-8. 
  5. Southeast Asia. Lonely Planet. 2006. ISBN 1-74104-632-7. 
  6. "The original names for the Khmer tens: 30–90". 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-18.  |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  7. "SEAlang Library Khmer Lexicography". Retrieved 2008-12-07. 
  8. "Veda:Sanskrit Numbers". Retrieved 2008-12-10. 
Specific
  1. ↑ Diller, Anthony (1996). "New Zeros and Old Khmer" (PDF). Australian National University. pp. 1–3. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
  2. 1 2 Eugene Smith, David; Louis Charles Karpinski (2004). The Hindu–Arabic Numerals. Courier Dover Publications. p. 39. ISBN 0-486-43913-5.
  3. ↑ Kumar Sharan, Mahesh (2003). Studies In Sanskrit Inscriptions Of Ancient Cambodia. Abhinav Publications. p. 293. ISBN 81-7017-006-0.
  4. ↑ Diller, Anthony (1996). New zeroes and Old Khmer (PDF). Australian National University.
  5. 1 2 Jacob, Judith M.; David Smyth. Cambodian Linguistics, Literature and History. Rootledge & University of London School of Oriental and African Studies. pp. 28–37. ISBN 0-7286-0218-0.
  6. ↑ "Khmer/Cambodian alphabet". Omniglot. 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
  7. ↑ Ehrman, Madeline E.; Kem Sos (1972). Contemporary Cambodian: Grammatical Sketch. (PDF). Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 18.
  8. ↑ Asian Superstitions (PDF). ADB Magazine. June 2007.
  9. ↑ "Khmer superstition". 2008-03-01. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
  10. ↑ "Info on Cambodia". 2006. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
  11. ↑ Huffman, Franklin E. (1992). Cambodian System of Writing and Beginning Reader. SEAP Publications. pp. 58–59. ISBN 0-87727-520-3.
  12. 1 2 Gorgoniev, Yu A. (1961). Khmer language. p. 72.
  13. ↑ Jacob (1993). Notes on the numerals and numeral coefficients in Old, Middle, and Modern Khmer (PDF). p. 28.
  14. 1 2 "Khmer Numeral System". 2005-06-19. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
  15. ↑ "Spoken Khmer Number". 2003. Retrieved 2008-12-29.
  16. ↑ Thomas, David D. (1971). Chrau Grammar (Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications) No.7. University of Hawai'i Press. p. 236.
  17. ↑ "Khmer: Introduction". National Virtual Translation Center. 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-07-31. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
  18. ↑ "Khmer Cardinal Number". 2003. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
  19. ↑ Jacob, Judith M. "Mon–Khmer Studies VI: Sanskrit Loanwords in Pre-Angkorian Khmer" (PDF). School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  20. 1 2 Gvozdanović, Jadranka (1999). Numeral Types and Changes Worldwide. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 263–265. ISBN 3-11-016113-3.
  21. ↑ Jenner, Phillip N. (1976). Les noms de nombre en Khmer [The names of numbers in Khmer] (in French) 14. Mouton Publishers. p. 48. doi:10.1515/ling.1976.14.174.39. ISSN 1613-396X.
  22. ↑ Fisiak, Jacek (1997). Linguistic Reconstruction. Walter de Gruyter. p. 275. ISBN 3-11-014905-2.
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