Thai numerals

Thai numerals (Thai: เลขไทย, IPA: lêːk̚ tʰaj) constitute a numeral system of Thai number names for the Khmer numerals traditionally used in Thailand, also used for the more common Arabic numerals, and which follow the Hindu-Arabic numeral system.

Usage

The Thai language lacks grammatical number. A count is usually expressed in the form of an uninflected noun followed by a number and a classifier. "Five teachers" is expressed as "teacher five person" khru ha khon (Thai: ครูห้าคน or with the numeral included Thai: ครู ๕ คน.) Khon "person" is a type of referent noun that is also used as the Thai part of speech called in English a linguistic classifier, or measure word. In Thai, counting is kannap (การนับ, lit. 'occasion of respect'); the classifier, laksananam (ลักษณนาม from laksana characteristic, form, attribute, quality, pattern, style; and nam name, designation, appellation.[1]) Variations to this pattern do occur, and there really is no hierarchy among Thai classifiers.[2] A partial list of Thai words that also classify nouns can be found in Wiktionary category: Thai classifiers.

Main numbers

Zero to nine

Thai sūn is written as oval 0 (number) when using Arabic numerals, but a small circle ๐ when using traditional numerals, and also means centre in other contexts.[3] It is from Sanskrit śūnya, as are the (context-driven) alternate names for numbers one to four given below; but not the counting 1 (number).

Thai names for N +1 and the regular digits 2 through 9 as shown in the table, below, resemble those in Chinese varieties (e.g., Cantonese and Min Nan) as spoken in Southern China, the putative homeland of the Tai. In fact, the etymology of Thai numerals 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 is Middle Chinese, while the etymology of Thai numeral 5 is Old Chinese, as illustrated in the table below[4]

NumberThai
NumeralWrittenRTGSIPAArchaicEtymology
0๐ศูนย์sunsǔːn Sanskrit śūnya
1๑หนึ่งnuengnɯ̀ŋอ้าย (âai)Proto-Tai nʉŋ[4]
2๒สองsongsɔ̌ːŋยี่ (yîi)Middle Chinese saŋ[4] (compare Min Nan 雙 sang1) and nyijH[4] (compare Min Nan 二 ji7)
3๓สามsamsǎːmสาม (sǎam)Middle Chinese sam[4] (compare Hakka/Cantonese 三sam1)
4๔สี่sisìːไส (sǎi)Middle Chinese sijH[4] (compare Min Nan 四 si3)
5๕ห้าhahâːงั่ว (ngûa)Old Chinese *ŋaʔ[4] (compare Min Nan 五 ngo.)
6๖หกhokhòkลก (lók)Middle Chinese ljuwk[4] (compare Hakka + Cantonese 六 liok8)
7๗เจ็ดchett͡ɕètเจ็ด (jèd)Middle Chinese tshit[4] (compare Min Nan 七 chit4)
8๘แปดpaetpɛ̀ːtแปด (pàed)Middle Chinese peat[4] (compare Cantonese 八 pat4)
9๙เก้าkaokâːwเจา (jao)Middle Chinese kjuwX[4] (compare Min Nan 九 kau2)
10๑๐สิบsipsìpจ๋ง (jǒng)Middle Chinese dzyip (compare Min Nan[4] (compare Hakka 十 sip8)

Numerical digit characters, however, are almost identical to Khmer numerals. Thai and Lao words for numerals are almost identical, however, the numerical digits vary somewhat in shape. Shown below is a comparison between three languages using Cantonese and Minnan characters and pronunciations. The Thai transliteration uses the Royal Thai General System of Transcription (RTGS).

Number Thai Khmer Lao
Numeral Written RTGS IPA Archaic Numeral Written IPA Numeral Written IPA
0 ๐ ศูนย์ sun sǔːn (Sanskrit śūnya) ០ សូន្យ soun ໐ ສູນ sǔːn
1 ๑ หนึ่ง nueng nɯ̀ŋ อ้าย (âai) ១ មួយ muəj ໑ ນຶ່ງ nɯ̌ŋ
2 ๒ สอง song sɔ̌ːŋ ยี่ (yîi) ២ ពីរ piː ໒ ສອງ sǒːŋ
3 ๓ สาม sam sǎːm สาม (sǎam) ៣ បី ɓəj ໓ ສາມ sǎːm
4 ๔ สี่ si sìː ไส (sǎi) ៤ បួន ɓuən ໔ ສີ່ sìː
5 ๕ ห้า ha hâː งั่ว (ngûa) ៥ ប្រាំ pram ໕ ຫ້າ hâː
6 ๖ หก hok hòk ลก (lók) ៦ ប្រាំមួយ pram muəj ໖ ຫົກ hók
7 ๗ เจ็ด chet t͡ɕèt เจ็ด (jèd) ៧ ប្រាំពីរ pram piː ໗ ເຈັດ t͡ɕét
8 ๘ แปด paet pɛ̀ːt แปด (pàed) ៨ ប្រាំបី pram ɓəj ໘ ແປດ pɛ́t
9 ๙ เก้า kao kâːw เจา (jao) ៩ ប្រាំបួន pram ɓuən ໙ ເກົ້າ kâw
10 ๑๐ สิบ sip sìp จ๋ง (jǒng) ១០ ដប់ ɗɑp ໑໐ ສິບ síp

Ten to a million

Sanskrit lakh designates the place value of a digit (tamnaeng khong tua lek, ตําแหน่งของตัวเลข), which are named for the powers of ten: the unit's place is lak nuai (หลักหน่วย); ten's place, lak sip (หลักสิบ); hundred's place, lak roi (หลักร้อย), and so forth.[5] The number one following any multiple of sip becomes et (Cantonese: 一, yat1; Minnan: 一, it4). The number ten (sip) is the same as Minnan 十 (sip8, lit.). Numbers from twenty to twenty nine begin with yi sip (Cantonese: 二十, yi6sap6; Minnan: 二十, lit. ji7sip8). Names of the lak sip for 30 to 90, and for the lak of 100, 1000, 10,000, 100,000 and million, are almost identical to those of the like Khmer numerals.

Number Thai RTGS IPA
10 ๑๐ สิบ sip sìp
11 ๑๑ สิบเอ็ด sip et sìp èt
12 ๑๒ สิบสอง sip song sìp sɔ̌ːŋ
20 ๒๐ ยี่สิบ yi sip jîː sìp
21 ๒๑ ยี่สิบเอ็ด yi sip et jîː sìp èt
22 ๒๒ ยี่สิบสอง yi sip song jîː sìp sɔ̌ːŋ
100 ๑๐๐ ร้อย roi rɔ́ːj
1 000 ๑๐๐๐ พัน phan pʰan
10 000 ๑๐๐๐๐ หมื่น muen mɯ̀ːn
100 000 ๑๐๐๐๐๐ แสน saen sɛ̌ːn
1 000 000 ๑๐๐๐๐๐๐ ล้าน lan láːn

For the numbers twenty-one through twenty-nine, the part signifying twenty: yi sip (ยี่สิบ), may be colloquially shortened to yip (ยีบ, ยิบ). See the alternate numbers section below.

The hundreds are formed by combining roi with the tens and ones values. For example, two hundred and thirty-two is song roi sam sip song. The words roi, phan, muen, and saen should occur with a preceding numeral (nueng is optional), so two hundred ten, for example, is song roi sip, and one hundred is either roi or nueng roi. Nueng never precedes sip, so song roi nueng sip is incorrect. Native speakers will sometimes use roi nueng (or phan nueng, etc.) with different tones on nueng to distinguish one hundred from one hundred and one. However, such distinction is often not made, and ambiguity may follow. To resolve this problem, if the number 101 (or 1001, 10001, etc.) is intended, one should say roi et (or phan et, muen et, etc.).

Numbers above a million

Numbers above a million are constructed by prefixing lan with a multiplier. For example, ten million is sip lan, and a trillion (1012, a long scale billion) is lan lan.

Decimal and fractional numbers

Colloquially, decimal numbers are formed by saying chut (จุด, dot) where the decimal separator is located. For example, 1.01 is nueng chut sun nueng (หนึ่งจุดศูนย์หนึ่ง).

Fractional numbers are formed by placing nai (ใน, in, of) between the numerator and denominator or using [set] x suan y ([เศษ] x ส่วน y, x parts of the whole y) to clearly indicate. For example, ⅓ is nueng nai sam (หนึ่งในสาม) or [set] nueng suan sam ([เศษ]หนึ่งส่วนสาม). The word set (เศษ) can be omitted.

The word khrueng (ครึ่ง) is used for "half". It precedes the measure word if used alone, but it follows the measure word when used with another number. For example, kradat khrueng phaen (กระดาษครึ่งแผ่น) means "half sheet of paper", but kradat nueng phaen khrueng (กระดาษหนึ่งแผ่นครึ่ง) means "one and a half sheets of paper".

Negative numbers

Negative numbers are formed by placing lop (ลบ, minus) in front of the number. For example, −11 is lop sip et (ลบสิบเอ็ด).

Ordinal numbers

Ordinal numbers are formed by placing thi (ที่, place) in front of the number. They are not considered a special class of numbers, since the numeral still follows a modified noun, which is thi in this case.

ThaiRTGSIPAmeaning
ที่หนึ่งthi nueng tʰîː nɯ̀ŋ first
ที่สองthi song tʰîː sɔ̌ːŋ second
ที่สาม thi sam tʰîː sǎːm third
ที่สี่thi si tʰîː sìː fourth
ที่#thi # tʰîː #st, #nd, #rd, #th

Alternate numbers

Ai

Ai (Thai: อ้าย) is used for "first born (son)" or for the first month, duean ai (เดือนอ้าย), of the Thai lunar calendar.[6]

Ek

Ek (Thai: เอก) is from Pali ḗka, "one" [7] Ek is used for one (quantity); first (rank), more prominent than tho โท second, in tone marks, education degrees and military ranks; and for the lead actor in a role. In antiquity, a seventh daughter was called luk ek (ลูกเอก), though a seventh son was luk chet (ลูกเจ็ด).[8]

Et

Et (Thai: เอ็ด, Cantonese: 一, yat1; Minnan: 一, it4), meaning "one", is used as last member in a compound number (see the main numbers section above).

Tho

Tho (Thai: โท) is from Pali dūā, "two".[9] Tho is used for two and for the second-level rank in tone marks, education degrees and military ranks.[10]

Yi

Yi (Thai: ยี่, Cantonese: 二, yi6; Minnan: 二, ji7) is still used in several places in Thai language for the number two, apart from song (สอง): to construct twenty (two tens) and its combinations twenty-one through twenty-nine; to name the second month, duean yi (เดือนยี่), of the traditional Thai lunar calendar; and in the Thai northern dialect thin pha yip (ถิ่น–พายัพ), which refers to the Year of the Tiger.[11]

Tri & Trai

Tri (ตรี) and trai (ไตร) are from Sanskrit trāyaḥ, "three".[12] These alternatives are used for three; third rank in tone marks, education degrees and military ranks; and as a prefix meaning three(fold).[13]

Chattawa

Chattawa (จัตวา) is the Pali numeral four; used for the fourth tone mark and as a prefix meaning fourth in order or quadruple in number.

Lo

Lo (Thai: โหล) means a dozen or twelve. It is usually used for trade. It may also mean jar or bottle.[14]

Yip

Yip (Thai: ยีบ or ยิบ) in colloquial Thai is an elision or contraction of yi sip (ยี่สิบ) at the beginning of numbers twenty-one through twenty-nine. Therefore, one may hear yip et (ยีบเอ็ด, ยิบเอ็ด), yip song (ยีบสอง, ยิบสอง), up to yip kao (ยีบเก้า, ยิบเก้า). Yip may have a long vowel (ยีบ) or be elided further into a short vowel (ยิบ).

Sao

Sao (Thai: ซาว) is twenty in the Thai northern dialect[15] and in the Isan language. Xao (ຊາວ) is the word for twenty in the Lao language.

Kurut

Kurut (Thai: กุรุส) means a dozen dozen or 144. It is usually used for trade. It is a loanword from gross.[16]

Kot

Kot (Thai: โกฏิ) is ten million used in religious context. It comes from Pali/Sanskrit kōṭi.[17] See also crore.

Tone marks, education degrees and military ranks

The alternate set of numerals used to name tonal marks (ไม้, mai), educational degrees (ปริญญา, parinya), and military rankings derive from names of Sanskrit numerals.

Number Tonal Mark Educational Degree Military Ranking in the Royal Thai Army
ThaiRTGSValueMarkThaiRTGSToneThaiRTGSDegreeThaiRTGSMeaning
เอกekfirst -่ไม้เอกmai ekfirst tone ปริญญาเอกparinya ekdoctor's พลเอก phon ekGeneral
พันเอก phan ekColonel
ร้อยเอกroi ekCaptain
จ่าสิบเอกcha sip ekMaster Sgt. 1st Class
สิบเอกsip ekSergeant (Sgt.)
โทthosecond -้ไม้โทmai thosecond tone ปริญญาโทparinya thomaster's พลโทphon thoLieutenant General
พันโทphan thoLieutenant Colonel
ร้อยโทroi thoLieutenant
จ่าสิบโทcha sip thoMaster Sgt. 2nd Class
สิบโทsip thoCorporal
ตรีtrithird -๊ไม้ตรีmai trithird tone ปริญญาตรีparinya tribachelor's พลตรีphon triMajor general
พันตรีphan triMajor
ร้อยตรีroi triSub Lieutenant
จ่าสิบตรีcha sip triMaster Sgt. 3rd Class
สิบตรีsip triLance Corporal
จัตวา chattawafourth -๋ไม้จัตวา mai chattawafourth tone พลจัตวาphon chattawaBrigadier General (Honorary)

See also

References

  1. ↑ Glenn S., ed. (May 21, 2013). "ลักษณนาม" (Dictionary). Royal Institute Dictionary - 1982. Thai-language.com. Retrieved May 21, 2013. [grammar] a classifier, a numerative noun
  2. ↑ Constructing Taxonomy of Numerative Classifiers for Asian Languages
  3. ↑ English-Thai reverse lookup and synonyms
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Suthiwan, Titima; Uri Tadmor (2009). Martin Haspelmath, ed. Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook. Walter de Gruyter. p. 606. ISBN 9783110218442.
  5. ↑ Online Royal Institute Dictionary, 1999 edition: select "ห" and enter หลัก
  6. ↑ ORID (Online Royal Institute Dictionary (1999); select อ enter อ้าย
  7. ↑ Digital Dictionaries of South Asia Sir Ralph Lilley Turner (1888-1983) A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages entry 2462
  8. ↑ ORID (Online Royal Institute Dictionary (1999), select อ enter เอก
  9. ↑ Digital Dictionaries of South Asia Sir Ralph Lilley Turner (1888-1983) A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages entry 6455
  10. ↑ ORID (Online Royal Institute Dictionary (1999), select ท enter โท
  11. ↑ ORID (Online Royal Institute Dictionary (1999), select ย enter ยี่
  12. ↑ Digital Dictionaries of South Asia Sir Ralph Lilley Turner (1888-1983) A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages entry 5994
  13. ↑ ORID (Online Royal Institute Dictionary (1999), select ต enter ไตร
  14. ↑ ORID (Online Royal Institute Dictionary (1999), select ห enter โหล
  15. ↑ ORID (Online Royal Institute Dictionary (1999), select ซ enter ซาว
  16. ↑ ORID (Online Royal Institute Dictionary (1999), select ก enter กุรุส
  17. ↑ ORID (Online Royal Institute Dictionary (1999), select ก enter โกฏิ

External links

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