Genu recurvatum

Genu recurvatum
Ella Harper had genu recurvatum.^[1]
Classification and external resources
Specialty	medical genetics, rheumatology
ICD-10	M21.8, Q68.2
ICD-9-CM	736.5, 754.40

Genu recurvatum is a deformity in the knee joint, so that the knee bends backwards. In this deformity, excessive extension occurs in the tibiofemoral joint. Genu recurvatum is also called knee hyperextension and back knee. This deformity is more common in women and people with familial ligamentous laxity.^[2] Hyperextension of the knee may be mild, moderate or severe.

The normal range of motion (ROM) of the knee joint is from 0 to 135 degrees in an adult. Full knee extension should be no more than 10 degrees. In genu recurvatum (back knee), normal extension is increased. The development of genu recurvatum may lead to knee pain and knee osteoarthritis.

Knee stabilization

The most important factors of knee stability include:

Ligaments of the knee: The knee joint is stabilized by four main ligaments:
- Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The ACL has an important role in stabilization of knee extension movement by preventing the knee from hyperextending.
- Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
- Medial collateral ligament (MCL)
- Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
Joint capsule or articular capsule (especially posterior knee capsule)
Quadriceps femoris muscle
Appropriate alignment of the femur and tibia (especially in knee extension position )

Causes

The following factors may be involved in causing this deformity:

Inherent laxity of the knee ligaments
Weakness of quadriceps femoris muscle
Instability of the knee joint due to ligaments and joint capsule injuries
Inappropriate alignment of the tibia and femur
Malunion of the bones around the knee
Weakness in the hip extensor muscles
Gastrocnemius muscle weakness (in standing position)
Upper motor neuron lesion (for example, hemiplegia as the result of a cerebrovascular accident)
Lower motor neuron lesion (for example, in post-polio syndrome)
Deficit in joint proprioception
Lower limb length discrepancy
Congenital genu recurvatum
Cerebral palsy
Multiple sclerosis
Muscular dystrophy
Limited dorsiflexion (plantar flexion contracture)
Popliteus muscle weakness
Connective tissue disorders. In these disorders, there are excessive joint mobility (joint hypermobility) problems. These disorders include:

Treatment

Treatment generally includes the following:

Sometimes pharmacologic therapy for initial disease treatment
Physical therapy
Occupational therapy
Use of appropriate assistive devices such as orthoses
Surgical treatment

References

↑ Pednaud, J. Tithonu. "The Human Marvels". thehumanmarvels.com. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
↑ Benson, Michael; Fixsen, John; Macnicol, Malcolm (2009-08-01). Children's Orthopaedics and Fractures. Springer. pp. 495–. ISBN 978-1-84882-610-6. Retrieved 29 July 2011.

External links

Musculoskeletal disorders: Acquired musculoskeletal deformities (M20–M25, M95, 734–738)

Upper limb

shoulder	Winged scapula Adhesive capsulitis Rotator cuff tear Subacromial bursitis

elbow	Cubitus valgus Cubitus varus

hand deformity	Wrist drop Boutonniere deformity Swan neck deformity

Lower limb

hip	Protrusio acetabuli Coxa valga Coxa vara

leg	Unequal leg length

patella	Luxating patella Chondromalacia patellae Patella baja Patella alta

foot deformity	Bunion/hallux valgus Hallux varus Hallux rigidus Hammer toe Foot drop Flat feet Club foot

knee	Genu recurvatum

Head

Cauliflower ear

General terms

Congenital malformations and deformations of musculoskeletal system / musculoskeletal abnormality (Q65–Q76, 754–756.3)

Appendicular
limb / dysmelia

Arms

clavicle / shoulder:	Cleidocranial dysostosis Sprengel's deformity Wallis–Zieff–Goldblatt syndrome

hand deformity:	Madelung's deformity Clinodactyly Oligodactyly Polydactyly

Leg

hip:	Dislocation of hip / Hip dysplasia Upington disease Coxa valga Coxa vara

knee:	Genu valgum Genu varum Genu recurvatum Discoid meniscus Congenital patellar dislocation Congenital knee dislocation

foot deformity:	varus Club foot Pigeon toe valgus Flat feet Pes cavus Rocker bottom foot Hammer toe

Either / both

fingers and toes	Polydactyly / Syndactyly webbed toes Arachnodactyly Cenani–Lenz syndactylism Ectrodactyly Brachydactyly Clubbed thumb

reduction deficits / limb:	Acheiropodia ectromelia Phocomelia Amelia Hemimelia

multiple joints:	Arthrogryposis Larsen syndrome Rapadilino syndrome

Axial

Skull and face

Craniosynostosis:	Scaphocephaly Oxycephaly Trigonocephaly

Craniofacial dysostosis:	Crouzon syndrome Hypertelorism Hallermann–Streiff syndrome Treacher Collins syndrome

other:	Macrocephaly Platybasia Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia Dolichocephaly Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome Plagiocephaly Saddle nose

Vertebral column

Thoracic skeleton

ribs:	Cervical Bifid

sternum:	Pectus excavatum Pectus carinatum

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