Kokomo, Indiana

Kokomo, Indiana
City

The Art Deco Howard County courthouse. Part of the Courthouse Square Historical District, which is one of the places in Kokomo on the National Register of Historic Places.

Seal
Nickname(s): City of Firsts

Location of Kokomo in the state of Indiana
Coordinates: 40°28′56″N 86°7′54″W / 40.48222°N 86.13167°W / 40.48222; -86.13167Coordinates: 40°28′56″N 86°7′54″W / 40.48222°N 86.13167°W / 40.48222; -86.13167
Country United States
State Indiana
County Howard
Government
 • Mayor Greg Goodnight (D)
Area[1]
 • Total 18.56 sq mi (48.07 km2)
 • Land 18.50 sq mi (47.91 km2)
 • Water 0.06 sq mi (0.16 km2)
Elevation 811 ft (247 m)
Population (2010)[2]
 • Total 45,468
 • Estimate (2014[3]) 57,085
 • Density 2,457.7/sq mi (948.9/km2)
Time zone EST (UTC-5)
 • Summer (DST) EDT (UTC-4)
ZIP codes 46901-46904
Area code(s) 765
FIPS code 18-40392
GNIS feature ID 0437425[4]
Website www.CityOfKokomo.org

Kokomo /ˈkoʊkəmoʊ/ is a city in and the county seat of Howard County, Indiana, United States.[5] Kokomo is Indiana's 13th-largest city. It is the principal city of the Kokomo, Indiana Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Howard and Tipton counties. Kokomo's population was 46,113 at the 2000 census, and 45,468 at the 2010 census.[6] On January 1, 2012, Kokomo successfully annexed more than 7 square miles (18 km2) on the south and west sides of the city, including Alto and Indian Heights, increasing the city's population to nearly 57,000 people.[7]

Named for the Native American Ma-Ko-Ko-Mo who was called "Chief Kokomo",[8] Kokomo first benefited from the legal business associated with being the county seat. Before the Civil War, it was connected with Indianapolis and then the Eastern cities by railroad, which resulted in sustained growth. Substantial growth came after the discovery of large natural gas reserves, which produced a boom in the mid-1880s. Among the businesses which the boom attracted was the fledgling automobile industry. A significant number of technical and engineering innovations were developed in Kokomo, particularly in automobile production, and, as a result, Kokomo became known as the "City of Firsts." A substantial portion of Kokomo's employment still depends on the automobile industry.

History

The Elwood Haynes House, Kokomo City Building, Kokomo Country Club Golf Course, Kokomo Courthouse Square Historic District, Kokomo High School and Memorial Gymnasium, Lake Erie and Western Depot Historic District, Learner Building, Old Silk Stocking Historic District, and Seiberling Mansion are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[9]

Early history and incorporation

The settler tradition says Kokomo was named for Kokomoko or[Ma-Ko-Ko-Mo] (meaning "black walnut"), shortened to Kokomo, said to have been one of the four sons of Chief Richardville last of the chiefs of the Miami people. Folklore holds that he was 7 feet (2.1 m) tall and falsely gives him the title of "chief."[10] David Foster, known as the "Father of Kokomo," claimed that he named the town Kokomo after the "ornriest Indian on earth" because Kokomo was "the ornriest town on earth."[11] Kokomo is thought to have been born in 1775 and died in 1838.[12] The only documentary proof of his existence is a trading post record of a purchase of a barrel of flour for $12 for his "squaw."[10] His remains (with those of others) were reportedly discovered during the construction of a saw mill in 1848 and reinterred in the "north-east corner" of the Pioneer Cemetery.[11] The tradition of the Peru Miami is that the town was named after a Thorntown Miami named Ko-kah-mah, whose name is rendered Co-come-wah in the Treaty at the Forks of the Wabash in 1834. That name was translated as "the diver" (an animal that could swim under water).[13]

David Foster, Founder of Kokomo

As a result of various removals, by 1840 the Miami population in Howard County (until 1846 known as Richardville County) was reduced to about 200. The principal settlement was the Village of Kokomo, on the south side of Wildcat Creek. Indian paths connected Kokomo with Frankfort and Thorntown (along the Wildcat) and led to Peru by way of Cassville, and to Meshingomesia by way of Greentown.[12] At the time David Foster had a trading post in Howard County, near the intersection of the reservation boundary line and Wildcat pike, where he engaged in both legitimate trade and illegal sale of alcohol to the Miamis on government property.[14]

Shortly after Richardville County was organized in 1844 the commissioners appointed to establish the county seat approached Foster for a donation from his substantial holdings. (In 1846 tax records show that he owned 552 acres (223 ha) of farmland and as well as 67 divided lots in the business district.[15]) At the time of the request the only improvements in what is now Kokomo were Foster's log house and log barn and several Miami huts. The commissioners sought a donation of the more fertile lands south of Wildcat Creek, but Foster refused, donating instead 40 acres (16 ha) north of the creek—land which was thickly forested and "swampy."[16] The terms of the donation required that Foster build a courthouse on the land, but he was later excused and Rufus L. Blowers was promised $28 to build it. He was penalized $2 for construction delays.[17] The log courthouse was completed in 1845.[18]

In June 1855 Henry A. Brouse petitioned the board of Howard county commissioners to incorporate the town of Kokomo. The original election was not held (for unspecified reasons), but another took place on October 1, 1855. After a vote of 62–3 in favor of incorporation, the board so ordered it.[19]

On March 31, 1865, an election was held for Kokomo to assume a city government. The resolution was passed, and Nelson Purdum was elected the first mayor.[20]

Early growth

In anticipation of business that the court would bring, Kokomo began a fairly quick growth from the time that lots were first sold on October 18, 1844.[18] David Foster was granted the first license to sell merchandise in Kokomo at the December 1844 commissioners meeting. Two more merchants were licensed in March 1845.[21] John Bohan, who would become a major shop owner, merchant, justice of the peace and investor, moved to Kokomo in December 1844, and erected the first two story frame house, not only in Kokomo, but in all the county.[21][22]

After the enactment of the 1846 pre-emption law,[23] settlers rapidly attempted to secure homesteads in the surrounding lands.[24]

In 1848 Stonebreaker's Mill, 10 miles (16 km) west of Kokomo, began operations.[14][18] By 1850 Kokomo had a newspaper, when James Beard purchased the printing equipment of the New London Pioneer and set up the Howard Tribune.[25] By 1851 county business was so brisk that the county ordered the construction of two more court buildings, both one story brick affairs, 18 by 36 feet (5.5 by 11.0 m). The county auditor and treasurer occupied one building, and the clerk and recorder occupied the other.[26]

On April 1, 1854, Kokomo's first bank, the Indian Reserve Bank, was organized with David Foster, John Bohan and Harless Ashly the principal shareholders. (It only lasted a few years until a robbery impaired its capital. The loss substantially injured Foster's fortune.)[27]

Railroads

The year 1854 saw the first railroad stop at Kokomo.[18] The New London Pioneer had long advocated for a rail line to connect Kokomo with Indianapolis. Colonel C.D. Murray was the agent at Kokomo for stock subscriptions in support of the railroad. In 1852 the construction of the Peru and Indianapolis Railroad commenced. In Kokomo Samuel C. Mills and Dr. Corydon Richmond, commercial competitors of David Foster, donated several lots to the railroad in order to secure the location of the rail depot near their commercial property. The route was laid along Buckeye Street at the insistence of the merchants who hoped to reduced drayage expenses. Samuel Mills built a large frame structure at the Howard flouring mills, which served as a warehouse for the company's freight and a passenger depot. For some time after 1854 Kokomo was the terminus of the line, but eventually the line was extended to Peru and then to Michigan City.[28]

A short time after the construction of the Peru and Indianapolis Railroad began, the Pennsylvania Railroad announced that one of its lines would pass through Kokomo. By 1853 a line was commenced between Kokomo and Logansport (which was intended to become the hub of a network of lines for the company). Railroad service was inaugurated on that line on July 4, 1855.[29]

The most important rail line for Kokomo became the standard-gauge Clover Leaf line. This railroad would eventually link Kokomo with both the West Coast and the Eastern Seaboard. It began as a short line linking Frankfort and Kokomo, the Frankfort and Kokomo Railroad. Henry Y. Morrison of Frankfort was the principal promoter, and A.Y. Comstock acted for him in Kokomo. A failure of the proposed subsidy caused the promoters to turn all assets over to the contractors, who promised to complete the line. Construction began in 1873 and was completed the following year. Limited freight between the two cities made the line unprofitable. After a series of acquisitions by other railroads, the line became part of the Toledo, St. Louis and Kansas City Railroad. A line connecting it to the east reached Kokomo on January 1, 1881.[30]

Mayor Cole

In 1881, one of the most remarkable and controversial events in Kokomo's history took place. Mayor Henry C. Cole was shot to death by a sheriff's posse. Dr. Cole had a curious history and had stirred up a great deal of passion in the previous fifteen years. He was reputed to have been a gifted surgeon, who served in the Union Army during the Civil War and when afterwards he settled in Kokomo, he became a prominent physician. In Kokomo he married a woman, Natalie Cole, of whom he became intensely jealous.[31] He became suspicious of one Allen, whom he warned away from Kokomo. When he discovered Allen leaving the post office one day in October 1866, he shot him dead.[32] The fact that the killing both took place in broad daylight and showed cold-blooded rage (Cole continued shooting after Allen was down) caused the crime to receive national attention.[33] Cole's case was venued to Tipton County, where he retained Daniel W. Voorhees of Terre Haute to represent him.[31] Voorhees obtained a not guilty verdict on a plea of emotional insanity.[34] Cole divorced his wife thereafter.

Cole's reputation for violent instability, and the cowardice in the way he killed Allen, created many enemies for him, but his generosity toward poor patients and a promise to "clean up" the town won him enough support to win a bitter election for Mayor in 1881.[31][34] Shortly thereafter, on September 19, 1881, he was shot dead by a sheriff's posse at Old Spring Mills at West Jefferson Street.[31] According to the coroner's inquest, he died from shotgun wounds inflicted by Deputy George Bennett (father of New York stage idol Richard Bennett).[35] The sheriff claimed that an informant had advised him that Cole was planning to rob a flour mill, possibly to incriminate his enemies. The posse was forced to fire on Cole in self-defense (the sheriff claimed he had two revolvers) and to prevent his escape, although his injuries seemed inconsistent with that version.[35][36] Cole's supporter's argued that no revolvers or burglary tools were produced and that the motive was implausible.[35] Nevertheless, no action was taken against Bennett or others of the posse.

Natural gas miners and their drill, near Kokomo, Indiana during the Indiana Gas Boom, c. 1885

Natural gas boom

Natural gas had been developed in Pennsylvania and Canada for some time, and had most recently been developed around Findlay, Ohio. In March 1886, a group of citizens, led principally by A.Y. Comstock (who had promoted the Frankfort and Kokomo Railroad) and D.C. Spraker (later President of Kokomo Rubber Company), circulated a memorandum seeking subscribers (at $100 each) for the purpose of boring for gas at a distance of at least 2,000 feet (610 m) below ground. It took until September to obtain the necessary 22 subscribers. The first rig was built south of Wildcat Creek. and on October 6, 1886, natural gas erupted forth and the well was capped.[37]

Together with the well in Eaton, which began producing slightly before Kokomo's, the discovery led to the Indiana Gas Boom. This discovery was directly responsible for Elwood Haynes' move to Kokomo, as a superintendent with a gas company with interests in Kokomo and Howard County. The Diamond Plate Glass Company (now part of PPG Industries) began in Kokomo in 1887, lured by the cheap and plentiful natural gas.[18] The Kokomo Opalescent Glass Works started making stained glass in Kokomo in 1888 and has been in continuous operation ever since.[38]

"City of Firsts"

As a result of the natural gas boom, Kokomo attracted an increasing number of industries, which resulted in significant technological innovations. For these industrial and technical achievements, Kokomo is officially known as the "City of Firsts."[39] Among other achievements, Kokomo was a pioneer of the United States automobile manufacturing, with Elwood Haynes test-driving his early internal combustion engine auto there on July 4, 1894. Haynes and his associates built a number of other autos over the next few years; the Haynes-Apperson Automobile Company for mass-production of commercial autos was established in Kokomo in 1898.[40] Haynes went on to invent Stainless Steel flatware in 1912 to give his wife tarnish-free dinnerware.[41] In 1938, the Delco Radio Division of General Motors (now Delphi) developed the first push button car radio.[42]

Kokomo serves as the "City of Firsts" in the food industry as well. In 1928 Walter Kemp, Kemp Brothers Canning Co. developed the first canned tomato juice because of a request by a physician in search for baby food for his clinic.[43] Kokomo is also home to the first mechanical corn picker which was developed by John Powell in the early 1920s. Kokomo was home to the first Ponderosa Steakhouse, which opened in 1965.[44] Kokomo opened the first McDonald's with a diner inside, locally called "McDiner."[45] This McDonald's theme failed nationally. Eventually, the "McDiner" closed and was converted back to a regular McDonald's restaurant.

The following inventions are associated with Kokomo:[18]

1913 Flood

On March 21–26, 1913 Kokomo suffered severe flooding when 6.59 inches (167 mm) of rainfall occurred. The Kokomo Tribune reported at the time that the Wildcat Creek overtopped its levee to reach nearly 1 mile (1.6 km) wide after rising at a rate of 3 inches (76 mm) per hour. Damage was widespread, including loss of electrical power due to the power plant being flooded. On March 26, flooding was declared over after the water level dropped 42 inches (1,100 mm) in a 24-hour period.[51]

Ku Klux Klan

On July 4, 1923, Kokomo achieved national notoriety when it hosted the largest Ku Klux Klan gathering in history. An estimated 200,000 Klan members and supporters gathered in Malfalfa Park for a mighty Konklave and the elevation of D. C. Stephenson to Grand Dragon of the Indiana Klan.[52][53] A huge flag was used that day to collect a reported $50,000 for construction of a local "Klan hospital" so that Klan members would not have to be treated at the only local hospital, which was Catholic.[54] Both men's and women's Klans held weekly rallies and initiations in Malfalfa Park, and Kokomo's Klanswomen held meetings at the armory, the local headquarters of the Women of the Ku Klux Klan, and churches. A speech at a Baptist church was attended by 1000 Klanswomen.[55]

1965 Tornado

On April 11, 1965 the southern part of Kokomo was struck by one of the 47 tornadoes that erupted over six Midwestern states, an event now known as the Palm Sunday Tornado Outbreak.[56] The F4 tornado that swept through Kokomo was 800 yards (730 m) wide and killed 25 people in the surrounding area.[57] Significant damage was done to the Chrysler transmission plant. Windows were broken and the framework cracked throughout, and sections of the west wall were leveled. The Maple Crest elementary and junior high schools suffered extensive damage. The roof collapsed on the junior high school, and the framework of both schools was substantially wrecked. The Maple Crest Shell Station at the intersection of Lincoln and Washington was torn from its foundation and scattered about. Mills Drug Store at the same intersection was demolished. A house on Holly Lane was uprooted, and one on James Drive was demolished. The Maple Crest Shopping Center was extensively damaged, with Woolworth's suffering the most damage. The front and back of the one-story structure were caved in and merchandise was strewn about.[58] Numerous homes in the Maple Crest area were flattened, and the top floor of the Maple Crest apartments was blown off. The only thing left standing on the nearby Church of the Brethren was the steeple.[59] The force of the wind on the flat earth near Kokomo was so great that Ted Fujita was able to make aerial photographs of the spiral scoring on the ground.[60]

Ryan White

Main article: Ryan White

Kokomo served to symbolize the nation's early misunderstanding and ignorance of AIDS in the mid-to-late 1980s when Ryan White was expelled from school due to his illness. White was a teenage hemophiliac who had been accidentally infected with HIV during a medical procedure. The teen had been attending Western Middle School (which is actually in Russiaville) but was ostracized by his classmates, and forced to eat lunch alone and use a separate restroom. Many parents and teachers in Kokomo rallied in support of banning White from attending the school. A lengthy legal battle with the school system ensued, followed by death threats and violence against White and his family, including a bullet being fired through the window of their Kokomo home. Media coverage of the case made White into a national celebrity and spokesman for AIDS research and public education.[61] In 1987, the White family left Kokomo for Cicero, Indiana, where Ryan attended Hamilton Heights High School, and was welcomed by faculty and students who had been educated about the disease.

Gas tower

The Kokomo Gas Tower had been a symbol of Kokomo since it was constructed in 1954. The tower was 378 feet (115 m) tall and had a capacity of 12,000,000 cubic feet (340,000 m3). Due to high maintenance costs of $75,000 a year, and up to $1,000,000 to paint it, the gas company decided to demolish it in 2003. Other ideas were reviewed before settling on this decision, including a plan to turn the tower into a giant Coca-Cola advertisement. On September 7, 2003, at approximately 7:30 a.m., the Gas Tower was demolished by Controlled Demolition, Inc. (CDI). Pieces of the tower were sold to the public for $20–30, and proceeds went to a planned Kokomo technology incubation center and Bona Vista.[62]

Geography and climate

According to the 2010 census, Kokomo has a total area of 18.559 square miles (48.07 km2), of which 18.5 square miles (47.91 km2) (or 99.68%) is land and 0.059 square miles (0.15 km2) (or 0.32%) is water.[1]

Kokomo has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa).

Climate data for Kokomo, Indiana, Kokomo Municipal Airport, normals 2003–2012
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 72
(22)		 74
(23)		 85
(29)		 94
(34)		 100
(38)		 107
(42)		 110
(43)		 106
(41)		 103
(39)		 91
(33)		 81
(27)		 71
(22)		 110
(43)
Average high °F (°C) 32
(0)		 37
(3)		 48
(9)		 62
(17)		 72
(22)		 81
(27)		 84
(29)		 83
(28)		 77
(25)		 64
(18)		 50
(10)		 36
(2)		 60.5
(15.8)
Average low °F (°C) 16
(−9)		 19
(−7)		 28
(−2)		 39
(4)		 49
(9)		 59
(15)		 62
(17)		 60
(16)		 52
(11)		 41
(5)		 32
(0)		 21
(−6)		 39.8
(4.4)
Record low °F (°C) −26
(−32)		 −20
(−29)		 −10
(−23)		 8
(−13)		 27
(−3)		 34
(1)		 41
(5)		 37
(3)		 27
(−3)		 17
(−8)		 −5
(−21)		 −24
(−31)		 −26
(−32)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.58
(65.5)		 2.46
(62.5)		 3.03
(77)		 3.92
(99.6)		 4.43
(112.5)		 4.36
(110.7)		 4.81
(122.2)		 3.91
(99.3)		 3.45
(87.6)		 3.22
(81.8)		 3.68
(93.5)		 3.18
(80.8)		 42.4
(1,077)
Average relative humidity (%) 71.5 70.5 63.5 59.25 62 63.75 68.5 71 65.5 60.5 63.5 68 65.625
Source #1: [63]
Source #2: [64]

Environmental problems

Continental Steel Corp.

From 1914 through 1986, the Continental Steel Corp. facility produced nails, wire and wire fence from scrap steel on a 183-acre facility in Kokomo. Manufacturing operations in the steel plant and on other portions of the property included the use, handling, storage and disposal of hazardous materials. Steel-making operations had included reheating, casting rolling, drawing, pickling, galvanizing, tinning and tempering.

After the company filed for bankruptcy in 1986, EPA and the Indiana Department of Environmental Management investigated the plant and property and found soil, sediments, surface water and ground water contaminated with volatile organic compounds (PCBs) and several metals, including lead, arsenic, cadmium, and chromium. Lead contamination was also detected in soils on nearby residential properties.

The site was proposed to the National Priorities List as a Superfund site in 1998 and formally added in 1989.[65]

In April 2009, EPA received almost $6 million in American Recovery and Reinvestment Act to complete needed cleanup at two problems at the 183-acre Continental Steel Superfund site: the former Slag Processing Area and the site's contaminated ground water. The ARRA funding helped accelerate the cleanup of hazardous waste hazardous waste on the site. In the process, total of 15 Indiana contractors or subcontractors were involved in the ARRA-funded work, creating at least 45 temporary jobs.

In August 2010, using the ARRA funds, EPA completed the cleanup of the former slag processing area of the Superfund Site. Approximately 86,000 tons of slag were moved to the site's acid lagoon area for use as fill on that portion of the site. Two feet of clean soil were used to cap the former slag processing area, leaving it suitable for potential redevelopment. ARRA funds were also used to address contaminated groundwater at the site. This work included extensive groundwater sampling to determine the contaminated plume area and installation of groundwater extraction and monitoring wells. Three wind turbines will be used to generate much of the power needed to operate the groundwater extraction system.

Site cleanup was completed in August 2011.[66]

Ground Water

In 1995 the Indiana American Water treatment facility found groundwater beneath the city contaminated with trace amounts of vinyl chloride. In 2007, the Indiana Department of Environmental Management found groundwater at four municipal wells at containing vinyl chloride at levels exceeding the EPA maximum contaminant level in raw water.[67]

In 2011, it found one of the monitoring wells, not owned or used by Indiana American Water, had amounts of vinyl chloride that were more than 2,500 times the maximum level for drinking water.[67] IDEM has identified fourteen facilities that handle chlorinated solvents and could be sources to the contamination plume. Some of these potential sources are currently being managed under other authorities but there is no cleanup approach focusing on the ground water plume. Water from several well fields in Kokomo are blended and treated prior to distribution. A water treatment system has been successfully removing the vinyl chloride from the finished drinking water, but this is not a permanent solution to address the contaminated ground water plume.

The site was proposed to the National Priorities List and added to the Superfund in March 2015. No cleanup plan is yet in effect.[68]

Neighborhoods

These are neighborhoods in Kokomo according to the city transportation map:[69]

  • Berkley Meadows
  • Bon Air
  • Cedar Crest
  • Country Club Hills
  • Cricket Hill
  • Darrough Chappel
  • Downtown Kokomo
  • Emerald Lake
  • Fairlawn
  • Forest Park
  • Forest Park Estates
  • Fredrick Farms
  • Greentree
  • Highland Springs
  • Holiday Hills
  • Holiday Park
  • Indian Heights
  • Ivy Hills
  • Maple Crest
  • Markland Heights
  • Mayfield
  • Old Silk Stocking
  • Orleans Southwest
  • Pittsburgh Plate Glass
  • Stonybrook
  • Sycamore Village
  • Terrace Gardens
  • Terrace Meadows
  • The Preserves at Bridgewater
  • Urbandale
  • Vinton Woods
  • Water's Edge
  • Western Woods
  • Willowridge

Demographics

Location of the Kokomo-Peru CSA and its components:
  Kokomo Metropolitan Statistical Area
  Peru Micropolitan Statistical Area
Historical population
Census Pop. %±
18601,040—
18702,177109.3%
18804,04285.7%
18908,261104.4%
190010,60928.4%
191017,01060.3%
192030,06776.8%
193032,8439.2%
194033,7952.9%
195038,67214.4%
196047,19722.0%
197044,042−6.7%
198047,8088.6%
199044,962−6.0%
200046,1132.6%
201045,468−1.4%
Est. 201457,085[70]25.5%
U.S. Decennial Census[71]
2012 Estimate[72]

Kokomo is the larger principal city of the Kokomo-Peru CSA, a Combined Statistical Area that includes the Kokomo metropolitan area (Howard and Tipton counties) and the Peru micropolitan area (Miami County),[73][74][75] which had a combined population of 119,335 at the 2012 estimate.

As of 2000 the median income for households in the city was $36,258, and the median income for a family was $45,353. Males had a median income of $38,420 versus $24,868 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,083. About 9.6% of families and 13.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.5% of those under age 18 and 9.3% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census

As of the census[2] of 2010, there were 45,468 people, 19,848 households, and 11,667 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,457.7 inhabitants per square mile (948.9/km2). There were 23,010 housing units at an average density of 1,243.8 per square mile (480.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 83.5% White, 10.7% African American, 0.4% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 1.1% from other races, and 3.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.3% of the population.

There were 19,848 households of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.4% were married couples living together, 16.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.2% were non-families. 35.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.90.

The median age in the city was 38.2 years. 24% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.2% were from 25 to 44; 26.2% were from 45 to 64; and 15.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.8% male and 53.2% female.

The Upper Kispoko Band of the Shawnee Nation, an unrecognized tribe, was listed as being located in Kokomo, Indiana as of 2013.[76][77][78][79][80]

Economy

Downtown Kokomo in 2008

Kokomo's employment is largely based in manufacturing, was hard hit by the economic downturn which led to the recession beginning in December 2007. In December 2008, Kokomo was ranked third by Forbes in its list of America's fastest dying towns, mainly as a result of the financial difficulties of the automotive industry.[81]

In May 2011, Forbes magazine listed Kokomo as one of the "Best Cities for Jobs" after the city ascended 177 places in the rankings. The same article described Kokomo's success in the past few years as "inspirational" and attributed the turnaround to "a revival in manufacturing."[82] In June 2011, Conexus released a report touting Kokomo's "rapid bounce" after the recession, and predicted a rise in income of more than 2%, assuming increased automobile production.[83]

By May 2013 Kokomo's unemployment rate was 9%, representing a 1.4% decrease in non-farm employment, ;[84] it was higher than the national rate of 7.6%.[85] The May 2013 statistics reported a 6.9% decline in manufacturing jobs over the previous 12 months. Government employment was 18.7% below the previous year.[84]

Major employers are

Government

City Hall and Police Department building.

Kokomo's current mayor is Democrat Greg Goodnight (2008–present).[89] The two previous mayors were Matt McKillip (2004–2008)[90] and Jim Trobaugh, both Republicans. The mayor is elected in a citywide vote. The city council is known as the Common Council. It consists of nine members. Six members are elected from individual districts. The other three are elected at-large.[91]

Media

Newspapers

Television

Radio

Education

Colleges and universities

Public school districts

Private schools

Health care

Culture

In 2013, Kokomo became a "sister-city" with Dongyang in China.[96]

Howard County Historical Society

Seiberling Mansion

The Howard County Historical Society occupies the Seiberling Mansion and the Elliot House, and their carriage houses. The Seiberling Mansion was built as the residence of Monroe Seiberling, one of Kokomo's richest citizens. Because of its architectural significance, the building has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1972. The Elliot House was also built as a residence; it was later adapted for use as office space. These buildings are in the Old Silk Stocking Neighborhood, which is on the National Register of Historic Places, the only neighborhood in the county to be so recognized.[97]

Parks and recreation

Old Ben – Born in 1902 and acclaimed as "The largest steer in the world"
The Vermont Covered Bridge – Another attraction to be found in Highland Park

Festivals

Sports teams

Sports venues

Entertainment

Kokomo has a 12-screen movie theater, called AMC Showplace Kokomo 12, located on 1530 East Boulevard. In addition to AMC, Kokomo also has several forms of live entertainment, including choirs, a Park Band Association, and three live theatres.

Shopping

The city's major mall is Markland Mall, which features Carson Pirie Scott, Sears and Target. The Kokomo Town Center, the former Kokomo Mall, underwent a major renovation in 2011 when it became an outdoor mall.[106]

Transportation

Airports

Highways

US 31 in Kokomo in 2005, now designated State Road 931.

A major roadway traversing through Kokomo, nicknamed "stop light city",[109] US 31 had become one of the state's most congested roadways. In Howard County, there were 15 traffic signals on US 31. As part of the state of Indiana's Major Moves Project, US 31 was updated to bypass the city of Kokomo to the east. It has interchanges at SR 26, Boulevard, Markland Avenue, and Touby Pike, as well as where the current SR 931 meets the new US 31.[110] There was a similar change near South Bend and there will be one near Indianapolis. The construction in Howard County cost roughly $340 million. Construction started on the County Road 200 South bridge on November 1, 2008.[111] The new US 31 was opened November 27, 2013,[112] at which time the existing roadway was renamed SR 931.

Railroads

Bus service

Trails and paths

Notable people

In popular culture

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
  2. 1 2 "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
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  5. ↑ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  6. ↑ "Kokomo (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau".
  7. ↑ "YEAR IN REVIEW: Annexation, Kokomo recovery top 2011 headlines". Kokomo Tribune. December 31, 2011.
  8. ↑ "A Look Back as We Move Forward". The Kokomo Tribune. March 28, 1999. p. 58. Retrieved August 16, 2014 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. ↑ Staff (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
  10. 1 2 Baker, Ronald L. (1984) Hoosier Folk Legends. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253203341. p. 184.
  11. 1 2 Leiter, Carl (February 28, 1965). "Kokomo Legend". Kokomo Morning Times. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
  12. 1 2 Morrow, p. 48.
  13. ↑ Dunn, Jacob Piatt (September 1912). "Indiana Geographical Nomenclature". Indiana Quarterly Magazine of History (Indiana University) 8 (3): 110–111.
  14. 1 2 Morrow, p. 202.
  15. ↑ Pollard, p. 320
  16. ↑ Morrow, pp. 56–58.
  17. ↑ Morrow, p. 112.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Time Line of Howard County, 1844–". Kokomo-Howard County Public Library. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
  19. ↑ Pollard, pp. 326–27
  20. ↑ Pollard, p. 330.
  21. 1 2 Pollard, p. 326.
  22. ↑ Morrow, pp. 202–03.
  23. ↑ An Act to grant the Right of Preemption to actual Settlers on the Lands acquired by Treaty from the Miami Indians in Indiana, 9 Stat. 50 (August 3, 1846).
  24. ↑ Morrow, p. 68.
  25. ↑ Pollard, Otis C. "Newspapers". History of Howard County. by Jackson Morrow (Indianapolis: B.F. Bowen & Co. [1909?]), Vol. I, pp. 304–18 ("Newspapers"), pp. 304–05.
  26. ↑ Morrow, pp. 112–13.
  27. ↑ Pollard, pp. 327–28.
  28. ↑ Pollard, Otis C. "Railroads". History of Howard County. by Jackson Morrow (Indianapolis: B.F. Bowen & Co. [1909?]), Vol. I, pp. 416–21 ("Railroads"), pp. 416–19.
  29. ↑ Watt, William J. (1999) The Pennsylvania Railroad in Indiana. Indiana University Press. p. 30.
  30. ↑ Railroads, pp. 419–20.
  31. 1 2 3 4 Leiter, Carl. "The Case of Dr. Henry Cole". From Out of the Past. Kokomo-Howard County Public Library. undated clipping.
  32. ↑ Pollard, Otis C. "Crimes and Casualties". History of Howard County. by Jackson Morrow (Indianapolis: B.F. Bowen & Co. [1909?]), Vol. I, pp. 282–304 ("Pollard"), p. 292-93.
  33. ↑ "General News". The New York Times. October 29, 1866. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
  34. 1 2 Pollard, p. 293.
  35. 1 2 3 Booher, Ned and Linda Ferries, Kokomo: A Pictorial History (St. Louis: G. Bradley: 1989), p. 28.
  36. ↑ Pollard, pp. 294–95.
  37. ↑ Morrow, pp. 232–34.
  38. ↑ "History of Kokomo Opalescent Glass". Retrieved August 21, 2012.
  39. ↑ "City of Kokomo, Indiana". Retrieved August 19, 2012.
  40. ↑ Gordon Library: Archives & Special Collections – WPI
  41. ↑ "Stainless Steel". Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
  42. ↑ ONDAS Media Selects Delphi as First Strategic Investor and Technology Provider to Help Bring Satellite Radio to Europe
  43. ↑ "Walter Kemp Develops Canned Tomato Juice". American Profile. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
  44. ↑ Stephens, Caleb (April 21, 2003). "Local Ponderosa restaurants fall from six to two". Bizjournals.
  45. ↑ "'McDonald's With Diner Inside' Debuts". 2001. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
  46. ↑ Christian Science Monitor Newspaper, Article "Chevrolet Restyles Sleek 1956 Corvette", February 20, 1956, p.22
  47. ↑ 1956 GM Year-End Annual Report, p. 15
  48. ↑ 1956 GM Year-End Annual Report, 1957 Cadillac Eldorado Brougham car model introduction announcement, p. 15
  49. ↑ Radio & TV News, August 1957, "Delco's All-Transistor Auto Radio", p. 60
  50. ↑ The Cadillac Serviceman, Volume XXXI, No.4, April 1957 issue, Pg 34
  51. ↑ "The Great Flood of 1913" The Kokomo Tribune, March 25, 2013
  52. ↑ McVeigh, Rory, The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan: Right-wing Movements and National Politics (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press: c2009), pp. 1–4.
  53. ↑ Wyn Craig Wade (1998). The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America. Oxford University Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-19-512357-9.
  54. ↑ "Konklave in Kokomo" by Robert Coughlan, The Aspirin Age: 1919–1941, pp. 105–129. ed. Isabel Leighton, Simon and Schuster, 1949
  55. ↑ Kathleen M. Blee (2009). Women of the Klan: Racism and Gender in the 1920s. University of California Press. p. 138. ISBN 0-520-94292-2.
  56. ↑ "April 11, 1965, Palm Sunday Tornado Outbreak". National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office, Indianapolis, IN. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
  57. ↑ "NOAA Remembers the Midwest's Deadly 1965 Palm Sunday Tornado Outbreak". NOAA Magazine. April 11, 2005. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
  58. ↑ "Kokomo's southside flattened by storm," Kokomo Morning Times, April 13, 1965, p2.
  59. ↑ "Maple Crest residents sift debris for lost belongings," Kokomo Morning Times, April 13, 1965, p2.
  60. ↑ Grazulis, Thomas P. (2001) The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm. Norman, Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma Press, p. 44, fig. 3.8.
  61. ↑ AIDS Boy Banned From Attending School – 1st August 1985
  62. ↑ "Crowds flooded the intersection of Firmin and Home Avenue". Kokomo Tribune. December 16, 2005. Archived from the original on March 8, 2012.
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  66. ↑ "Region 5 Cleanup Sites, Continental Steel Corp.". Retrieved August 31, 2015.
  67. 1 2 Carson Gerber (June 21, 2015). "EPA launches investigation into polluted groundwater beneath city". Kokomo Tribune (IN). Retrieved 28 August 2015.
  68. ↑ "Kokomo Contaminated Ground Water Plume". Retrieved August 31, 2015.
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  72. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012". Retrieved June 6, 2013.
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  74. ↑ MICROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS AND COMPONENTS, Office of Management and Budget, May 11, 2007. Accessed 2008-08-01. Archived March 23, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  75. ↑ COMBINED STATISTICAL AREAS AND COMPONENT CORE BASED STATISTICAL AREAS, Office of Management and Budget, May 11, 2007. Accessed 2008-08-01.
  76. ↑ "First director hired for Purdue's new Native American Educational and Cultural Center". Purdue University. August 23, 2007. Retrieved February 17, 2013.
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  82. ↑ Kotkin, Joel; Shires, Michael (May 2, 2011). "The Best Cities For Jobs". Forbes. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
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  88. ↑ "Indiana Transmission Plant I". Retrieved August 12, 2012.
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  99. ↑ "Haynes-Apperson Festival". Retrieved August 21, 2012.
  100. ↑ "WeberFest 2012 – August 3 and 4". Retrieved November 25, 2012.
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  102. ↑ "Kokomo Con". Retrieved September 27, 2013.
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  108. ↑ "New U.S. 31 bypass opens around Kokomo".
  109. ↑ "Kokomo to become Not-so-Stoplight City". Kokomo Perspective. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
  110. ↑ "Welcome to the US 31 Kokomo Corridor Project Website". Retrieved November 11, 2012.
  111. ↑ "U.S. 31 bypass work begins". Kokomo Tribune. Retrieved January 3, 2009.
  112. ↑ "On Cruise Control". Kokomo Tribune. Retrieved December 15, 2013.
  113. ↑ "CENTRAL RAILROAD OF INDIANAPOLIS (CERA)". Genesee & Wyoming. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
  114. ↑ "State of Indiana 2011 Rail System Map" (PDF). Indiana Department of Transportation. 2011. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
  115. ↑ Public Transportation for City of Kokomo. cityofkokomo.org
  116. ↑ The New York Times, "Congressman Vaile Dies In Automobile," July 3, 1927
  117. ↑ Bordman, Gerald & Hischak, Thomas S. (2004) The Oxford Companion to American Theatre. 3rd ed.: Oxford Press, p. 411.
  118. ↑ "The Kid from Kokomo". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
  119. ↑ Whorf, Michael (2012). American popular song composers : oral histories, 1920s-1950s. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. p. 148. ISBN 9780786465378.
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