List of loanwords in Konkani
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Legend has it that Lord Parashuram (Lord Vishnu’s sixth incarnation) shot an arrow into the Arabian Sea from a mountain peak. The arrow hit Baannaavali (Benaulim) and made the sea recede, reclaiming the land of Goa.[1] The history of Goa goes back 20,000–30,000 years and Goans communicate in the Konkani language. Goans, the inhabitants of Goa were ruled by different non-secular rulers who were, Hindus, Muslims and Catholics. Coastal Goa during colonial times interacted with traders of same secular faith (e.g., Mohammedan, Christian), who communicated in different languages (e.g., Arabic, Portuguese, French, English). Hence, the Konkani language used for communication in Goa within its own boundaries has been influence by interaction with the governing communities in Arabic, Portuguese, English and Hindi. The interaction resulted in loaning words from other languages. A loanword, (or loan word or loan-word) is a word borrowed from a donor language and incorporated into a recipient language without translation. It is distinguished from a calque, or loan translation, where a meaning or idiom from another language is translated into existing words or roots of the host language. Using loanwords in Konkani language is not unique to Konkani language, and loanwords, from non-secular origins resulted in Arabization and Romanization of languages. Similarly colonial languages such as Portuguese, Spanish and English, have loaned words from each other. Examples of loan words in English include: café (from French café ‘coffee’), bazaar (from Persian bāzār ‘market’), and kindergarten (from German Kindergarten ‘children’s garden’). The word loanword is itself a calque of the German term Lehnwort,[2] while the term calque is a loanword from French.
The Konkani word Feni (or fenny or fenim) is a spirit produced exclusively in Goa, India. Feni is produced from cashew (Caju in Portuguese/Konkani) apple. Cashew fruit is originally native to northeastern Brazil, the tree is now widely grown in tropical regions of, India and Nigeria. While the cashew tree is native to northeast Brazil, the Portuguese transported it to Goa, India, between 1560 and 1565. From there it spread throughout Southeast Asia and eventually Africa.[3] The word Feni has been loaned to the world in every known language, Saud ani Viva La Goa (Happy Health and Long Live Goa)! But what about Goans famous, Chourico Pao delicacy? Spanish chorizo and Portuguese chouriço are pork sausages and they acquire their distinctive smokiness and deep red color from dried smoked red peppers (pimentón/pimentão). While Pao (bread is Pão in Portuguese) and Pan is bread in Japanese was introduced by Portuguese, Japanese bread crumbs, Panko, have been popularized through culinary arts.[4]
Diversity of faith of inhabitants
The first written reference to Goa appears in Cuneiform during Sumerian times when the King Gudea of Lagash called Goa Gubio. This was around 2200 BC and Sumerians had established trade contacts with Goa. Many Sumerians settled in Goa and along the Konkan coast. The theocratic democracy of Sumerian was transformed into the oligarchic democracy of village-administration in Goa known as Gavkari, when it overlapped with the practices of the locals. The agricultural land was jointly owned by the group of villagers, they had right to auction the land, this rent was used for development, and the remainder was distributed amongst the Gavkars. Sumerians view that the village land must belong to the village god or goddess, this was the main feature of the Gavkari system where the village's preeminent deity's temple was the centre of all the activities.[5] Thus even before any king ruled the territory, oligarchic democracy in the form of Gavkari existed in Goa. Hence, oligarchic democracy (in the form of Gavkari) existed in Goa. (Konkani:गांवपण), and despite the periodic change of sovereigns, the Gaunponn always remained, hence the attachment and fidelity of the Goans to their village has always surpassed their loyalty to their rulers (most of them were extraterritorial).[6] This system for governance became further systematized and fortified, and it has continued to exist ever since. Even today 223 comunidades are still functioning in Goa, though not in the true sense.[7]
The second wave of Indo-Aryans arrived sometime between 1700 to 1400 BC. This second wave migration was accompanied by Dravidians from the Deccan plateau. A wave of Kusha or Harappan people moved to Lothal probably around 1600 BC to escape submergence of their civilisation which thrived on sea-trade.[8] With the admixture of several cultures, customs, religions, dialects and beliefs, led to revolutionary change in early Goan society.[9] Chandragupta Maurya incorporated the west coast of India in his province of Aparanta, and the impact of Magadhan Prakrit, the official language of the Mauryan Empire, on the local dialects resulted in the formation of early Konkani, as was the case with other Aryan vernaculars.
The Kadambas ruled Goa from the 10th to 14th centuries. In the beginning, the Kadambas ruled only Sashti and a small part of Konkan. They ruled from Chandor, over a large part, but the port of Gopakapattana was not included in the early years.[10] The Goa Kadambas were the later scions of the main Kadamba Dynasty, whose modern descendants still live in Goa. Though their language of administration was Sanskrit and Kannada, Konkani and Marathi were also prevalent. They introduced Kannada language to Goa, which had a very profound influence on the local tongue. Nagari script, Kadamba script, Halekannada script and Goykanadi scripts were very popular.
Kadambas ruled Goa for more than 400 years until they lost power to Devagiri Yadavas. After the Muslim invasions, the Kadamba Dynasty was lost forever. Ruins of the palaces, mansions, temples and markets can be still seen in Chandor village. In 1350 AD, Goa was conquered by the Bahmani Sultanate. However, in 1370, the Vijayanagar empire, a resurgent Hindu empire situated at modern day Hampi, reconquered the area. In 1469 Goa was reconquered by the Bahmani Sultans of Gulbarga. When this Sultanate broke up in 1492, Goa became a part of Adil Shah's Bijapur Sultanate, which established Goa Velha as its second capital.
In 1510, Portuguese admiral Afonso de Albuquerque attacked Goa at the behest of the local chieftain Thimayya. After losing the city briefly to its former ruler, Ismail Adil Shah, the Muslim King of Bijapur, Albuquerque returned in force on 25 November, with a fully renovated fleet.[11] In less than a day, the Portuguese fleet took possession of Goa from Ismail Adil Shah and his Ottoman allies, who surrendered on 10 December. The former Secretariat building in the state capital of Ponje (Konkani) or Panjim (English) (now Panaji) is a former Adil Shahi palace, later taken over by the Portuguese Viceroys as their official residence. When India became independent in 1947, Goa remained under Portuguese control.
On 16 December 1961, Indian troops crossed the border into Goa and liberated (or invaded) Goa. 'Operation Vijay' involved sustained land, sea, and air strikes for more than 36 hours; it resulted in the unconditional surrender of Portuguese forces on 19 December. Vauraddeancho Ixtt (workers friend in Konkani) a Romani Konkani publication, played a brave role in the support of Goa’s freedom struggle, a role that angered the Portuguese who then imposed clamps on the paper.[12] It played the role of a nationalist newspaper that the Portuguese tried to suppress before the Invasion of Goa.[citation needed] It was initially published in Romani Konkani, Portuguese, and English. Currently, it is mainly in Romani Konkani, with a few columns in English.[13] A United Nations resolution condemning the invasion was proposed by the United States and the United Kingdom in the United Nations Security Council, but it was vetoed by the USSR. Under Indian rule, Goan voters went to the polls in a referendum and voted to become an autonomous, federally administered territory. Goa was admitted to Indian statehood in 1987. After joining India, the territory of Goa was under military rule for five months, however the previous civil service was soon restored and the area became a federally administered territory. Goa celebrates its "Liberation Day" on 19 December every year, which is also a state holiday.
History of languages in Goa
Konkani (Devanāgarī: कोंकणी, Kōṅkaṇī) Kannada script: ಕೊಂಕಣಿ (konkaṇi) is an Indo-Aryanlanguage belonging to the Indo-European[14] family of languages and is spoken along the western coast of India. Under the ISO 639-3 classification, all the dialects of the Konkani language except for those that come under Maharashtrian Konkani are collectively assigned the language code ISO 639:gom and called as Goan Konkani. In this context, it includes dialects spoken outside the state of Goa, such as Mangalorean Konkani, Chitpavani Konkani Malvani Konkani and Karwari Konkani. In common usage, Goan Konkani refers collectively only to those dialects of Konkani spoken primarily in the state of Goa, e.g. the Antruz, Bardeskari and Saxtti dialects.
The influence of various languages can be broadly classified as direct due to the ruling communities within the territorial boundaries and peripheral interaction along the boundaries as well as indirect due to the Goan diaspora in various countries or within India in various geographical locations.
Konkani, the language of Goa and of its diaspora on the western coast of India and, has come into contact with many local languages and incorporated lexicon from these languages.
With the Kannada Kadambas ruling Goa and its close proximity to Maharashtra a lot of Kannada and Marathi words have been incorporated.
The Konkani community with its trade links with the Arabs and Persians have also incorporated many Arabic and Persian words into their vocabulary.
Portuguese was the sole official language during Portuguese colonial rule. It is now, however, mostly spoken by only the elderly Portuguese educated populations and is no longer an official language. During Portuguese rule, the Konkani language was suppressed, made inferior and displaced by the enforcement of Portuguese, becoming known as the "Lingua de criados" (language of servants). The Hindu and Catholic elites turned to Marathi and Portuguese, respectively. Ironically Konkani is now the gelatin that glues Goans of all faiths, and is affectionately referred to as Konkani Maibhas.[15] The preference among Goan Catholic parents to speak to their children in Potaachi Bhas (literally language of the stomach, rather implying commerce) over Mai Bhas (mother tongue). The Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Act, 1987 makes Konkani in the Devanagari script the sole official language of Goa, but provides that Marathi may also be used "for all or any of the official purposes". The Government also has a policy of replying in Marathi to correspondence received in Marathi.[16] Whilst there have been demands for according Konkani in the Roman script official status in the state, there is widespread support for keeping Konkani as the sole official language of Goa.[17]
English language was influential, while most Goan Catholics remained in Goa, as some did not accept the leadership of the Portuguese and emigrated to many British Raj, colonies of India. The British found the Christian Goans were eminently suitable because of their Western dress, diet, customs and culture, when the fleets withdrew from Goa some time afterward, the Goans sailed with them. Goans who trained at the medical school also moved to other Portuguese colonies around 1842 after the first medical school was created. Goans migrated to British India as well where there were more opportunities and economic development was occurring, which led to a demand for English language schools for these migrants which surpassed that of those educated in Portuguese. However, such was the demand that Goans began sending their children to neighboring cities such as Bombay, Poona and Belgaum. Reis Magos is the Portuguese name for the Three Wise Men from the Bible. The Reis Magos Fort was initially used as a residence for Portuguese viceroys and later converted to a fortress. It was occupied briefly between 1798-1813 by the British Army. Due to the 1878 Anglo – Portuguese Treaty, the British monopolised the salt production in Goa and resold it to the Portuguese.[18] Reis Magos Fort was subsequently abandoned by the military and served as a prison until 1993. The brief presence of British in Goa along with the migration of Goans to British colonies, explains the direct and indirect influences of English on the Konkani language. Thus use of Roman script in Konkani was a natural progression.
Konkani is spoken as a native language by about 61% of the people in the state but almost all Goans can speak and understand Konkani. Other linguistic minorities in the state as per the 2001 census are Marathi (19%), Kannada (7%), Hindi (5%), and Urdu (4%).[19]
A large section of the Konkani community have resided in the canara and Malabar Coasts and have thus incorporated many Kannada and Malayalam words.
The Portuguese were present along coastal India (e.g., Calicut, Malabar, Goa, Daman, Diu, Bombaim, Bassein (Baçaim) to name a few) and Goa supplanted Calicut. With Portuguese colonisation of Goa a large number of Portuguese lexicon was incorporated into Konkani. The Portuguese also established themselves in Bombaim (1534-1661). On 11 May 1661, the marriage treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of Braganza, daughter of King John IV of Portugal, placed Bombaim in possession of the British Empire, as part of dowry of Catherine to Charles. Even after the treaty, some villages in Bombaim remained under Portuguese possession, but many were later acquired by the British. In 1608, the English East India Company established a settlement at Surat (now in the state of Gujarat), and this became the company's first headquarters town. In 1661 Bombay was ceded to the Kingdom of England as part of the dowry of the infanta Catherine of Braganza. Hence, Konkani was influenced in Goa by Portuguese (1510-1961) and the Goan diaspora in Bombaim (1534-1661), influenced the Konkani initially with Portuguese (1534-1661) and subsequently with English (1661-1947). Catholic Goans in Bombay/Mumbai are called Paowalla (person selling bread/pao or paowalla/bakery business). (Pao is a Portuguese word for Bread, while Pav is a Hindi word for bread). Goans who traveled from Goa to Bombay (until 1961), had for many years to pass through Castle Rock, Karnataka, India, the frontier between Portuguese-held Goa and British-held India, with their Indo-Portuguese passports. A metre gauge railway line used to connect the Goan towns of Vasco and Margao with the rest of India and was the only rail link in the state till the Konkan Railway started services in the early 1990s. Hence, the Goan diaspora returning from Bombaim to Goa also influenced the Konkani language with English. The influence of English from Sawantwadi, Maharashtra State and South Canara, Karnataka State is less than the Influence of English from Goan diaspora in Bombaim/Bombay/Mumbai. Goan stage artist notable for their concerts and songs, also initially sprinkled their lyrics with Portuguese and English. Prominent stage artist such as late Mr. Alfred Rose and Ms. Lorna Cordeiro (Cordeiro means Lamb in Portuguese, lyrics included, Konkani, Konkani cum Portuguese (Song title "Lisboa", "Amor"), and more recently Konkani and English. Hence, the Konkani language has been influenced by Arabic, Portuguese, English and following liberation of Goa in 1961 with Hindi. The Bombay masala a medley of songs which is a product of Bombay, is famous among the Goan diaspora and well received in Goa. Also with the use of English as the Lingua franca and with South Canara coming under British Occupation many English words are also incorporated and have even replaced Portuguese words.
Though insufficient for the immensity and urgency of the task, the means inherited from the past are not totally useless. It is true that colonizing nations were sometimes concerned with nothing save their own interests, their own power and their own prestige; their departure left the economy of these countries in precarious imbalance—the one-crop economy, for example, which is at the mercy of sudden, wide-ranging fluctuations in market prices. Certain types of colonialism surely caused harm and paved the way for further troubles.[20] On the other hand, we must also reserve a word of praise for those colonizers whose skills and technical know-how brought benefits to many untamed lands, and whose work survives to this day. The structural machinery they introduced was not fully developed or perfected, but it did help to reduce ignorance and disease, to promote communication, and to improve living conditions.[20]
Portuguese words in Konkani (1510 through 1961)
A native of Goa identifies oneself as Goenkar or Goenkan in Konkani, goês or goesa in Portuguese, as Goan in English, and Govekar or "Konkno" in Marathi.
Catholic spiritual terms
Local tradition says that Christianity was spread in Southern India by the Apostle Thomas,[21] following the death of Jesus Christ in the 1st century. In the early 16th century (1510), the arrival of the Portuguese traders and subsequently the great Spanish missionary Saint Francis Xavier, initiated the influence of Portuguese language on the Konkani Language, as observed in the religious practices and culture of Goans. Subsequently, in 1534 the Portuguese arrived in, Mumbai (formerly Bombay in English and Bombaim in Portuguese. The Portuguese were actively involved in the foundation and growth of their Roman Catholic religious orders in Bombay. They called the islands by various names, which finally took the written form Bombaim. The establishment of Portuguese foothold in Bombaim resulted in Goan diaspora in Bombaim.
Christian religion was indoctrinated in Latin (300 AD). As Christianity spread to the western Europe, the Latin words were incorporated and/or adapted into Portuguese, Spanish and English languages, to name only a few. Hence, the original Latin words with Portuguese pronunciations were incorporated and/or adapted into the Konkani languages, following the establishment of Goa as a Portuguese colony (1510). The Catholic Goans continue to use the expanded vocabulary with Portuguese diction in daily prayers and in the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass, in the Konkani language. Thus over 450 years of Portuguese presence in Goa, India, has resulted in major differences in Konkani from the Konkni language. The influence resulted in Romani script for writing Konkani and moved away from the Devanagari script for Konkni. For the Hindus and Muslims in Goa, the use of Portuguese words was not required for the spiritual needs.
Deus (Latin pronunciation: [ˈdeːʊs]) is Latin for "god" or "deity". Latin deus and dīvus "divine", are descended from Proto-Indo-European *deiwos, from the same root as *Dyēus, the reconstructed chief god of the Proto-Indo-European pantheon. Compare Greek Zeus (Ζεύς zdeús; Aeolic Greek Δεύς deús) and Sanskrit देव deva (God) or devi (Goddess).
In Classical Latin, deus (feminine dea) was a general noun[22] referring to a deity, while in technical usage a divus or diva was a figure who had become divine, such as a divinized emperor. In Late Latin, Deus came to be used mostly of the Christian God. It was inherited by the Romance languages in French dieu, Spanish dios, Portuguese deus, Italian dio, etc.
| Konkani Utor | Latin Verbo | Portuguese Palavra | English Word | Vulgar Latin Verbo | Etymology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aamen | Amen | Amén | Amen | Amén Spanish/French | Old English, from Late Latin amen, from Ecclesiastical Greek amen, from Hebrew amen "truth," used adverbially as an expression of agreement[23] |
| Alma | Anima | Alma | Soul | Alma/Spanish | 1820, "temper" (usually in a hostile sense), from Latin animus "rational soul, mind, life, mental powers; courage, desire," related to anima "living being, soul, mind, disposition, passion, courage, anger, spirit, feeling[24] |
| late 14c., from Old French comunion "community, communion" (12c.), from Latin communionem (nominative communio) "fellowship, mutual participation, a sharing," used in Late Latin ecclesiastical language for "participation in the sacrament," from communis (see common (adj.)). Used by Augustine, in belief that the word was derived from com- "with, together" + unus "oneness, union."[25] | |||||
| Padri | Patrem | Padre | Priest | Padre | "priest, chaplain," 1580s, from Italian, Spanish, or Portuguese padre, from Latin patrem (nominative pater) "father" (see father (n.)). The title of the regular clergy in those languages.[26] |
| Bom | Bonum | Bom | Good | Bueno/Spanish | Contrary to the common opinion, this name derives not from Latin bonifacius 'well-doer,' but from bonifatius, from bonum 'good' and fatum 'fate.' The change to Bonifacius was due to pronunciation and from this was deduced a false etymology. Bonifatius is frequent on Latin inscription[27] |
| Doth | Dotarium | Dote | Dowry | Festa | early 14c., from Anglo-French dowarie, Old French doaire (late 13c.) "dower, dowry, gift," from Medieval Latin dotarium, from Latin dotare "to endow, portion," from dos (genitive dotis) "marriage portion," from PIE *do-ti (cognates: Sanskrit dadati, Greek didonai, Old Church Slavonic dati, Lithuanian duoti, Armenian tam, all meaning "to give"), from root *do- "to give"[28] |
| Fest | Festa | Festa | Feasta | Festa | c. 1200, "secular celebration with feasting and entertainment" (often held on a church holiday); c. 1300, "religious anniversary characterized by rejoicing" (rather than fasting), from Old French feste "religious festival, holy day; holiday; market, fair; noise, racket; jest, fun" (12c., Modern French fête), from Vulgar Latin *festa (fem. singular; also source of Italian festa, Spanish fiesta), from Latin festa "holidays, feasts, festal banquets,"[29] |
| Interrak | tumulata | Enterrado | Interred/Burial | Enterrado/Spanish | c. 1300, from Old French enterer (11c.), from Medieval Latin interrare "put in the earth, bury," from Latin in- "in" (see in- (2)) + terra "earth" (see terrain). Related: Interred; interring. |
| Madri | Nonna | Madre | Madre/Nun | Madre | Old English nunne "nun, vestal, pagan priestess, woman devoted to religious life under vows," from Late Latin nonna "nun, tutor," originally (along with masc. nonnus) a term of address to elderly persons, perhaps from children's speech, reminiscent of nana (compare Sanskrit nona, Persian nana "mother,".[30] |
| Rit | Ritus | Rito | Rite | Rito/Spanish | early 14c., from Latin ritus "religious observance or ceremony, custom, usage," perhaps from PIE root *re(i)- "to count, number" (cognates: Greek arithmos "number," Old English rim "number;" see read (v.)). Rite of passage (1909) is translated from French rite de passage, coined by French anthropologist Arnold van Gennep (1873-1957).[31] |
| Sagrad | Sacris | Sagrado | Holy | Sagrado/Spanish | late 14c., past participle adjective from obsolete verb sacren "to make holy" (c. 1200), from Old French sacrer "consecrate, anoint, dedicate" (12c.) or directly from Latin sacrare "to make sacred, consecrate; hold sacred; immortalize; set apart, dedicate," from sacer (genitive sacri) "sacred, dedicated, holy, accursed," from Old Latin saceres, from PIE root *sak- "to sanctify." Sacred cow "object of Hindu veneration," is from 1891; figurative sense of "one who must not be criticized" is first recorded 1910, reflecting Western views of Hinduism. Sacred Heart "the heart of Jesus as an object of religious veneration" is from 1765.[32] |
| São / Sant (e.g., São Francisco Xavier, São Juan Bautista) | Sanctus | São (e.g., São João) | Saint/Holy | San/Spanish | early 12c., from Old French saint, seinte "a saint; a holy relic," displacing or altering Old English sanct, both from Latin sanctus "holy, consecrated" (used as a noun in Late Latin; also source of Spanish santo, santa, Italian san, etc.), properly past participle of sancire "consecrate" (see sacred). Adopted into most Germanic languages (Old Frisian sankt, Dutch sint, German Sanct).[33] |
Konkani – Portuguese – English
- Obrigad - Obrigado - [thanks]
- Khuris - cruz [cross]
- Bom Fest - boa festa - [happy feast]
- Bom Jesu - bom jesu - [good jesus]
- Santa Khuris - santa cruz - [holy cross]
- Cantar - cantar - [sing]
- Cantar Miss - cantar missa - [High Mass - sung]
- Sakrament – sacramento – sacrament
- Bautismo - Batismo [Baptism]
- Sagrad Comunhao - Sagrada comunhão - [Holy Communion]
- Confessiao - confissão - [Confession]
- Sacrifis – sacrifício – sacrifice
- Carne - Carne - [meat]
- Cinz - cinza - [ash]
- Pascoal - Pascoal - [relating to easter]
- Pentecostant - pentecostes [pentecost]
- Carnaval - carnaval - [carnival/meat feast]
- Natal – natal – Christmas
- Besauñ – bênção – blessing
- Igorz – igreja – church
- Kopel – capela – chapel
- capainha - campainha [bell]
- Simitér – cemitério – cemetery
- Firgorz – freguesia – parish
- Spirita Santa – Espírito Santo – Holy Spirit
- Kazar – casar – marriage/to marry
- Casament - casamento [marriage/wedding]
- Recepcao - recepção - [reception]
- Inferno - inferno [hell]
Family relationships
The religious conversion of Goans to Catholics also required to have appropriate relationships particularly for the baptized child. This necessitated the development of appropriate family relationships. These word are frequently used by both Catholics and non-Catholics when referenced in a conversation.
| Konkani Utor | Latin Verbo | Portuguese Palavra | English Word | Vulgar Latin Verbo | Etymology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afilhada | Commadre | Afilhada | Goddaughter | Ahijada | woman who sponsors one at baptism, late 13c., from God + mother (n.1); modifying or replacing Old English godmodor.[34] |
| Afilhado | Compater | Afilhado | Godson | Ahijado/Spanish | "male child one sponsors at baptism," c. 1200, from God + son, replacing or modifying Old English godsunu.[35] |
| Avô | Avus | Avô | Grandfather | Abuelo/Spanish | man who sponsors one at baptism and guarantees the child's religious education, late 12c., from God + father (n.), modifying or replacing Old English godfaeder. In the Mafia sense from 1963 in English; popularized by Mario Puzo's novel (1969) and the movie based on it (1972).[36] |
| Avó | Avó | Grandmother | early 15c., from grand- + mother (n.1), probably on analogy of French grand-mère. Replaced earlier grandame (c. 1200) and Old English ealdemodor.[37] | ||
| Irmãna | Irmã | Sister | hermana/Spanish | mid-13c., from Old English sweostor, swuster "sister," or a Scandinavian cognate (Old Norse systir, Swedish syster, Danish søster), in either case from Proto-Germanic *swestr- (cognates: Old Saxon swestar, Old Frisian swester, Middle Dutch suster, Dutch zuster, Old High German swester, German Schwester, Gothic swistar)[38] | |
| Irmanv | Fratris | Irmão | Brother | Hermano | Old English broþor, from Proto-Germanic *brothar (cognates: Old Norse broðir, Danish broder, Old Frisian brother, Dutch broeder, German Bruder, Gothic bróþar), from PIE root *bhrater (cognates: Sanskrit bhrátár-, Old Persian brata, Greek phratér, Latin frater, Old Irish brathir, Welsh brawd, Lithuanian broterelis, Old Prussian brati, Old Church Slavonic bratru, Czech bratr "brother")[39] |
| Madrin | Madrinha | Godmother | woman who sponsors one at baptism, late 13c., from God + mother (n.1); modifying or replacing Old English godmodor.[34] | ||
| Mãi | Matrem | Mãe | Mother | Madre/Spanish | Old English modor "female parent," from Proto-Germanic *mothær (cognates: Old Saxon modar, Old Frisian moder, Old Norse moðir, Danish moder, Dutch moeder, Old High German muoter, German Mutter), from PIE *mater- "mother" (cognates: Latin mater, Old Irish mathir, Lithuanian mote, Sanskrit matar-, Greek meter, Old Church Slavonic mati), "[b]ased ultimately on the baby-talk form *mā- (2); with the kinship term suffix *-ter-" [Watkins]. Spelling with -th- dates from early 16c., though that pronunciation is probably older[23] |
| Padrin | Patrem | Padrino | Godfather | Padre | Old English fæder "he who begets a child, nearest male ancestor;" also "any lineal male ancestor; the Supreme Being," and by late Old English, "one who exercises parental care over another," from Proto-Germanic *fader (cognates: Old Saxon fadar, Old Frisian feder, Dutch vader, Old Norse faðir, Old High German fatar, German vater; in Gothic usually expressed by atta), from PIE *pəter- "father" (cognates: Sanskrit pitar-, Greek pater, Latin pater, Old Persian pita, Old Irish athir "father")[40] |
| Pai | Patrem | Pai | Father | Padre | Old English fæder "he who begets a child, nearest male ancestor;" also "any lineal male ancestor; the Supreme Being," and by late Old English, "one who exercises parental care over another," from Proto-Germanic *fader (cognates: Old Saxon fadar, Old Frisian feder, Dutch vader, Old Norse faðir, Old High German fatar, German vater; in Gothic usually expressed by atta), from PIE *pəter- "father" (cognates: Sanskrit pitar-, Greek pater, Latin pater, Old Persian pita, Old Irish athir "father"), presumably from baby-speak sound "pa."[40] |
| Prim' | Cognata | Primo/a m/f | Cousin | Prima | mid-12c., from Old French cosin (12c., Modern French cousin) "nephew, kinsman, cousin," from Latin consobrinus "cousin," originally "mother's sister's son," from com- "together" (see com-) + sobrinus (earlier *sosrinos) "cousin on mother's side," from soror (genitive sororis) "sister."[41] |
| Tia | Tio | Tia | Aunty | Tiazinha/Spanish | 1787, also aunty, familiar diminutive form of aunt. As a form of kindly address to an older woman to whom one is not related, originally in southern U.S., of elderly slave women.[42] |
| Tiv – | Patruus (e.g., Fathers Brother) | Tio | Uncle | Tio | late 13c., from Old French oncle, from Latin avunculus "mother's brother" ("father's brother" was patruus), literally "little grandfather," diminutive of avus "grandfather," from PIE root *awo- "grandfather, adult male relative other than one's father" (cognates: Armenian hav "grandfather," Lithuanian avynas "maternal uncle," Old Church Slavonic uji "uncle," Welsh ewythr "uncle").[43] |
Family last names
Families who were baptised were given family names of their godparents or the priest who baptised them. This resulted in incorporation of family names.
| Konkani Utor | Portuguese Palavra | English Word | Spanish Palabra | Etymology |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carvalho | Carvalho | Carvalho | Carvalho | Oak |
| Coelho | Coelho | Cowlho | Rabbit | |
| Correia | Correia | Correia | Correia | Strap |
| Dias | Dias | Dias | Diaz | Days plural of Dia |
| Fernandes | Fernandes | Fernandes | Fernandez/Spanish | Son of Fernando |
| Lobo | Lobo | Lobo | Lobo | Wolf |
Catholic Feast
The Goan Catholic and its diaspora celebrate the Feast of Easter, Feast of Christmas, Pentecost, and Feast of the days of obligation by attending Mass and greeting each other Bom Fest
- Festa dos Reis - Festa dos Reis - [Feast of Three Kings]
Goan Catholics also participate in Carnival or Mardi Gas, which are not Catholic Festivals. They precede the Lenten season. These cultural practices were initiated during the Portuguese colonization and have continued to grow following decolonization. Additionally, few Brazilian have immigrated to Goa, and this continues to revive the catholic culture and Portuguese language[44]
City and town names in Goa
The establishment of the Portuguese colony, lead to the renaming of cities and towns with Portuguese names. They were named after the voyagers to holy names. This was independent of religious background and were used by all Goans and Portuguese was the official language until after liberation in December 1961.
- Alto - alto - [high]
- Alto Betin - Alto Betin - [high Betin]
- Goa Velha - Goa Velha - [goa old]
- Velha Goa - Velha Goa - [old Goa]
- Vasco da gama - Vasco da gama - [vasco da gama]
- Dona Paula - dona paula - [owner/lady pauline]
- Santa Cruz - santa cruz [santa cruz]
- Ilhas - ilha - [island]
- Reis Magos - Reis Magos - [Three wisemen]
Residential and Business addresses
Several initially colonized lands were renamed in Portuguese which include the ward names Bairro[45] (or neighbourhood in English), village names, district names in Portuguese.
- Bairro - bairro/bairrista - [neighbourhood/local]
- Bandh - banda - [sideways]
- Agostino - Augostino - [saint auguistin]
- Primeiro - Primeiro - [first]
- Segundo - segundo - [second]
- Cabesa - cabeça - [head]
- House No 1xx, Primeiro Bairro, Pinto Road, Santa Cruz, Tiswadi, Ilhas, Goa - 403005, India (formerly Estado da Índia Portuguesa)
- House No 11xx, Segundo Bairro, Santa Cruz, Tiswadi, Ilhas, Goa - 403000, India (formerly Estado da Índia Portuguesa)
- House No 1xx, Opposite Victoria Mla Bairro Bondir, Santa Cruz, Tiswadi, Ilhas, Goa - 403005, India (formerly Estado da Índia Portuguesa)
- House No 1xx/A Bairro Bandh Aradi, Santa Cruz, Tiswadi, Ilhas, Goa - 403005, India formerly Estado da Índia Portuguesa)
- House No 0x Bairro Bandh, Santa Cruz, Tiswadi, Ilhas, Goa -403005, India (formerly Estado da Índia Portuguesa)
- House No 7xx St Agostino, Santa Cruz, Tiswadi, Ilhas, Goa - 403005, India (formerly Estado da Índia Portuguesa)
- House No 3xx, Bairro Cabesa, Santa Cruz, Tiswadi, Ilhas, Goa - 403005, India (formerly Estado da Índia Portuguesa)
Daily greetings
As the Portuguese empire established and expanded, Goans placed more importance on distinguishing themselves or were self-motivated in learning another language and this slowly resulted in incorporation or adoption of Portuguese vocabulary into Konkani with the best possible pronunciation as dictated by the grammatical constructs of the sentence.
- Bom Dia - bom dia - [goodday/good morning]
- Boa Noite - boa noite - [goodnight]
Obrigad - obrigado - [thanks]
- Por favor - por favor [please]
- Pagar - pagar [pay/wages]
Culture and Culinary Practices
A samosa /səˈmoʊsə/ or samoosa is a fried pastry with savory filling, with spices such as potatoes, onions, peas, lentils and also with ground meat (goat, beef or chicken).[46] The samosa originated in the Middle East (where it is known as sambosa[47]) prior to the 10th century.[48] They were introduced to Indian subcontinent (India, Pakistan) during the Muslim Delhi Sultanate when cooks from Middle East and Central Asia migrated to work in the kitchens of the Sultan and the nobility. Its size and consistency may vary, but typically it is distinctly triangular or tetrahedral in shape. Indian samosas are usually vegetarian and they originated in the state of Uttar Pradesh[49][50]
Catholic Goans consume, goat, beef, pork and poultry products as well as fish. Muslim Goans consume most of these aforementioned produtcs with the exception of pork which is forbidden by Quran practices. Hindu Goans abstain the consumption of beef products because of the religious beliefs. Hence, goat, poultry and freshwater fish and seafoods are animal sources of protein for all Goans. Thus major influence in the cultural practices was consumption of beef and pork for Goan Catholics.
In Goa (India) and Portugal, samosas are known as chamuças. They are usually filled with chicken, beef, pork, goat or less frequently with vegetables, and generally served hot. Samosas are an integral part of Goan and Portuguese cuisine, where they are a common snack.
A probably samosa-inspired snack is also very common in Brazil, and relatively common in several former Portuguese colonies in Africa, including Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique, where they are more commonly known as pastéis (in Brazil) or empadas (in Portuguese Africa; in Brazilian Portuguese, empada refers to a completely different snack, always baked, small and in the form of an inverse pudding). They are related to the Hispanic empanada and to the Italian calzone.
Culinary Terms
- doce - doce - [sweet]
- Assado - assado [roast]
- Refogar – refogar - [sauté - french]
- Racheado – racheado - [stuffed]
- Torrad – Torrad – [toast]
Food Produce
- arroz - arroz - [rice]
Fruit and vegetables
Food Products
- Assado de Carne - Assado de Carne - [roast beef]
- Assado de Galinha Assado de Galinha - [roast chicken]
- Assado leitao - assado leitao- [roasted pork]
- Bolo – bolo -[cake]
- Chamuças - chamuças - [samosas]
- Chouriço - chouriço - [sausage]
- Pão – pão – bread
- pão com chouriço - chouriço pão [Sausage and Bread]
- Rissois - Rissois - [Puffs]
- Rissois de Camarao - Rissois de Camarao - [Prawn Puffs]
- sod - soda - [soda water]
- Torrad pão – Torrad pão – [toasted bread]
- Vinagre – vinagre - [vinegar]
- Vihno – vihno – [wine]
- Porto – porto – [port wine]
- Madeira – madeira – [Madeira (wine]
- Feni – feni –[feni an alcoholic originating in Goa]
- Caju Feni – Caju feni – [cashew feni]
- Camarao - Camarao - [Prawn/Large Shrimp]
- Galinha Galinha - [chicken]
Daily use words
The common objects for daily living were incorporated into Konkani language
Professional terms
- Adogad – advogado – lawyer
- Ord – ordem – order
- Selad fol – folha selada/folha de papel selado – stamped paper
- Dotor – doutor – doctor
Education terms
Geographical descriptors
The Portuguese were great navigators and explorers, and they sailed the high seas. Many Goans accompanied them on their voyages and hence lot of the sailing terms were incorporated into the diction. Indian seamen had been employed on European ships since the first European made the sea voyage to India. Vasco da Gama, the first European to reach India by sea (in 1498), hired an Indian pilot at Malindi (a coastal settlement in what is now Kenya) to steer the Portuguese ship across the Indian Ocean to the Malabar Coast in southwestern India. Portuguese ships continued to employ lascars from the Subcontinent in large numbers throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, mainly from Goa and other Portuguese colonies in India. Through the Portuguese and Spanish maritime world empires, some of these Lascars found their way to Britain, and were among the sailors on the first British East India Company ships to sail to India.[51] The Luso-Asians appear to have evolved their own pidgin Portuguese which was used throughout South and Southeast Asia.[52]
- Bombaim - bombaim - [bombay/mumbai]
- viaje - viagem - [voyage]
- mar - mar - [sea]
- praer - praia - [beach]
- Cidade - cidade [city]
- Cidadde de Goa - cidade de goa [city of goa]
- Ilhas Goa – ilha Goa – [island Goa]
- alto - alto - [high]
- Vaddo -aldeias - [village]
- Zon - Zona - [district]
- Comminudad - comminuda[community]
Architectural terms
- Pared – parede – wall
- Galeri – galeria – gallery
- balcão – balcão – balcony
- Varand – varanda – verandah
Miscellaneous words
- Govet – gaveta – drawer
- Pixol – pincel – brush
- Tizulo – tijolo – brick
- Kulchanv – colchão – mattress
- Burak – buraco – hole
- Sak – saco – bag
- Susegad – sossegado – quiet
- Sai – saia – skirt
- calção – calção – shorts
- Sabaun – sabão – soap
- Banc – banco – bench
- Julab – julapa – laxative
- Lilanv – leilão – auction
- Mest – mestre – carpenter/master
- Sorpotel – sarapatel – pork curry
Source: A History of Konkani literature[53] [54] [55]
French words in Konkani
- lafaddem – affair (from l'affair)
- cartus – cartridge
- parval – parole
- tamret – stool
- bankh -bench
- voltaire – rocking chair (from the French writer Voltaire)
Kannada words in Konkani
- Aapa-from Kannada Appa meaning father
- Aaka -from Kannada Akka meaning sister
- Duddu - Money
- Rokhdo - Quick
- Poiso addko - Wealth
- Hallsande/alsando- Kind of bean
- Tantim - Eggs
- Kempu - precious stone,red
- Modd - cloud / storm
- Bagil - door
- Chilki - latch
- Badi- stick,or to beat up
- Bhenn-back (from Kannada bennu)
- Koyti-sickle from Kannada koy,to chop or cut
- Miravanuk-procession from miravanige
- Chalval-revolution from chalavali
- Veergal-hero stone from veerakallu
Arabic - Persian words
- fasal - crop
- jawab - answer
- kabul - agree
- karz - debt
- chabuk - whip
- chugli - gossip
- dang - engrossed
- hak - right
- had'd - boundary
- hairan - harassed
- fakt - only
- dusman - enemy
- akkal - intelligence
- bhogos - pardon
- bandar - port
- barik - thin
- nazuk - delicate
- baag - garden
- arz - request
- ajap - wonder
- xar - city
- khuni - murderer
- nadar - glance
- saitan - satan
- hajir - present
- garib - poor
- goroz - necessity
- virasat - heritage
- sahib - master (originally means companions of the prophet Muhammad)
- tazviz - arrangement
- guneanv - crime
- buniad - foundation
- zap - answer
- khobor - news
- xivai - without
- vogot - time
- forok - difference
- abru - respect
- ondu/avndu - this year
- bejar - harassed
- noxib - fate
- taktik - urgency
- iad - remember
- farik - repay
- maja - joy
- umed - enthusiasm
- bazar - market
- tarikh - date
- murvat - respect
- badal - change
Some words are also used wherein the original meaning has been changed or distorted:
- Mustaiki (clothes) from mustaid = ready
- bekar bahas (idle talk) gives bhikar bhaso (useless philosophising)
- kapan khairo - eater of one's own shroud - miser
English influence
Besides the direct use of English words for modern items such as TV-radio etc. some words have been modified into konkani. The sprinkling of English words during a knokani language conversation is called as Konglish[56] (konkani + English) which needs to be identified and differentiated from konglish (Korean + English)[57]
References
- ↑ http://www.ruthdesouza.com/2009/11/30/view-from-a-goan/
- ↑ Online Etymology Dictionary
- ↑ "Cajucultura historia (in Portuguese)". Retrieved February 2, 2010.
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Japanese_dishes&action=edit§ion=30
- ↑ Dhume, Anant Ramkrishna (, 1986). The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D. Ramesh Anant S. Dhume. pp. 355 pages (see pages 100–150). Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ Saradesāya, Manohararāya (2000). A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992. Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 317 pages (see pages 6 and 7). ISBN 9788172016647.
- ↑ De Souza, Savio. "THE COMUNIDADES OF GOA". Retrieved 31 March 2011.
- ↑ Kamat, Nandkumar. "Prehistoric Goan Shamanism". Prehistoric Goan Shamanism. The navahind times. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
- ↑ Dhume, Anant Ramkrishna (, 1986). The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D. Ramesh Anant S. Dhume. pp. 355 pages (see pages 100–185). Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ De Souza, Teotonio R. (1990). Goa Through the Ages: An economic history. Concept Publishing Company,. pp. 312 pages (see pages11–15). ISBN 9788170222590.
- ↑ Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580, p. 253, Diffie, Winius 253, Diffie, Winius
- ↑ United Goans Party
- ↑ Vauraddeancho Ixtt
- ↑ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/IndoEuropeanTree.svg. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ http://www.academia.edu/2943508/_All_of_me_meets_here_an_alchemy_of_parts_Negotiating_my_identities_in_New_Zealand
- ↑ Commissioner Linguistic Minorities. "42nd report: July 2003 – June 2004". p. para 11.3. Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
- ↑ "Solving the Language Imbroglio". Navhind Times. Retrieved 15 October 2008.
- ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3543363/. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Census of India - DISTRIBUTION OF 10,000 PERSONS BY LANGUAGE
- 1 2 http://w2.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_26031967_populorum.html
- ↑ [3],[4]
- ↑ Generale nomen: Servius, note to Aeneid 12.139.
- 1 2 http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=Amen&searchmode=none
- ↑ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=animus&allowed_in_frame=0
- ↑ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=communion&allowed_in_frame=0
- ↑ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=Padre&searchmode=none
- ↑ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Boniface&allowed_in_frame=0
- ↑ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=dowry&allowed_in_frame=0
- ↑ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=feast&allowed_in_frame=0
- ↑ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=nun&allowed_in_frame=0
- ↑ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=rite&allowed_in_frame=0
- ↑ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=sacred&allowed_in_frame=0
- ↑ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=saint&allowed_in_frame=0
- 1 2 http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=godmother&allowed_in_frame=0
- ↑ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=godson&allowed_in_frame=0
- ↑ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=godfather&allowed_in_frame=0
- ↑ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=grandmother&allowed_in_frame=0
- ↑ mid-13c., from Old English sweostor, swuster "sister," or a Scandinavian cognate (Old Norse systir, Swedish syster, Danish søster), in either case from Proto-Germanic *swestr- (cognates: Old Saxon swestar, Old Frisian swester, Middle Dutch suster, Dutch zuster, Old High German swester, German Schwester, Gothic swistar)
- ↑ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=brother&allowed_in_frame=0
- 1 2 http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=father&allowed_in_frame=0
- ↑ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cousin&allowed_in_frame=0
- ↑ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=aunty&searchmode=none
- ↑ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=uncle&allowed_in_frame=0
- ↑ Brazilians in India
- ↑ Morgado, Cláudia (2003), SIPA, ed., Bairro Alto de São Roque (v. PT031106150275) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico, retrieved 26 April 2012
- ↑ Meat Samosa
- ↑ Uzbek samsa Consulate General of Yemen in New York City. Retrieved 13 March 2008.
- ↑ Davidson, Alan (1999). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-211579-0.
- ↑ Arnold P. Kaminsky; Roger D. Long (23 September 2011). India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic. ABC-CLIO. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-313-37462-3. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
- ↑ "10 Best Recipes From Uttar Pradesh". NDTV. October 25, 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
- ↑ Lascar#History
- ↑ The Portuguese in the East. A Cultural History of a Maritime Trading Empire. By Shihan De Silva Jayasuriya. London, UK. 2008.
- ↑ Saradesāya, Manohararāya (2000). A History of Konkani literature. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 25 § 26. ISBN 81-7201-664-6.
- ↑ A. E. Medlycott, (1905) "India and the Apostle Thomas"; Gorgias Press LLC; ISBN 1-59333-180-0
- ↑ Thomas Puthiakunnel, (1973) "Jewish colonies of India paved the way for St. Thomas", The Saint Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India, ed. George Menachery, Vol. II.
- ↑ http://www.thegoan.net/Goa/Goa-Vision-2020-%28Section-3%29/English-Vinglish-Konglishunstaged-encores-of-Goan-theatre-in-English/02508.html
- ↑ Konglish
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