Kumquat

Kumquat Malayan kumquat foliage and fruit Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Sapindales Family: Rutaceae Subfamily: Aurantioideae Tribe: Citreae Genus: Citrus Species: C. japonica Binomial name Citrus japonica Thunb. Synonyms[1] Atalantia hindsii (Champ. ex Benth.) Oliv. Citrus erythrocarpa Hayata Citrus hindsii (Champ. ex Benth.) Govaerts Citrus inermis Roxb. Citrus kinokuni Yu.Tanaka Citrus madurensis Lour. Citrus margarita Lour. Citrus microcarpa Bunge Fortunella bawangica C.C.Huang Fortunella chintou (Swingle) C.C. Huang Fortunella crassifolia Swingle Fortunella hindsii (Champ. ex Benth.) Swingle Fortunella japonica (Thunb.) Swingle Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle Fortunella obovata Tanaka Sclerostylis hindsii Champ. ex Benth. Sclerostylis venosa Champ. ex Benth. × Citrofortunella madurensis (Lour.) D.Rivera & al. Kumquat Chinese name Chinese 金橘 Literal meaning golden orange Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin jīnjú Yue: Cantonese Jyutping gam1 gwat1 Southern Min Hokkien POJ gīm-gam Alternative Chinese name Chinese 柑橘 Literal meaning little tangerine orange Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin gān jú Yue: Cantonese Jyutping gam1 gwat1 Vietnamese name Vietnamese kim quất Thai name Thai ส้มจี๊ด RTGS somchíd Korean name Hangul 금귤 Hanja 金橘 Transcriptions Revised Romanization geumgyul Japanese name Kanji 金柑 Transcriptions Romanization kinkan Nepali name Nepali muntala Kumquats, raw Fortunella spp. Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) Energy 296 kJ (71 kcal) Carbohydrates 15.9 g Sugars 9.36 g Dietary fiber 6.5 g Fat 0.86 g Protein 1.88 g Vitamins Vitamin A equiv. lutein zeaxanthin (2%) 15 μg 129 μg Thiamine (B1) (3%) 0.037 mg Riboflavin (B2) (8%) 0.09 mg Niacin (B3) (3%) 0.429 mg line-height:1.1em (4%) 0.208 mg Vitamin B6 (3%) 0.036 mg Folate (B9) (4%) 17 μg Choline (2%) 8.4 mg Vitamin C (53%) 43.9 mg Vitamin E (1%) 0.15 mg Minerals Calcium (6%) 62 mg Iron (7%) 0.86 mg Magnesium (6%) 20 mg Manganese (6%) 0.135 mg Phosphorus (3%) 19 mg Potassium (4%) 186 mg Sodium (1%) 10 mg Zinc (2%) 0.17 mg Link to USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database

Kumquats (or cumquats in Australian English; UK /ˈkʌmkwɒt/;^[2] US /ˈkʌmˌkwɑːt/ or /ˈkʌmkwɔːt/^[3]) are a group of small fruit-bearing trees in the flowering plant family Rutaceae, either forming the genus Fortunella, or placed within Citrus sensu lato.

The edible fruit closely resembles that of the orange (Citrus sinensis), but it is much smaller, being approximately the size and shape of a large olive. Kumquat is a fairly cold hardy citrus.

Name

The English name "kumquat" derives from the Cantonese 金橘 (Jyutping: gam¹gwat¹), literally "golden tangerine".

Origin

The plant is native to south Asia and the Asia-Pacific region. The earliest historical reference to kumquats appears in literature of China in the 12th century. They have long been cultivated in India, Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines, and southeast Asia. They were introduced to Europe in 1846 by Robert Fortune, collector for the London Horticultural Society, and shortly thereafter into North America.

Description

Illustration by Walter Hood Fitch

They are slow-growing evergreen shrubs or short trees, from 2.5 to 4.5 meters (8 to 15 ft) tall, with dense branches, sometimes bearing small thorns. The leaves are dark glossy green, and the flowers are white, similar to other citrus flowers, borne singly or clustered in the leaf-axils. Depending on size, the kumquat tree can produce hundreds or even thousands of fruits each year.^[4]

Varieties

Round kumquat

When the kumquats are divided into multiple species, the name Fortunella japonica (or Citrus japonica) is retained by this group. The round kumquat also called Marumi kumquat or Morgani kumquat, is an evergreen tree, producing edible golden-yellow fruit. The round Hawaiian varietal, the "Meiwa kumquat", is eaten raw. The fruit is small and usually round but can be oval shaped. The peel has a sweet flavor but the fruit has a sour center. The fruit can be eaten cooked but is mainly used to make marmalades and jellies. It is grown as an ornamental plant and can be used in bonsai. The plant symbolizes good luck in China and other Asian countries, where it is kept as a houseplant and given as a gift during the Lunar New Year. Round kumquats are more commonly cultivated than other species due to their cold tolerance.

Oval kumquat

When the kumquats are divided into multiple species, the name Fortunella margarita (or Citrus margarita) is used for this group. The oval kumquat is also called the Nagami kumquat.^[5] The unusual feature of the Nagami kumquat is in the eating of the fruit. The fruit is eaten whole, skin and all. The inside is still quite sour, but the skin has the sweeter flavour, when eaten together it produces an unusual tart-sweet, refreshing flavour. Fruit ripens mid to late winter and always crops very heavily, making a spectacular display against the dark green foliage. The tree is smaller growing and dwarf in nature, making it ideal for pots and has even been used in bonsai.

Jiangsu kumquat

When the kumquats are divided into multiple species the name Fortunella obovata (or Citrus obovata) is used for this group. The Jiangsu kumquat or Fukushu kumquat bears edible fruit that can be eaten raw. The fruit can be made into jelly and marmalade. The fruit can be round or bell shaped; it is bright orange when fully ripe. It may be distinguished from other kumquats by its round leaves. It is grown for its edible fruit and as an ornamental plant. It cannot withstand frost. Kumquats are often seen near the Yuvraj section of the Nayak Province.

'Centennial Variegated' kumquat

'Centennial Variegated' kumquat tree

'Centennial Variegated' kumquat fruit

The 'Centennial Variegated' kumquat cultivar arose spontaneously from the Nagami kumquat. It produces a greater portion of fruit versus the thinner peel than the Nagami kumquat, and the fruit are also rounder and sometimes necked. Fruit are distinguishable by their variegation in color of green and yellow stripes. The tree is thornless.^[6]

Cultivation and uses

Kumquats are cultivated in China, Chile, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, Nepal, southern Pakistan, Iran, the Middle East, Europe (notably Corfu, Greece), and the United States (notably Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, California and Hawaii, but also Nevada, Arizona, and many areas throughout the Eastern U.S. and as far north as the Southern Midwest and barrier islands of Massachusetts.)

They are much hardier than other citrus plants such as oranges. The 'Nagami' kumquat requires a hot summer, ranging from 25 °C to 38 °C (77 °F to 100 °F), but can withstand frost down to about −10 °C (14 °F) without injury.

Propagation and pollination

Kumquats do not grow well from seeds and so are vegetatively propagated, using rootstock of another citrus fruit,^[7] air layering or cuttings (using a rooting gel/powder).^[8] They are self-pollinating as are most citrus.

Composition

The essential oil of kumquat peel contains much of the aroma of the fruit, and is composed principally of limonene, which makes up around 93% of the total.^[9] Besides limonene and alpha-pinene (0.34%), both monoterpenes, the oil is unusually rich (0.38% total) in sesquiterpenes such as α-bergamotene (0.021%), caryophyllene (0.18%), α-humulene (0.07%) and α-muurolene (0.06%), and these contribute to the spicy and woody flavor of the fruit. Carbonyl compounds make up much of the remainder, and these are responsible for much of the distinctive flavor. These compounds include esters such as isopropyl propanoate (1.8%) and terpinyl acetate (1.26%); ketones such as carvone (0.175%); and a range of aldehydes such as citronellal (0.6%) and 2-methylundecanal. Other oxygenated compounds include nerol (0.22%) and trans-linalool oxide (0.15%).^[9]

Hybrids

Hybrid forms of the kumquat include the following:

• Calamondin: mandarin orange x kumquat^[10]
• Citrangequat: citrange x kumquat
• Limequat: key lime x kumquat
• Orangequat: Satsuma mandarin x kumquat
• Procimequat: limequat x kumquat
• Sunquat: lemon x kumquat
• Yuzuquat: yuzu x kumquat

Though loquats are not botanically related to kumquats, the terms originate in the same Chinese word designating "orange".

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  Kumquat flower

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  Kumquat fruit cross-section

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  Kumquat whole and sectioned

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  Common kumquat

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  Round kumquats (or citrofortunella)

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  Round kumquats (or citrofortunella)

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  Koum Quat liqueurs from Corfu, Greece

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  Potted kumquat trees at a kumquat liqueur distillery in Corfu.

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  Slices of kumquat pie at the Kumquat Festival in Dade City, Florida

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  Bags of kumquat for sale at the Kumquat Festival

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  Kumquat Preserves

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  Flowers and fruit

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  Green fruit and leaves

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  Kumquat tree

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  Closeup from fruit in growth

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  Kumquats in growth

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  Ready to pick

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  Ripening

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  Kumquat or kumquat hybrid

See also

• Kumquat Festival

References

1. "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 28 July 2014.
2. "Britain: Kumquat". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
3. "American: Kumquat". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
4. Morton, Julia (1987). "Kumquat". Fruits of warm climates. Miami, FL. pp. 182–185. A mature specimen on rough lemon rootstock at Oneco, Florida, in 1901, bore a crop of 3,000 to 3,500 fruits.
5. Fortunella margarita: oval kumquat, Nagami kumquat, coolexotics.com
6. Centennial at the Citrus Variety Collection
   • ‘Centennial’ Variegated Kumquat Hybrid
7. "Kumquat". purdue.edu.
8. VanZile, Jon. "Fortunella—How to Grow Kumquats Indoors". HousePlants.About.com.
9. Koyasako, A.; Bernhard, R.A. (1983). "Volatile Constituents of the Essential Oil of Kumquat". Journal of Food Science (Wiley & Sons) 48 (6): 1807–1812. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1983.tb05090.x.
10. "USDA GRIN Taxonomy". Retrieved 1 June 2014.

Further reading

• Burkill, I. H. (1931). An enumeration of the species of Paramignya, Atalantia and Citrus, found in Malaya. Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 5: 212–220.
• Mabberley, D. J. (1998). Australian Citreae with notes on other Aurantioideae (Rutaceae). Telopea 7 (4): 333–344. Available online (pdf).
• Fruits of warm climates
• Fortunella crassifolia Swingle – Fruits and Seeds Flavon's Wild herb and Alpine plants
• International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Tokyo Code)

External links

• Data related to Fortunella at Wikispecies
• Growing an Orange Tree in Hydroponic
• How to grow kumquats and other citrus from seed
• How to propagate by air layering.
• Kumquat Marmalade