Lamu Port and Lamu-Southern Sudan-Ethiopia Transport Corridor

Map showing the scope of the LAPSSET Project within Kenya

The Lamu Port Southern Sudan-Ethiopia Transport (LAPSSET) Corridor project aka the Lamu corridor is a transport and infrastructure project in Kenya that, when complete, will be the country's second transport corridor. Kenya's other transport corridor is the Mombasa port and Mombasa–Uganda transport corridor that passes through Nairobi and much of the Northern Rift.

Background

The project will involve the following components:[1]

The project was initially conceived in 1975 but never took off due to various reasons. The project was later revived and included in Kenya's Vision 2030. In 2009, the cost of LAPSSET was estimated as $16 billion.[2] Recent estimates arrived after studies now put the cost of the project at between US$22 billion [3] and US$23 billion.[4] On 1 April 2013, Kenya's government announced the setting up of a government agency, the Lamu Port Southern Sudan Transport Development Authority that will manage the project on behalf of the Kenyan government. The cost of the project was also put at KSh. 2.5 trillion ($29.24 billion).[5]

The timeline of the project is not clear, including when it started and when it should be finished. Some projects like the Isiolo-Merille projects began in 2007. At the peak of the project, between 2013 and 2018, it is expected that the Kenyan government will be spending about 6% of the country's Gross Domestic Product or 16% of its annual budget on the project.[6] The project is in turn expected to contribute an additional 3% increase in Kenya's GDP by 2020.[7]

The aim of the project is to cut over-dependence on Kenya's main port of Mombasa as well as open up Kenya's largely under-developed northern frontier, through creation of a second transport corridor.

Key towns in the project are Lamu and Isiolo in Kenya, Juba in Southern Sudan and Addis Ababa in Ethiopia.

Institutionalisation of the project

The LAPSSET Corridor Project is the first single Gigantic, Integrated, Transformative and Game-Changer infrastructure Project the Government has initiated and prepared under Vision 2030 Strategy Framework without external assistance. The project endeavors to deliver a Just and Prosperous middle income Kenya by the year 2030.

Kenya is spearheading the development of Lamu Port-South Sudan-Ethiopia-Transport (LAPSSET) Corridor Project to strengthen her position as a gateway and a transport and logistics hub to the East African sub-region and the Great Lakes region to facilitate trade, promote regional economic integration and interconnectivity between African countries. The Project is managed by the LAPSSET Corridor development Authority (LCDA) which is domisciled under the Presidency.

Mandate of LAPSSET Corridor Development Authority

In March 2013, the LAPSSET Corridor Development Authority (LCDA) was established through the Presidential Order Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 51, Legal Notice No. 58, The LAPSSET Corridor Development Authority Order 2013 to plan, coordinate and manage the implementation of the Lamu Port-South Sudan-Ethiopia Transport Corridor Project. The Authority is domiciled in The Presidency in accordance with the Constitution of Kenya 2010. The LCDA is headed by Mr. Silvester Kasuku, MBS, CMILT, Director General/ Chief Executive Officer and Amb, Dr. Francis Muthaura, EGH, Chairman of the Board of the Authority. The functions of the Authority are as follows:

The LAPSSET Corridor Development Authority is the policy, implementation, operational coordination and technical oversight organ for the LAPSSET Corridor Project. The LAPSSET Corridor Development Authority has the inter-ministerial coordination committees composed of relevant ministries.

LAPSSET Corridor Projects

The Corporation is mandated to manage the development of the following infrastructure project components which are key Transport, Energy and Communication investments;

In addition to this the project is also spearheading the development of associated infrastructure sub projects in particular the High Grand Falls that is envisaged to produce 500MW of power and provide water to Lamu city, Lamu Port and metropolis and irrigation of mega farms planned for the Tana Delta among other areas within the Corridor. The High Grand falls will be used to create a manmade Lake at its dam with a view to controlling perennial flooding within the lower Tana Basin. More importantly the LAPSSET Corridor infrastructure is being developed as a critical enabler meant to spur growth of other sectors of the economy within the Corridor. Of great significance is the rich agricultural value chain spanning over ten different economic crops whose implementation has begun with the establishment of mega irrigation schemes.

Already both local and international agricultural investors are keen on taking investment opportunities in this area and respective County Governments within the corridor have started receiving enquiries from some of the interested investors.

The LAPSSET Corridor therefore presents an investment opportunity that may be considered by the private sector investors including Pension, Insurance and saving Funds among other investors.

Economic Viability of LAPSSET Program

Project studies that were completed in 2011 on the LAPSSET Corridor project components showed great economic viability with most of the project components registering High Economic Internal Rates of Return of between 17% and 23.4% compared to acceptable industry minimum standard of 10% for infrastructure projects as shown in Table 1 below.

Table 1: LAPSSET Corridor Project Components with accompanying cost implications

No Item Quantity Cost (USD) millions EIRR %
1Lamu port32 berths3,095 23.4
2Railway1,710 km7,099 17.8
3Highway880 km1,398 12.9
4Crude Oil Pipeline2,240 km3,949 21.6
5Product Oil Refinery120,000bpd2,800 13.9
6Resort Cities3 Lots1,214 20.8
7Airports3 Lots506 20.7

Services

No Item Quantity Cost (USD) millions Cost (KES) trillions
1High Grand Falls (Hydro + Water)1 Lot2,110
2Associated Infrastructure 2,500
Total cost 24,524 2,403

Note 1: Both all and each project components are judged as viable in view of national economy as EIRRs computed are more than 12%, which is opportunity cost.

Note 2: Cargoes are generated by the Corridor itself. Higher figures than the above table can be realized.

From the statistics provided, it is therefore evident that if the government structured the projects into bankable bundles, it would attract private sector investors to participate and invest in the projects.

Cost of LAPSSET Corridor Program

The seven key infrastructure project components of the LAPSSET Corridor Program require substantial amounts of resources with a budget estimate of US$24.5 billion, equivalent to KES 2 trillion at current exchange rates in construction costs. It is estimated that Lamu Port with its 32 berths alone will cost approximately US$3.1 billion, the Railway US$7.1 billion while the crude oil pipeline will cost a further estimate of US$3 billion for Lamu to Lokichar trunk line alone.

Indeed, the figures indicated above are of no mean task and cannot be left to the Government’s limited resources alone. The Government has prioritised the participation of private sector in the development of LAPSSET Corridor infrastructure through infrastructure bonds and equity participation among other money market instruments. There is already significant private sector interest being registered towards the implementation of these project components hence the need has arisen for the government to structure and package bankable projects that are investor ready for uptake by private sector.

Status of implementation of LAPSSET corridor projects

The government undertook ground breaking for the LAPSSET Corridor Program at Lamu Port site on 2 March 2012, after which it commenced construction activities of various infrastructural facilities and services aimed at progressing implementation of LAPSSET Corridor Project. The ongoing construction works for various project activities are summarized below.

Lamu Port

LAPSSET Corridor Project is on course and so far construction activities for various facities at Lamu Port site are ongoing with progress for Lamu Port Building and Port Police and security facilities having achieved a completion rate of 95%.

The Government has so far allocated KES 4.2 billion in preparation for the commencement of construction works for the first three berths. The government is also in the process of mobilising more resources from its own revenue resources as well as from private sector investors through equity and debt including bonds while mobilisation of more funds through equity and debt participation by investor for the construction of the first three berths and its associated infrastructure.

Photo 1, 2 and 3: Ongoing Completion of Construction works at Lamu Port Headquarters and Police Station

LAPSSET Highway Component

The LAPSSET highway component has been categorized in sections as indicated below:

Isiolo – Marsabit – Moyale, A2

It is important to note that significant progress has been made on the ongoing construction of LAPSSET Highway component, particularly the 505 km Isiolo-Moyale A2 Road costing approximately KES 46 billion and being funded jointly by the African Development Bank, European Union and the Government of Kenya. Indeed, Kenyans and Ethiopians will soon be able to enjoy improved transport and logistics services and transact business between Addis Ababa, Lamu and Nairobi.

Isiolo – Merille (136 km)

The Isiolo – Merille River Road, constitutes the first section of the 505 km road from Isiolo to Moyale which is part of the road linking Tunduma in Southern Tanzania with Addis Ababa in Ethiopia.

The project construction works are complete. This project was funded by the African Development Bank at a cost of KES 6,318,130,428.27.

Merille River – Marsabit (121 km)

This road constitutes the second section of the 505 km road from Isiolo to Moyale and Addis Ababa in Ethiopia. The road begins at Merille River and runs in a northerly direction and terminates at Marsabit. The construction works for this section has progressed at 10% having commenced in January 2013 and is scheduled for completion by January 2016 and is being funded by the European Union. The project will cost a total sum of KES 13.73 billion.

Marsabit – Turbi (123 km)

The road begins in Marsabit at the junction with the road C82 and runs in a northerly direction and terminates in Turbi constituting the third section of the 505 km road from Isiolo to Moyale and Addis Ababa in Ethiopia. The construction works for this section has progressed to 47.4% having commenced in April 2011 and is being funded by the African Development Bank and is expected to be completed by March 2014. The project will cost a total sum of KES 13 billion.

Turbi – Moyale (125 km)

Construction works have progressed to 11.5% completion having commenced in October 2012 for a period of 36 months. This section is being funded by the African Development Bank and is expected to be completed in December 2015.

In addition to the above the Government of Kenya and the Government of South Sudan, working together with the World Bank recently completed feasibility studies and detailed engineering designs for the Lokichar - Nadapal – Torit - Juba Road whose construction works will begin soon once finances are mobilised. This road project does present an opportunity for private sector participation.

Furthermore, the Government of Kenya is currently considering mechanisms for participation by private sector investors to deliver the Lokichar - Isiolo - Garissa - Lamu Road and Lamu - Garsen Road through Engineering, Procurement, Finance and Construct (EPC). Delivery of the road provide immediate road connection between Lamu Port and Juba and Addis Ababa.

Crude Oil Pipeline

Continued discovery of oil resources with the region has emboldened plans by regional Governments that are connected by the LAPSSET Corridor to build a crude oil pipeline between Lamu Port and Kenya’s oil fields in Turkana Basin and Uganda’s oil fields at Lake Albert’s Basin and South Sudan oil fields. The Government of Kenya is soon putting up an Expression of Interest to competitively select the appropriate investors for the development of the crude oil pipeline.

Electric Power Supply

In addition to the above the Government has prioritised the provision of appropriate infrastructural service aimed at supporting the massive investments planned for the LAPSSET Corridor. The Government has just completed the electric power connection for the Lamu Port of 220 kV transmission line from Rabai through Malindi and Garsen to Lamu.

Photo 4; Electric Power Sub Station at Lamu

Construction of electric power transmission line has commenced to deliver electric power connection to key LAPSSET Corridor areas such as Garissa, Isiolo and Turkana. Already construction of 132 kV transmission line from Seven Folks/Kindaruma to Garissa is ongoing; construction of 132 kV transmission line from Mount Kenya region to Isiolo is ongoing. Plans for the construction of 400 kV transmission line from Lake Turkana to Suswa are at an advanced stage while plans are ongoing for the construction of 220 kV line from Garsen to Garissa.

Airports

Lokichogio Airport

The government has embarked on improving facilities at the three airports to provide for air travel services in the interim to enhance accessibility to the corridor. Improvement works on Lokichogio Airport were completed in the recent past and its already operational with scheduled flights landing at the airport.

Provision of airport facilities will strengthen buildup of air transport and logistics services along the corridor in readiness for the construction of the three international airports at the three locations in the future.

Kenya Civil Aviation Authority has already made plans to establish air transport safety, security and surveillance facilities and services to strengthen air transport and logistics in northern Kenya.

Manda Lamu Airport

The government recently completed lengthening of Lamu Manda Island Airport runway from 1.1 km to 2.3 km. Improvement works are already complete for the airport terminal building. Preparations are at an advanced stage towards the construction of a parallel taxiway and aircraft apron area to improve capacity of the airport. These improvements will enhance the capacity of Manda Lamu Airport that already has a strong scheduled flights clientele.

Isiolo Airport

The Government has completed construction works on the 1.2 km Isiolo Airport runway. Construction works are currently ongoing for Airport Terminal Building which is scheduled for completion by end of 2014. Kenya Airports Authority has made plans to operationalise the airport once facilities are in place by mid 2014.

Provision of Social Infrastructure, Services and Security

In addition to the ongoing physical works in to planned projects along the LAPSSET Corridor, the Government has commenced a comprehensive plan for the provision of social infrastructure and services so as to give LAPSSET Project a deserving human face. Panning for these social infrastructure and services will ensure that schools, health centres, towns, water and sanitation services, security services and other social amenities are provided at an optimal level to make LAPSSET Corridor areas secure, desirable, liveable and working environment and a place to nurture Kenya’s future generations.

Recent developments in the LAPSSET corridor project area

Since conclusion of the LAPSSET study, oil discoveries have been made in the Turkana area in Kenya with current recoverable crude oil reserves estimated at 600 Million Barrels. Most recently, Uganda completed commercialization studies of their crude oil production at Lake Albert with plans to build medium scale refinery at Lake Albert basin to refine at most 60,000brl/d while balance of the crude oil will be pumped for export through the LAPSSET Corridor Pipeline.

With these developments, the original plan and design for the crude oil pipeline has to be reviewed to accommodate these new discoveries. The Pipeline will now evacuate crude oil from Lokichar Oil fields in Kenya, Lake Albert Oil fields in Uganda and oil fields in South Sudan. As such considerations are being made to commence construction of crude oil pipeline from Lokichar to Lamu Port to evacuate Kenyan oil as more preparations are made to complete negotiations on the construction of joining crude oil pipelines from Uganda and South Sudan oil fields.

In this event, the Lokichar to Lamu crude oil pipelines will be the trunk crude pipeline to accommodate crude oil from Uganda and South Sudan. Crude oil terminal tank farms will therefore be built at Lokichar and Lamu to manage the logistics of pumping crude oil through the pipeline as well as into the loading into ships for export. As a result, the governments of South Sudan and Kenya are preparing for the admission of the Uganda Crude Oil Pipeline component into the LAPSSET Corridor Crude Oil Pipeline Project.

As a way forward, the tripartite Heads of State Infrastructure Summit held in Uganda on 20 February 2014, agreed to allow Kenya to proceed with the Expression of interest for the development of the crude oil pipeline between Lamu and Lokichar oil fields evacuate Kenyan oil as well as prepare for the construction of connecting lines from South Sudan’s and Ugandan Oil fields.

In order to support the development of the crude oil pipeline, the Government has identified the need to simultaneously construct the Lamu-Lokichar Road alongside the pipeline. As an early delivery strategy, the Ministries of Energy and Petroleum as well as Transport and Infrastructure have adopted an integrated approach for the development of the crude oil pipeline and the road from Lamu-Lokichar.

Participating countries

Funding

The Development Bank of South Africa will fund construction of LAPSSET to KES 126 billion (US$1.5 billion).[9]

Lamu Port and Manda Bay

Lamu Port is expected to consist of 30 berths when complete, will cost US $3.5 billion and be 1,000 acres in size.[4] The port will be a deep water port at 18 metres depth.

From bids requested by the Kenyan Government, the first phase of the port will include 3 deep water berths with a capability of handling ships with a dead-weight capacity of up to 100,000 tonnes.[10] The port will be built at Manda Bay and is expected to be operational starting December 2012.[6]

A consortium of companies led by China Communications Construction Company(CCCC) was reported to have won the bid for construction of the first three berths at Lamu port. The cost of the project is valued at KES 41 billion (US$484 million).[9] CCCC is associated with China Road and Bridge Corporation(CRBC) which has historically secured lots of road construction and other tenders in Kenya.

Standard gauge railway line to Juba

A railway line will run from Lamu to Juba, a distance of 1,720 kilometres (1,070 mi), and will be capable of handling trains with speeds of up to 160 kilometres (99 mi) per hour. This will be at an estimated cost of $7.1 billion and is to be completed by 2015.

The railway line will be linked to the existing railway network and to Mombasa port by a line running from Lamu port to Mombasa port.

By 2030, the railway line is expected to handle 30 daily trains to Juba and 52 to Addis Ababa.[4]

Road network

LAPSSET road projects will run from Lamu to Isiolo and onwards to Juba and Addis Ababa through Moyale. This will be a 2 lane highway and will be at a cost of $1.4 billion.

The road from Lamu will pass through Hola and Bura to Garissa. From Garissa, the main branch will run to Isiolo while a second branch will run off to Mwingi and Matuu for exploitation of coal in the Kitui Basin. Isiolo will be linked to Nairobi through one route, to Nakodok, near Lokichoggio via another and to Moyale via the third route. Southern Sudan will be in charge of constructing a route from Nakodok to Juba while Ethiopia will construct a road from Moyale to Addis Abbaba

Isiolo – Moyale Road

Construction and upgrading of the 136 kilometres (85 mi)[11] Isiolo – Merille road which is part of LAPSSET commenced in 2007 and the road was finished in 2011. The road was upgraded into a 2 lane tarmac road. Construction of the Marsabit – Turbi road, also part of LAPSSET, commenced 29 August 2011, with an expected delivery date of 4 April 2014.[12]

Moyale – Addis Ababa road

Construction of the 193 km Ageremariam-Yabelo-Mega already began.

Oil pipeline

The Oil Pipeline is expected to cost $4 billion. The crude oil pipeline will run from Lamu to South Sudan and Addis Ababa.[5]

Construction was originally expected to begin by end of 2013 once feasibility studies contracted to German company ILF were complete. South Sudan is optimistic of transporting its first oil via the pipeline in 2014 if construction begins immediately after completion of feasibility studies.[13]

Oil refinery

A proposed oil refinery in Lamu will cost $2.5 billion and is expected to refine 120,000 barrels of oil a day..

Three resort cities

Proposed resort cities at Lamu, Isiolo and Lokichoggio on the shores of Lake Turkana will cost $1.2 billion.

Isiolo Resort City

The Isiolo resort city is to be established under a public private partnership at a cost of KES 18.9 billion. In 2012, the Isiolo County Council was asked to set 6,500 acres of land aside for establishment of the resort city. The site is located at Kipsing Gap, 20 kilometres west of Isiolo town.[14]

The site was identified by Japanese Port Consultants after a nine-month feasibility study. The consultants also developed a conceptual design for the resort city with more than 10 preliminary models of the city. The plans include rules on land usage and guidance on private sector and local community involvement. The plans also cater for growth and development of the city for the next 20 to 30 years.[14]

Under Kenya's new constitution, it will be mandatory for the government to get consent from the locals before commencing with the project. Residents will be compensated for the acquisition. The local council will then acquire the land title and make money from leasing out the land and charging rates.[14]

The city will be situated between Katim hill and Oldonyo Degishu hill. Neighbouring game parks and national reserves include Lewa Wildlife Conservancy in the south, Buffalo Springs and Shaba National Reserve to the North, Samburu Game Reserve and Ewaso Ng'iro River to the West. The area also boats a wide variety of plants and animals, including the big five, leading to it also being known as the Jewel in the crown.[14]

Kipsing Gap was picked in preference of Kulamawe and Archers Post due to security, accessibility, cultural diversity, natural diversity, wildlife, water availability, electricity, sewer system among other factors.[14]

In January 2012, 32 councillors led by chairman Adan Ali and Town Clerk Morris Ogolla and legislators, professionals, women group leaders were briefed by government officials on the importance of the resort city.[14]

Attractions will include three star to six star hotels, a local art and craft museum, theatres, conference centres and cultural events.[14]

LAPSSET Development Authority

President Mwai Kibaki, through a special gazette notice, announced the formation of the authority on 1 April 2013 with the task of managing the project on behalf of Kenya's government. The authority shall be headquartered in Nairobi and have offices in Lamu, Isiolo, Lokichoggio, Marsabit and Moyale. A director general will head the 11 member board that will include five state officials, private sector representatives and a chairman appointed by the president.

The authority will push for public private partnerships to help in implementation of the project.[5]

Additional infrastructure

This includes proposed power generation facilities, water systems and communication facilities. This component of LAPSSET is expected to cost $2.5 billion.

Disputes

South Sudan dissatisfaction with Kenya's slow pace

In February 2013, The Standard quoted Dr. Costello Garang Ring expressing the frustration of the South Sudan government with the slow process with which Kenya was approaching the LAPSSET project. South Sudan was reportedly considering alternatives through Ethiopia to Djibouti or via Uganda to Tanga in Tanzania. Costello had also unsuccessfully tried to lobby Kenya against privatising its Mombasa – Kampala railway, under instructions from John Garang.[15]

In response, a Kenyan government official alluded the delays may be due to lack of an established civil service structure in South Sudan, that led to Kenya having to push the country into a number of required agreements. Uganda was also suspected of trying to lure South Sudan in having the railway and pipeline pass through the country by promising a faster pace of progress. Peter Oremo, a Kenya Ports Authority with LAPSSET also said that Kenya was still negotiating a fee lower than the $30 Djibouti was charging per barrel of oil that passed through the country.[16]

Dr. Costello is the Executive Chairman of the New Sudan Foundation, a body formed by SPLA leader, John Garang as what appears to be a body behind governmental projects.

Conflict

Kiss TV[17] reported in January 2012 that a series of armed attacks in Isiolo in 2011 and 2012 was related to the proposed resort city. Contrary to opinion that the attacks were related to livestock banditry which is common in Eastern Kenya, it was found that recent attacks occurred in households where there was no livestock. The violence was instead linked to individuals who are said to have grabbed land for speculative purposes. "It is highly likely that politicians and private business interests on the Borana, Somali and Turkana sides are behind an organised attempt at provoking an all out war between the communities." The communities are also said to have each grabbed and enclosed large pieces of land, thus encroaching on community grazing lands.

Areas involved include Wamba, Merti, Laiasmais, Isiolo Garbatula and Tigania East. Communities involved include Borana, Turkana, Somali, Meru and Samburu.

Additionally, the Lamu Port has been a source of contentious issues following numerous fraudulent land transactions in the region. Although the planned infrastructure will have irreversible environmental, social, and demographic impacts on what is a unique area and politically sensitive area, up to this point in time, state-decision makers have proceeded without consultation with the Lamu community as the key stakeholders or an environmental impact assessment.

The local communities of Lamu have so far threatened legal action against the project as a result of the failure of the government to address historical land injustices prior to its implementation.[18]

In 2009, Lamu Environmental Protection and Conservation (LEPAC) spearheaded an initiative to unite groups and individuals in a campaign to save the Lamu Archipelago against the proposed Lamu Port. Out of this initiative, a coalition of groups came together under the banner Save Lamu, a registered community-based organisation (CBO).[19]

See also

References

  1. ↑ https://web.archive.org/20110425023229/http://architecturekenya.com/2010/09/05/lamu-port-taking-shape/. Archived from the original on 25 April 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ↑ "Kenya: Lamu's U.S.$16 Billion Makeover". Allafrica.com. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  3. ↑ "Infrastructure". Republic of Kenya. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  4. 1 2 3 "Kenya poised to roll out ambitious Sh2 trillion transport corridor project – News". Nation.co.ke. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  5. 1 2 3 "Kenya sets up agency for $29bn South Sudan, Ethiopia project". Africa Review. 1 April 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
  6. 1 2 Kagai, Danson (27 July 2011). "Lamu Port Construction To Commence Soon". Constructionkenya.com. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  7. ↑ "Kenya poised to roll out ambitious Sh2 trillion transport corridor project – News". Nation.co.ke. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  8. ↑ "All The Time". K24 Tv. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  9. 1 2 Goldman, David. "China Communications Construction Company Wins Lamu Port Phase 1 Contract". Intelligence Briefs. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
  10. ↑ Kagai, Danson (20 September 2010). "Kenya Asks for Lamu Bids". Constructionkenya.com. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  11. ↑ "STATEMENT BY HIS EXCELLENCY HON. MWAI KIBAKI, C.G.H., M.P., PRESIDENT AND COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE DEFENCE FORCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA DURING THE OFFICIAL OPENING OF THE ISIOLO-MERILLE RIVER ROAD, ISIOLO, 29 JULY 2011". Statehousekenya.go.ke. 29 July 2011.
  12. ↑ "News". Kenha.co.ke. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  13. ↑ "S. Sudan denies it plans to abandon Lamu port project". Sudan Tribune. 21 February 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kenya News Agency. "Six thousand acres for Isiolo resort city". Daily Nation Friday 6 January 2012.
  15. ↑
  16. ↑ Ochieng, Wesonga (20 February 2013). "Lamu project on course, Kenya tells South Sudan". The Star. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
  17. ↑ "Isiolo Report on Violence". YouTube. 4 January 2012.
  18. ↑ "Documents". Savelamu.org. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  19. ↑ "Save Lamu – Save Lamu". Savelamu.org. Retrieved 2015-02-28.

External links

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