L

Writing cursive forms of L

L (named el/ˈɛl/)^[1] is the twelfth letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

History

Egyptian hieroglyph	Phoenician lamedh	Etruscan L	Greek Lambda

Lamedh may have come from a pictogram of an ox goad or cattle prod. Some have suggested a shepherd's staff.^[2]

Use in writing systems

English

In English orthography, ⟨l⟩ usually represents the phoneme /l/, which can have several sound values, depending on whether it occurs before or after a vowel. The alveolar lateral approximant (the sound represented in IPA by lowercase [l]) occurs before a vowel, as in lip or blend, while the velarized alveolar lateral approximant (IPA [ɫ]) occurs in bell and milk. This velarization does not occur in many European languages that use ⟨l⟩; it is also a factor making the pronunciation of ⟨l⟩ difficult for users of languages that lack ⟨l⟩ or have different values for it, such as Japanese or some southern dialects of Chinese. A medical condition or speech impediment restricting the pronunciation of ⟨l⟩ is known as lambdacism.

In English orthography, ⟨l⟩ is often silent in such words as walk or could (though its presence can modify the preceding vowel letter's sound), and it is usually silent in such words as palm and psalm; however, there is some regional variation.

Other languages

⟨l⟩ usually represents the sound [l] or some other lateral consonant.

Common digraphs include ⟨ll⟩, which has a value identical to ⟨l⟩ in English, but has the separate value voiceless alveolar lateral fricative (IPA [l]) in Welsh, where it can appear in an initial position. In Spanish, ⟨ll⟩ represents [ʎ], [j], [ʝ], [ɟʝ], or [ʃ], depending on dialect.

A palatal lateral approximant or palatal ⟨l⟩ (IPA [ʎ]) occurs in many languages, and is represented by ⟨gli⟩ in Italian, ⟨ll⟩ in Spanish and Catalan, ⟨lh⟩ in Portuguese, and ⟨ļ⟩ in Latvian.

Other systems

In phonetic and phonemic transcription, the International Phonetic Alphabet uses ⟨l⟩ to represent the lateral alveolar approximant.

Other uses

The capital letter L is used as the currency sign for the Albanian lek and the Honduran lempira. It was often used, especially in handwriting, as the currency sign for the Italian lira. It is also infrequently used as a substitute for the pound sign (£), which is based on it.

The Roman numeral Ⅼ represents the number 50.^[3]

Forms and variants

In some fonts, the lowercase letter ⟨l⟩ may be difficult to distinguish from the digit one, ⟨1⟩, or an uppercase letter ⟨I⟩. In recent times, many new fonts have curved the lowercase form to the right, and it is increasingly common, especially on European road signs and advertisements. A more modern version based on the handwritten letter-like ⟨ℓ⟩ is sometimes used in mathematics and elsewhere. Its LaTeX command is \ell, its codepoint is U+2113, and its numeric character reference is "ℓ".

Related characters

Ancestors, descendants and siblings

• 𐤋 : Semitic letter Lamedh, from which the following symbols originally derive
• Λ λ : Greek letter Lambda, from which L derives
• Л л : Cyrillic letter El, also derived from Lambda
• ℒ ℓ : Script letter L
• IPA-specific symbols related to L: ɫ ɬ ɭ ɺ
• L with diacritics: Ł ł Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ŀ ŀ Ḷ ḷ Ƚ ƚ

Ligatures and abbreviations

• £ : pound sign
• ₤ : lira sign
• ɮ : an IPA consonant

Computing codes

Character	L		l
Unicode name	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L		LATIN SMALL LETTER L
Encodings	decimal	hex	decimal	hex
Unicode	76	U+004C	108	U+006C
UTF-8	76	4C	108	6C
Numeric character reference	L	L	l	l
EBCDIC family	211	D3	147	93
ASCII ^1	76	4C	108	6C

¹ Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representations

NATO phonetic	Morse code
Lima	·–··

Signal flag	Flag semaphore	Braille dots-123

References

1. "L" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989) Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. (1993); "el", "ells", op. cit.
2. "Ancient Hebrew Research Center". Retrieved 12 January 2015.
3. Gordon, Arthur E. (1983). Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy. University of California Press. p. 44. Retrieved 3 October 2015.

External links

• The dictionary definition of L at Wiktionary
• The dictionary definition of l at Wiktionary
• The dictionary definition of ℓ at Wiktionary