List of Boeing customer codes

Unique, fixed Boeing customer codes have been used by Boeing Commercial Airplanes to identify the original customer for an aircraft for all Boeing 7x7 aircraft, up to and including the Boeing 777. The codes were announced at an ICAO congress in 1956. Customer codes are not being used for the Boeing 787 Dreamliner and Boeing 737 MAX.

An example would be a Boeing 747-400 ordered by British Airways would be a Boeing 747-436 (36 being the customer code). The codes do not change if the aircraft is subsequently sold as they reflect the original configuration of the aircraft.

Before the 707, Boeing used a generally similar system to identify the presence of detailed variations or options requested by particular customers, but the codes were not customer-specific. A Boeing 377 Stratocruiser built to the requirements of United Air Lines, for instance, was designated a Model 377-10-34. In the 7x7 series, the code denoting United Airlines is 22, so a 747-400 built for United Airlines is a 747-422.

List

The order of codes has not been sequential, as the first 707 was designated the 707-120 by Boeing, so the customer codes started at 21:

Airlines in italics are defunct.

First sequence

Code Customer Aircraft ordered
20 Boeing
21 Pan Am [1] 707, 727, 747
22 United Airlines[1] 720, 727, 737, 747, 757, 767, 777,
23 American Airlines[1] 707, 720, 727, 737, 747, 757, 767, 777
24 Continental Airlines[1] → United Airlines 707, 720, 727, 737, 747, 757, 767, 777
25 Eastern Air Lines[1] 720, 727, 757
26 United States Air Force (USAF) - Military Air Transport Service (MATS) C-137
27 Braniff[1] 707, 720, 727, 747
28 Air France[1] 707, 727, 737, 747, 767, 777
29 Sabena[1] → SN Brussels Airlines → Brussels Airlines 707, 727, 737, 747
30 Lufthansa[1] 707, 720, 727, 737, 747, 767
Condor 727, 737, 747, 757, 767
31 Trans World Airlines[1] 707, 717, 727, 747, 757, 767
32 Delta Air Lines[1] 727, 737, 747, 757, 767, 777
33 Air Canada[1] 727, 737, 747, 767, 777
34 Transair Sweden[1] 727
35 National Airlines[1] 727, 747
36 BOAC → British Airways[1] 707, 737, 747, 757, 767, 777, 787
37 Air India[1] 707, 737, 747, 777
38 Qantas[1] 707, 737, 747, 767
39 Cubana[1] 707 (not del)
40 Pakistan International Airlines[1] 707, 720, 737, 747, 777
41 Varig Brazilian Airlines[1] 707, 727, 737, 747, 767
42 Nordair[1] 727, 737
43 Alitalia[1] 727, 747, 767, 777
44 South African Airways[1]] 707, 727, 737, 747
45 Seaboard World Airlines[1] 707, 747
46 Japan Airlines (JAL)[1] 727, 737, 747, 767, 777
47 Western Airlines[1] 707, 720, 727, 737
48 Aer Lingus[1] 707, 720, 737, 747
49 Flying Tiger Line[1] 707, 747
50 Trek Airways 707 (sold before delivery)
51 Northwest Orient Airlines → Northwest Airlines[1] 707, 720, 727, 747, 757
52 Aeroméxico[1] 737, 767
53 United States Air Force[1] 707 (C-137), 737 (T-43)
54 Mohawk Airlines 727
55 Executive Jet Management[1] 707 (Not del), 727
56 Iberia Airlines[1] 727, 747, 757
57 Swissair[1] 747
58 El Al[1] 707, 720, 737, 747, 757, 767, 777
59 Avianca[1] 707, 720, 727, 737, 747, 767
60 Ethiopian Airlines[1] 707, 720, 727, 737, 757, 767, 777
61 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)[1] 727
62 Pacific Northern Airlines[1] 720, 727 (Not del)
63 WAAC Not used
Ghana Airways
Faucett[1] 727
64 Mexicana[1] 727
65 Cunard Eagle and British Eagle[1] 707
66 United Arab Airlines → EgyptAir[1] 707, 737, 747, 767, 777
67 Cathay Pacific[1] 747, 777
68 Saudia[1] 707, 720, 737, 747, 777
69 Kuwait Airways[1] 707, 727, 737, 747, 767, 777
70 Iraqi Airways[1] 707, 727, 737, 747
71 Trans International Airlines[1] → TransAmerica 727, 747
72 Airlift International[1] 707, 727
73 World Airways[1] 707, 727, 747
74 Iraqi Airways Not used
Libyan Arab
75 Pacific Western[1] → Canadian Airlines 737, 747, 767
76 Trans Australia Airlines → Australian Airlines[1] 727, 737
77 Ansett Australia[1] 727, 737, 747, 767
78 British West Indian Airways[1] 727
79 Saturn Airways[1] 707 (Not del)
80 Bankers Trust 727
81 Línea Aeropostal Venezolana Not used
All Nippon Airways[1] 727, 737, 747, 767, 777
82 TAP Portugal[1] 707, 727, 737, 747
83 SAS[1] 737, 747, 767
84 Olympic Airways[1] → Olympic Airlines → Olympic Air 707, 720, 727, 737, 747, 767
85 American Flyers[1] 707, 727
86 Iran Air[1] 707, 727, 737, 747, 747SP
87 Aerolíneas Argentinas[1] 707, 727, 737, 747
89 Japan Domestic Airlines[1] → Toa Domestic Airlines → Japan Air System 727, 777
90 Alaska Airlines[1] 727, 737
91 Frontier Airlines[1] 727, 737
92 Southern Air Transport 727
93 Pacific Air Lines[1] 727, 737
94 Syrian Arab Airlines[1] 727, 747SP
95 Northeast Airlines[1] 727
96 Quebecair[1] → Nordair 707 (Not del), 727, 737
97 Aloha Airlines[1] 737
98 Capital Airlines Not used
Air Zaïre[1] 707, 737
99 AVENSA Not used
Caledonian Airways[1] → British Caledonian 707

Second sequence

Code Customer Aircraft ordered
01 Piedmont Airlines[1] 737, 767
02 Northern Consolidated Airlines 737
03 Caribair (Caribbean Atlantic Airlines) Not used
04 Panair do Brasil Not used
Britannia Airways[1] → Thomson Airways 737, 757, 767
05 Braathens SAFE[1] → Braathens → SAS Braathens → SAS Norge 737, 767
06 KLM[1] 737, 747, 767, 777
07 West German Air Force[1] 707
08 Icelandair[1] 727, 737, 757
09 China Airlines[1] 707, 727, 737, 747, 767, 777
10 Wien Consolidated → Wien Air Alaska[1] 737
11 Wardair[1] 707, 727, 747
12 Malaysia-Singapore Airlines → Singapore Airlines[1] 707, 727, 737, 747, 757, 777
13 Ariana Afghan Airlines[1] 727
14 Pacific Southwest Airlines[1] 727, 737
15 Lake Central Airlines Not used
16 LAN Chile[1] → LAN Airlines 707, 727, 767, 777
17 Canadian Pacific Air Lines → CP Air[1] 727, 737, 747
18 British European Airways Not used
19 New Zealand National Airways Corporation → Air New Zealand[1] 737, 747, 767, 777

Third sequence

Code Customer Aircraft ordered
A0 LAB Airlines[1] 727
A1 VASP[1] 727, 737
A2 Modern Air
A3 Pluna[1] 737
A4 AirCal[1] 737
A6 Essex International / LTV Capital 737
A7 Trans Caribbean Airways[1] 727
A8 Indian Airlines[1] 737
A9 Transair[1] 737
B0 China Cargo Airlines 747
B1 DETA Mozambique / Linhas Aéreas de Moçambique[1] 737, 767
B2 Air Madagascar[1] 737, 747
B3 Union des Transports Aériens (UTA)[1] 737, 747
B4 Middle East Airlines (MEA)[1] 707, 747
B5 Korean Air[1] 707, 737, 747, 777, BBJ
B6 Royal Air Maroc[1] 727, 737, 747, 757
B7 Allegheny Airlines → US Air[1] → US Airways 727, 737, 757, 767
B8 Austrian Airlines 777
C0 GATX / Boothe[1] 737
C3 Cruzeiro do Sul[1] 727, 737
C9 Luxair[1] 737
D1 Universal Airlines[1] 747
D3 Royal Jordanian[1] 707, 727, 747
D4 Ozark Airlines[1] 727
D6 Air Algérie[1] 727, 737, 767
D7 Thai Airways International[1] 737, 747, 777
E0 Dubai Air Wing BBJ
E1 Eastern Provincial Airways[1] 737
E3 LADECO[1] 737
E7 Arkia[1] 737, 757
E9 Biman Bangladesh Airlines 737, 777
F1 Air New Zealand not used
F2 Turkish Airlines[1] 727, 737, 777
F3 Government of Argentina[1]
F5 Government of Portugal / Portuguese Air Force[1] 707
F6 Philippine Airlines[1] 747, 777
F8 Nepal Airlines[1] 727, 757
F9 Nigeria Airways[1] 707, 727, 737
G1 Government of Saudi Arabia[1] 747
G4 United States Air Force[1] 747 (VC-25, YAL-1), 757
G5 L.T.S → LTU International[1] 757, 767
G7 America West Airlines[1] 737, 757
H0 Oman Royal Flight 747
H2 ITT[1] 727
H3 Tunisair[1] 727, 737
H4 Southwest Airlines[1] 737
H5 Mey Air[1] 737
H6 Malaysia Airlines[1] 737, 747, 777
H7 Cameroon Airlines[1] 707, 737, 747
H9 JAT Airways[1] 727, 737
J0 Air Jamaica[1] 727
J1 Dominicana[1] 727
J4 Sterling Airways[1] → Cimber Sterling 727, 757
J6 Civil Aviation Administration of China → Air China[1] 707, 737, 747, 767, 777
J7 National Aircraft Leasing 727
J8 Sudan Airways[1] 707, 737
J9 Imperial Iranian Air Force[1] 707, 747
K1 Tarom[1] / Romanian Government 707
K2 Transavia[1] / KLM 737, 757
K3 Aviogenex[1] 727, 737
K5 Hapag-Lloyd[1] TUI Airlines 727, 737
K6 SAHSA[1] 727, 737
K9 Bavaria Flug[1] 717, 737
L4 American Capital Aviation[1] 727
L5 Libyan Arab Airlines[1] 707, 727, 747
L6 Aviation Services & Support[1] 707
L7 Air Nauru[1] 737
L8 Government of Yugoslavia[1] 727
L9 Maersk Air[1] 737
M0 Aeroflot[1] 737, 777
M1 Pertamina Oil[1] Pelita Air Service 707
M2 TAAG Angola Airlines[1] 737, 777
M6 Royal Brunei Airlines[1] 737, 757
M7 Hughes Air West[1] 727
M8 Trans European Airways[1] 737
M9 Zambia Airways[1] 737
N0 Air Zimbabwe[1] 737, 767
N1 Government of Venezuela[1] 737
N3 Brazilian Air Force[1] 737
N6 Government of Nigeria[1] 727
N7 Government of Egypt[1] 737
N8 Yemenair[1] Yemen Airways 727, 737
N9 Government of Niger / Air Niger[1] 737
P1 State of Qatar[1] 707, 727+
P3 HRH Talal bin Abdul Aziz BBJ
P5 Thai Airways[1] 737
P6 Gulf Air[1] 737, 767
P8 Bahrain Amiri Flight 747
Q2 Air Gabon[1] 737, 747
Q3 Southwest Air Lines Japan, → Japan Transocean Air[1] 737
Q4 Transbrasil[1] 737, 767
Q5 Air Liberia[1] 737
Q6 Lacsa[1] 727
Q8 ILFC[1] 717, 727, 737, 747, 757, 767, 777
Q9 Itel Corp.[1] 727, 737
R1 Government of Cameroon[1] 727
R4 Alyemda[1] 737
R6 Air Guinee[1] 737
R7 Cargolux[1] 747F
R8 Air Tanzania[1] 737
S1 TACA International Airlines[1] 737, 767
S2 FedEx Express[1] 727, 737, 767, 777
S3 Air Europe[1] /Sunrock Aircraft[1] 737, 757
S4 Air Afrique[1] 747
S5 Eldorado Aviation[1] 737
S7 North Central Airlines / Republic Airlines[1] 727, 757
S9 Maritime Investments[1] 737
T0 Texas Air Corp[1] / Continental Airlines 737
T2 Dome Petroleum[1] 737
T3 Evergreen[1] 727
T4 Air Florida[1] 737
T5 Orion Airways[1] 737
T7 Monarch Airlines[1] 737, 757
T8 Boeing[1] Polaris Leasing 767
T9 Boeing[1] 767
U3 Garuda Indonesia[1] 737, 747, 777
U4 OSL Villa Holidays 737
U5 Government of Jordan[1] 727
U8 Kenya Airways[1] 737, 777
U9 Polynesian Airlines[1] 737
V2 TAME[1] 737
V3 Copa Airlines 737
V5 Bahamasair[1] 737
V6 Petrolair Systems SA[1] 737
V8 Air Executive / Busy Bee
W0 China Yunnan Airlines[1] 737, 767
W2 Aerotour
W6 Government of Morocco[1] 707
W8 NOGA Import 737
X2 Air Pacific[1] (became Fiji Airways) 737, 767
X3 Air Charter International[1] 727
X4 Supair[1]
X6 MarkAir[1] 737
X8 Wedge Aviation[1] / Wistair Corp 727
X9 Indonesian Air Force[1] 737 Surveiller MPA
Y0 Guinness Peat Aviation[1] 737, 767
Y4 Rafik Hariri[1] 727
Y5 Air Malta[1] 737
Y9 Air Malawi[1] 737
Z0 China Southwest Airlines[1] 737, 757
Z5 Government of Abu Dhabi[1] United Arab Emirates Royal Flight 747
Z6 Royal Thai Air Force[1] 737
Z8 South Korean Air Force[1] 737
Z9 Lauda Air[1] 737, 767, 777

Fourth sequence

Code Customer Aircraft ordered
1A Martinair[1] 747, 767
1B China Southern Airlines[1] 737, 757, 777
1C Government of Romania 727
1D Ansett Worldwide (AWAS) 737
1H Emirates Airline[1] 777
1K Airtours International Airways[1] 757, 767
1L China Xinjiang Airlines[1] 737
1M Oman Air 737
1Q Tombo Aviation (Netherlands - Leasing Company) 737
1R Virgin Atlantic Airways[1] 747
1S Deutsche BA[1] → DBA 717, 737
1Z Iraqi Airways 737
2A Hawaiian Airlines 717, 767
2C Air UK Leisure[1] 737
2J Arab Leasing
2K Turkmenistan Airlines[1] / Akhal 717, 737, 757, 767, 777
2L Azerbaijan Airlines 757, 767
2P Government of United Arab Emirates
2Q Ukraine International Airlines[1] 737
2R Pegasus Airlines[1] 737
2T Tracinda Corporation BBJ
2U JABJ / Picton II Ltd. BBJ
2W TAM Brazilian Airlines 777
2Y Mitsubishi Commercial Aviation Partners 737
3A Ansett Worldwide (AWAS) [1] 737 classic, 737, 757, 767
3B Air Mauritius[1] 767
3C Euralair International[1] 737
3N American Trans Air / ATA Airlines[1] 737, 757
3P Uzbekistan Airways[1] 757, 767
3Q BCC Equipment Leasing 737(BBJ), 747
3R Western Pacific Airlines[1] 737
3S Pembroke Capital 717, 737
3T Real Estate Exchange BBJ
3U Chartwell Aircraft Company / Chartwell Partners LLC BBJ
3V EasyJet Airline Company[1] 737
3Y Somon Air 737
4A United Parcel Service[1] 747, 757, 767
4G MIAT Mongolian 767
4K Air Nippon[1] 737
4N North China Administration[1] / China United Airlines
4P Hainan Airlines[1] 737
4Q Mid East Jet[1] 757, 777
4R AeroSvit Airlines 737
4S GB Airways[1] 737
4T North Pacific Aviation BBJ
4U Air Shamrock BBJ
4V Superior International Aviation Services BBJ
4X Sky Airlines 737
4Y RwandAir 737
5A Midway Airlines[1] / Presidential Airways 737
5B Germania[1] 737
5C Xiamen Airlines[1] 737
5D LOT Polish Airlines[1] 737, 767
5E EVA Airways[1] 747, 767, 777
5F GATX Capital Corporation[1] 737
5G MGM Mirage BBJ
5H Itochu AirLease Corporation[1] 737
5N Shandong Airlines[1] 737
5P Air Europa 737
5R Jet Airways[1] 737, 777
5S Czech Airlines[1] 737
5T First Union Commercial Corporation BBJ
5U Dobro Limited BBJ (Bermuda)
5V General Electric Corporation BBJ
6B Cal Air / Novair International Airways[1] 737
6D Shanghai Airlines[1] 737, 757
6E Viva Air[1] 737
6J Air Berlin[1] 737
6K Vietnam Airlines 777
6M Eurobelgium Airlines → Virgin Express[1] 737
6N GECAS[1] 737, 747, 767, 777
6Q Boullion Aircraft Holding[1] USA - Leasing Company 737
6R Wuhan Airlines 717
7A Far Eastern Air Transport[1] 737, 757
7B Air Holland[1] 757
7C Japan Air Self-Defense Force[1] 747, 767
7D Air Seychelles[1] 767
7E Aeromaritime International
7G Malev[1] 737, 767
7K Zhongyuan Airlines[1] 737
7L Shenzhen Airlines 737
7Q Novel Leasing Company
7U Atlas Air[1] 747F
7W Royal Jet First 737
8A Air 2000 Limited 757
8B Istanbul Airlines
8E Asiana Airlines[1] 737, 747, 767, 777
8J TAROM[1] 707, 737
8L Nok Air[1] 737
8N Chilean Air Force[1]
8S China Xinjiang Airlines[1]
9A ARAVCO[1] 737
9B Government of Brunei
9D Linjeflyg[1] 737
9H Leisure International Airways[1]
9J Shorouk Air[1] 757
9K Shenzhen Airlines 737
9L Air China[1] 737, 747, 777
9M Air Austral[1] 737, 777
9N Mid East Jet[1] 737
9P China Eastern Airlines[1] 737, 777
9R Pro Air[1] 737
9T Usual Ltd. BBJ
9U Wilmot Trust company BBJ

Fifth and current sequence

Code Customer Aircraft ordered
AB AB Airlines
AD Eastwind Airlines[1] 737
AF United States Navy / Marines 737
AH General Electric Credit Corporation BBJ
AJ Saudi Ministry of Finance and Economy BBJ
AK PrivatAir BBJ
AL Singapore Aircraft Leasing Enterprise → BOC Aviation 737, 777
AN Saudi Oger BBJ
AR Taiwan Air Force 737
AS Ryanair 737
AU Aircraft Guaranty Title Corp. BBJ
AV Newsflight II Inc. BBJ
AW A.S. Bugsham & Bros. BBJ
AX Saudi ARAMCO 737, 767
BC Boeing NetJets BBJ
BD AirTran Airways 717, 737
BF Funair Corp. BBJ
BG Flightlease AG → GATX Jet Partners Ltd 737
BH TBN Aircraft Corporation BBJ
BJ Atlas Air BBJ
BK CIT Leasing Corp. 737
BL Midwest Airlines 717
BQ GECAS
BT Lufthansa Cargo 777F
BS North American Airlines
BX Midway Airlines 737
CB BCC Equipment Leasing Corporation
CG GKW Aviation LLC BBJ
CJ BBJ One Inc. BBJ
CM Aerolíneas de Baleares Aebal 717
CN Matela Offshore Ltd BBJ
CP Ford Motor Company BBJ
CQ JMC Airlines Limited 757
CT WestJet 737
CU Tutor-Saliba corp. BBJ
CX GATX - Flightlease 737
DC Miami Air International 737
DE Swiss International Air Lines 777
DF Royal Australian Air Force BBJ
DM United States Air Force BBJ
DO Not Known BBJ
DP Royal Saudi Air Force BBJ
DR Multiflight BBJ2
DT Qantas Defence Services / Royal Australian Air Force BBJ/VIP
DV Lowa Ltd BBJ2
DW Bausch & Lomb BBJ
DX Kazakhstan Airlines 767
DZ Qatar Airways 777
EA Azteca Airlines 737
EC Dubai Air Wing BBJ2
ED South African Air Force BBJ
EE Air Senegal International 737
EF Mid East Jet BBJ2
EG Samsung Aerospace BBJ
EH Gol Transportes Aéreos 737
EJ Grupo Omnilife S.A. de C.V. BBJ
EL Swiflite Aircraft Corporation BBJ
EM LUK Aviation BBJ
EQ EIE Eagle Incorporated BBJ2
ES Royal Australian Air Force Wedgetail AWACS
ET Not Known BBJ
EV Jade Cargo International 747F
EX Amiri Flight Line BBJ2
EY Italian Air Force 767
FB Government of Equatorial Guinea BBJ, 777
FD BCC Equipment LLC BBJ
FE Virgin Blue → Virgin Australia Airlines Pty Ltd 737, 777
FG Saudi Arabia Ministry of Finance and Economy, Saudi Cargo BBJ, 777
FH SMBC Aviation Capital 737
FK Japan Air Self-Defense Force KC-767J
FN Travel Service 737
FS Turkish Air Force 737 Peace Eagle
FT Air China Cargo 747, 777
FV United States Navy P-8
FX Etihad Airways 777
FY CIT Group/Equipment Financing BBJ
FZ Babcock & Brown Aircraft Management 737
GB P-8A Fatigue Test Aircraft
GC Vizavi BBJ
GG Sultan Al-Kabeer BBJ
GJ SpiceJet 737
GK Buraq Air 737
GL SkyEurope 737
GP Lion Air 737
GQ Pegasus Aviation Finance 737
GR Turkmenistan Airlines
GS Sunwing Airlines 737
GU Atlant Soyuz → Moscow Airlines 737
GV Not Known BBJ
HA Guggenheim Aviation Partners 747
HB Sonair 737
HC SunExpress 737
HD Dennis Vanguard International BBJ
HE Andrey Melnichenko BBJ
HF Luxury Ocean Ltd BBJ
HG Air India Express 737
HI Indian Air Force BBJ
HJ Peregrine Point LLC BBJ
HO ALAFCO 737
HQ Loadair Cargo 747
HT Guggenheim Investment Fund 747, 777
HV Volga-Dnepr Airlines 747-8
HX Aviation Capital Group 737
HZ Itera Holdings BBJ
JA Not Known BBJ, 747BJ
JB Not Known BBJ
JE Arik Air 737
JF Aircraft Guaranty Corporation BBJ
JH DHL Aviation 767F
JP Norwegian Air Shuttle 737
JR Bank of Utah BBJ
JZ Not Known BBJ
KG Dubai Aerospace Enterprise 737
KK Pacific Sky Aviation BBJ
KN FlyDubai 737
KV Goiania 737
KY Air Astana 767
KZ Nippon Cargo Airlines 747
LB Purple Holdings Management BBJ
LD Kulula (Comair (South Africa)) 737
LF UTair 737
LJ Aviation Capital Services (Russian Federation) 737
LP UTair 737
LZ Not known BBJ
MA Not known B737
MC Sberbank Leasing B737
ME Ruili Airlines B737
SA Silk Air 737
SH Air Lease Corporation 737
ZB Southern Air 777F
ZE Not known BBJ
ZF Hansel Prime Limited 737
ZG V Australia 777
ZN Aerologic 777F
ZQ Tassili Airlines 737
ZS S7 Airlines 737
ZW Not Known 737

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 Pither1998, pp. 410-412
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