The following is a list of Chinese varieties, many of which are mutually unintelligible.
Classification
Linguists classify these varieties as the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Within this broad classification, there are between seven and fourteen subgroups, depending on the classification.
Traditional classification
Traditional Chinese classification lists seven groups, comprising:
(shown here with the romanized Standard Chinese names of the categories, ordered alphabetically).
Modern linguistic classification
James Matisoff's classification is as follows:
Matisoff's list uses the common English names of the groups, ordered by decreasing number of speakers of languages within the group.
Distinction between dialects and languages
In addition to the varieties listed below, it is customary to speak informally of dialects of each province (such as Sichuan dialect and Hainan dialect). These designations do not generally correspond to classifications used by linguists, but each nevertheless has characteristics of its own.
List of dialects and languages
Gan
Gan in Mainland China.
The main dialect areas of Gan in Mainland China.
Main article:
Gan Chinese
• Dongkou dialect | 洞口话 | 洞口話 |
• Huaining dialect | 怀宁话 | 懷寧話 |
• Fuzhou (Jiangxi) dialect | 抚州话 | 撫州話 |
• Ji'an (Jiangxi) dialect | 吉安话 | 吉安話 |
• Leiyang dialect | 耒阳话 | 耒陽話 |
• Nanchang dialect | 南昌话 | 南昌話 |
• Xianning dialect | 咸宁话 | 鹹寧話 |
• Yichun dialect | 宜春话 | 宜春話 |
• Yingtan dialect | 鹰潭话 | 鷹潭話 |
Mandarin
The eight main dialect areas of Mandarin in Mainland China.
Hui
Sometimes subcategory of Wu.
• Jixi (Anhui) dialect | 绩溪话 | 績溪話 |
• Shexian (Anhui) dialect | 歙县话 | 歙縣話 |
• Tunxi dialect | 屯溪话 | 屯溪話 |
• Yixian (Anhui) dialect | 黟县话 | 黟縣話 |
Jin
The main dialect areas of Jin in China.
Main article:
Jin Chinese
Sometimes a subcategory of Mandarin.
• Baotou dialect | 包头话 | 包頭話 |
• Datong dialect | 大同话 | 大同話 |
• Handan dialect | 邯郸话 | 邯郸话 |
• Hohhot dialect | 呼市话 | 呼市話 |
• Taiyuan dialect | 太原话 | 太原話 |
• Xinxiang dialect | 新乡话 | 新鄉話 |
Hakka
Main article:
Hakka Chinese
• Huizhou Chinese | 惠州客家话 | 惠州客家話 |
• Meizhou dialect | 梅州客家话 | 梅州客家話 |
• Wuhua dialect | 五华客家话 | 五華客家話 |
• Xingning dialect | 兴宁客家话 | 興寧客家話 |
• Pingyuan dialect | 平远客家话 | 平遠客家話 |
• Jiaoling dialect | 蕉岭客家话 | 蕉嶺客家話 |
• Dabu dialect | 大埔客家话 | 大埔客家話 |
• Fengshun dialect | 丰顺客家话 | 豐順客家話 |
• Longyan dialect | 龙岩客家话 | 龍岩客家話 |
• Lufeng (Hakka) dialect | 陆丰客家话 | 陸豐客家話 |
Min
The main dialect areas of Min in Mainland China, Hainan and Taiwan.
Main article:
Min Chinese
Wu
The main dialect areas of Wu in Mainland China.
Xiang
Main article:
Xiang Chinese
Chang–Yi dialects (New Xiang) | 长益片 | 長益片 |
• Changsha dialect | 长沙话 | 長沙話 |
• Zhuzhou dialect | 株洲话 | 株洲話 |
• Xiangtan dialect | 湘潭话 | 湘潭話 |
• Ningxiang dialect | 宁乡话 | 寧鄉話 |
• Yiyang dialect | 益阳话 | 益陽話 |
• Xiangyin dialect | 湘阴话 | 湘陰話 |
• Miluo dialect | 汨罗话 | 汨羅話 |
• Yueyang dialect | 岳阳话 | 岳陽話 |
• Hengyang dialect | 衡阳话 | 衡陽話 |
• Hengshan dialect | 衡山话 | 衡山話 |
• Hengdong dialect | 衡东话 | 衡東話 |
Lou–Shao dialects (Old Xiang) | 娄邵片 | 婁邵片 |
• Loudi dialect | 娄底话 | 婁底話 |
• Shuangfeng dialect | 双峰话 | 雙峰話 |
• Xinhua dialect | 新化话 | 新化話 |
• Xiangxiang dialect | 湘乡话 | 湘鄉話 |
• Shaoyang dialect | 邵阳话 | 邵陽話 |
• Shaodong dialect | 邵东话 | 邵東話 |
• Wugang dialect | 武冈话 | 武岡話 |
• Qidong dialect | 祁东话 | 祁東話 |
• Qiyang dialect | 祁阳话 | 祁陽話 |
Chen–Xu dialects (Chen-Xu Xiang) | 辰溆片 | 辰漵片 |
• Chenxi dialect | 辰溪话 | 辰溪話 |
• Xupu dialect | 溆浦话 | 漵浦話 |
• Luxi dialect | 泸溪话 | 瀘溪話 |
Yongquan dialects (Yong-Quan Xiang) | 永全片 | 永全片 |
• Yongzhou dialect | 永州话 | 永州話 |
• Quanzhouxian dialect | 全州话 | 全州話 |
Yue
Distribution of Pinghua and Yue dialect groups in Guangxi and Guangdong
date=January 201}
Main article:
Yue Chinese
Yuehai dialect | 粤海方言 | 粵海方言 |
Cantonese (Guangfu) | 广府话, 广州话, 广东话 | 廣府話, 廣州話, 廣東話 |
• Hong Kong Cantonese | 香港粵语 | 香港粵語 |
• Malaysian Cantonese | 马来西亚粵语 | 馬來西亞粵語 |
• Ngchow dialect | 梧州话 | 梧州話 |
• Tanka dialect | 蜑家话 | 蜑家話 |
• Saigwan dialect | 西关话 | 西關話 |
Sanyi dialect (Samyap) | 三邑方言/南番順方言 |
• Namhoi Dialect | 南海话 | 南海話 |
• Jiujiang Cantonese | 九江白话 | 九江白話 |
• Saiciu dialect | 西樵话 | 西樵話 |
• Poonyu dialect | 番禺话 | 番禺話 |
• Sundak dialect | 顺德话 | 順德話 |
Zhongshan dialect | 中山方言/香山方言 |
• Sheckinese | 石岐话 | 石岐話 |
• Samkok Township dialect | 三角话 | 三角話 |
Guan-Bao dialect | 莞宝方言 | 莞寶方言 |
• Dunggwun dialect | 东莞话 | 東莞話 |
• Bo'on dialect (Waitau dialect) | 宝安话/围头话 | 寶安話/圍頭話 |
Yong–Xun dialects (Jungcam) | 邕浔方言 | 邕潯方言 |
• Namning dialect | 南宁话 | 南寧話 |
• Yongning dialect | 邕宁话 | 邕寧話 |
• Gwaiping dialect | 桂平话 | 桂平話 |
• Songjor dialect | 崇左话 | 崇左話 |
• Ningming dialect | 宁明话 | 寧明話 |
• Wang County dialect | 横县话 | 橫縣話 |
• Baaksik dialect | 百色话 | 百色話 |
Goulou dialects (Ngaulau) | 勾漏方言 |
• Yuklam dialect | 玉林话 | 玉林話 |
• Gwongning dialect | 广宁话 | 廣寧話 |
• Waijap dialect | 怀集话 | 懷集話 |
• Funghoi dialect | 封开话 | 封開話 |
• Dakhing dialect | 德庆话 | 德慶話 |
• Yuknam dialect | 郁南话 | 郁南話 |
• Seunglam Plain Speech | 上林白话 | 上林白話 |
• Bunyeong dialect | 宾阳话 | 賓陽話 |
• Tang County dialect | 藤县话 | 藤縣話 |
Luo–Guang dialects | 罗广方言 | 羅廣方言 |
• Loding dialect | 罗定话 | 羅定話 |
• Siuhing dialect | 肇庆话 | 肇慶話 |
• Seiwui dialect | 四会话 | 四會話 |
• Yeungsan dialect | 阳山话 | 陽山話 |
• Linjau dialect | 连州话 | 連州話 |
• Linsan dialect | 连山话 | 連山話 |
• Tsingyun dialect | 清远话 | 清遠話 |
Siyi dialect (Seiyap) | 四邑方言 |
• Hoisanese | 台山话 | 台山話 |
• Senweh dialect | 新会话 | 新會話 |
• Seecin dialect | 司前话 | 司前話 |
• Gujen dialect | 古镇话 | 古鎮話 |
• Yunping dialect | 恩平话 | 恩平話 |
• Hoiping dialect | 开平话 | 開平話 |
Gao–Yang dialects | 高阳方言 | 高陽方言 |
• Kochow dialect | 高州话 | 高州話 |
• Yeunggong dialect | 阳江话 | 陽江話 |
Qin–Lian dialects (Jamlim) | 钦廉方言 | 欽廉方言 |
• Bakhoi dialect | 北海话 | 北海話 |
• Yamjau dialect | 钦州话 | 欽州話 |
• Fongsinggong dialect | 防城港话 | 防城港話 |
• Limjau dialect | 廉州话 | 廉州話 |
• Lingsan dialect | 灵山话 | 靈山話 |
Wu–Hua dialects (Ngfaa) | 吴化方言 | 吳化方言 |
• Ngchuen dialect | 吴川话 | 吳川話 |
• Faajau dialect | 化州话 | 化州話 |
Pinghua
Ba-Shu
Other
The non-Min dialects of Hainan were once considered Yue, but are now left unclassified:
Mixed languages
In addition to the varieties within the Sinitic branch of Sino-Tibetan, a number of mixed languages also exist that comprise elements of one or more Chinese varieties with other languages.
List in the Atlas
The extensive 1987 Language Atlas of China groups Chinese topolects (geographical varieties) as follows. Units are:
- Supergroup (dàqū), of which there are but two: Mandarin and Min
- Group (qū), corresponding to the varieties of Chinese of the ISO standard
- Subgroup (piàn), which may be mutually unintelligible with other subgroups[4]
- Cluster (xiǎopiànn), which may be mutually unintelligible with other clusters
- Local dialect (diǎn), which are the dialects sampled by the Atlas
In the list below,[5] local dialects are not listed. Groups are in bold, subgroups are numbered, and clusters are bulleted.
- Unclassified topolects
See also
Notes and references
- ↑ The official sanction of Mandarin as an official language has given rise to the following varieties of Standard Mandarin in areas that did not originally speak any dialect of the Mandarin group:
- ↑ Includes:
- Central Taiwanese
- Northeastern coastal Taiwanese
- Northern Taiwanese
- Southern Taiwanese
- ↑ For example, though the Southwestern Mandarin of Chengdu is intelligible to speakers of Standard Chinese, other local variants of Southwestern Mandarin may not be mutually intelligible to each other.
- ↑ Maria Kurpaska (2010) Chinese Language(s): A look through the prism of The Great Dictionary of Chinese Dialects
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- GX = Guangxi
- HK = Hong Kong
- MC = Macau
- NM = Inner Mongolia
- XJ = Xinjiang
- XZ = Tibet
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