List of F5 and EF5 tornadoes

The Chandler, Minnesota F5 tornado of June 16, 1992

Among the most violent known meteorological events are tornadoes. Each year, more than 2,000 tornadoes occur worldwide, with the vast majority occurring in the United States and Europe.[1][2] In order to assess the intensity of these events, meteorologist Ted Fujita devised a method to estimate maximum winds within the storm based on damage caused; this became known as the Fujita scale. At the top end of the scale, which ranks from 0 to 5, are F5 tornadoes. These storms were estimated to have had winds in excess of 261 mph (420 km/h).[3][nb 1] Following two particularly devastating tornadoes in 1997 and 1999, engineers questioned the reliability of the scale. Ultimately, a new scale was devised that took into account 28 different damage indicators; this became known as the Enhanced Fujita scale.[4] With building designs taken more into account, winds in an EF5 tornado were estimated to be in excess of 200 mph (320 km/h).[5]

Since 1950, there have been 59 officially rated F5 and EF5 tornadoes in the United States and 1 F5 in Canada. Additionally, the works of tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis revealed the existence of several dozen more between 1880 and 1995. Grazulis also put into question the ratings of several currently rated F5 tornadoes. Outside the United States and Canada, seven tornadoes have been rated F5: two each in France, Germany, and Italy and one in Russia. Several other tornadoes are also documented as possibly attaining this status.

Since structures are completely destroyed in both cases, the identification and assignment of scale between an EF4 tornado and an EF5 is often very difficult.[6][7]

List of events

F5 damage in Bridge Creek, Oklahoma from May 3, 1999

The tornadoes on this list have been officially rated F5 by an official government source. Unless otherwise noted, the tornadoes on this list have been rated F5 by the National Weather Service (NWS), as shown in the archives of the Storm Prediction Center and National Climatic Data Center (NCDC).[8][9]

Prior to 1950, assessments of F5 tornadoes are mostly based on the works of Thomas Grazulis. Between 1880 and 1950, the NCDC accepted 38 of his classifications as F5s. In addition to the accepted ones, he rated a further 25 during the same period.[9][10] From 1950 to 1970 tornadoes were assessed retrospectively, primarily using information recorded in government databases, and newspaper photographs and descriptions. Beginning in 1971, tornadoes were rated by the NWS using on-site damage surveys.[11]

For United States tornadoes as of February 1, 2007, the Fujita scale has been recalibrated to more accurately match tornado speeds with their damage and to augment and refine damage descriptors. The new system is called the Enhanced Fujita scale. No earlier tornadoes will be reclassified, and no new tornadoes in the United States will be rated F5. France and Canada later adopted the EF-scale in years following.

In all, 63 tornadoes have been officially rated F5/EF5 since 1950: 59 in the United States, 1 in Italy, France, Russia, and Canada. The works of Grazulis also revealed 16 more F5s between 1950 and 1995, with four later being accepted by the NCDC.[9] Since the implementation of the EF-scale, there have been 10 officially rated EF5 tornadoes in the United States.

     – Official F5/EF5; undisputed
     – Rated F5/EF5, or mentioned as a possible F5/EF5 by tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis
     – Listed as an F5/EF5 on the 2000 NCDC tornado climatology memo
     – Official F5/EF5, but rating is disputed; event may not have been F5/EF5
     – Officially ranked below F5/EF5, but rating is disputed; event may have been F5/EF5

Before 1900

Officially and unofficially rated F5 tornadoes prior to 1900
Day Year Location Fatalities Notes
June 29 1764 Woldegk, Germany 1 This tornado was among the strongest ever recorded with damage assessed at the highest level of the TORRO scale (T11). The rating was assigned based on several surveys by German scientist Gottlob Burchard Genzmer.[12][13]
April 23 1800 Hainichen, Germany 0 Homes were completely destroyed, and large swaths of forest were leveled with trees debarked.[12]
August 19 1845 Montville, Seine-Maritime, France 75 This tornado was rated T10/11.[14] Several large, stone-built mills were leveled and partly swept clean. One of the mills was a four-story structure that likely collapsed. Debris was carried 25 mi (40 km).[15]
April 24 1880 West Prairie, Illinois 6 Homes were leveled and farms vanished.[9][10][16]
June 12 1881 Hopkins, Missouri 2 1881 Hopkins tornado – Two farms were completely swept away.[9][10][17]
June 15 1881 Renville County, Minnesota 20 1881 Minnesota tornado outbreak - According to Grazulis, this tornado was "probably" an F5. Severe damage occurred in Renville County where five farms were completely swept away.[17]
June 17 1882 Grinnell, Iowa 65 16 farms were blown away and the town of Grinnell was devastated. Debris was carried 100 mi (160 km). Caused 68 fatalities according to Grazulis.[9][10][18]
August 21 1883 Rochester, Olmsted County, Minnesota 37 1883 Rochester tornado – 10 farms outside the town were leveled, and some homes were swept away. A metal railroad bridge was completely destroyed.[10][19][20]
April 1 1884 Oakville, Indiana 8 Among contemporary meteorologists, this was considered one of the most intense tornadoes observed up to that time. Parts of Oakville "vanished," with house debris scattered for miles.[9][10][21]
June 15 1892 Faribault–Freeborn–Steele County, Minnesota 12 1892 Southern Minnesota tornado – Entire farms were obliterated, and house timbers were embedded into the ground 3 mi (4.8 km) away from the foundations.[10][22]
May 22 1893 Willow Springs, Wisconsin 3 Two farm complexes were completely swept away.[9][10][23]
July 6 1893 Pomeroy, Iowa 71 Well-built homes were swept away in four counties with F5 damage in the town of Pomeroy.[10][24] Grass was scoured from the ground, and a metal bridge was torn from its supports. A well pump and 40 feet (12 m) of pipe were pulled out of the ground.[25]
September 21 1894 Kossuth County, Iowa 43 Five farms and a home were swept away, leaving little trace.[9][10][26]
May 1 1895 Harvey County, Kansas 8 Farms "entirely vanished," with debris carried for miles.[9][10][27]
May 3 1895 Sioux County, Iowa 9 Farms were swept away, with debris carried for miles.[10][27]
May 15 1896 Sherman, Texas 73 May 1896 tornado outbreak sequence – This was one of the most intense tornadoes of the 19th century according to Grazulis.[9][28] "Extraordinary" damage occurred to farms and 20 homes that were completely obliterated and swept away.[10][28][29] An iron-beam bridge was torn apart and scattered, with one of the beams deeply embedded into the ground.[30][31] Trees were reduced to debarked stumps, and grass was scoured from lawns in town as well. Several headstones at a cemetery were shattered or thrown up to 250 yards through the air, and a trunk lid from Sherman was found 35 miles away.[32] Reliable reports said that numerous bodies were carried hundreds of yards,[28] and that multiple deaths occurred in 17 different families; seven deaths were in one family alone.[28]
May 17 1896 Nemaha–Brown County, Kansas–Nebraska 25 May 1896 tornado outbreak sequence – An opera house in Seneca was swept away, along with some farms. Entire farms were reportedly swept clean of debris, leaving the areas "bare as the prairie."[10][28]
May 25 1896 Ortonville–Oakwood, Michigan 47 May 1896 tornado outbreak sequence – Houses and farms were leveled and swept away, with debris carried up to 12 mi (19 km) away. Trees were completely debarked, with even small twigs stripped bare in some cases.[9][10][33]
May 18 1898 Marathon County, Wisconsin 12 12 farms were flattened.[10][34]
June 11 1899 Salix, Iowa 5 This tornado impacted several farms, including one where a "fine new residence" was swept completely away.[9][35]
June 12 1899 St. Croix County–New Richmond, Wisconsin 117 New Richmond tornado – This tornado devastated New Richmond, leveling or sweeping away many homes and businesses.[35] A large section of the town was reduced to nothing but scattered debris and house foundations. The three-story, brick Nicollet Hotel was completely leveled to the ground.[36] Numerous trees were completely debarked and shorn of their branches.[36][37] A 3,000-pound (1,361 kg) safe was carried a full block.[35]

1900–1949

Officially and unofficially rated F5 tornadoes between 1900 and 1949
Day Year Location Fatalities Notes
May 10 1905 Snyder, Oklahoma 97 Snyder, Oklahoma tornado – The town of Snyder was devastated, with many structures swept away.[9][10][38] A piano was found in a field 8 mi (13 km) outside town, and debris was carried 60 mi (97 km) away.[39]
June 5 1905 Colling, Michigan 5 Three farms were "wiped out of existence" with only "bits of kindling" remaining on the foundations.[10][40]
June 5 1906 Houston County, Minnesota 4 A farm was completely leveled, and a child was reportedly carried .5 mi (0.80 km) away.[9][41]
April 23 1908 Cuming–Thurston County, Nebraska 3 1908 Dixie tornado outbreak – A well-built two-story home was swept away.[9][10][42]
May 12 1908 Fremont–Page County, Iowa 0 Five farms had all buildings swept away, homes were "absolutely reduced to kindling," and lumber was scattered for miles.[9][10][43]
June 5 1908 Fillmore County, Nebraska 11 Farms vanished, with little left to indicate farmsteads ever existed at some locations.[9][10][44]
April 20 1912 Kingfisher County, Oklahoma 2 April 20–22, 1912 tornado outbreak - Entire farms were swept away.[6][9][45]
April 27 1912 Kiowa–Canadian County, Oklahoma 15 This tornado is only listed as an F5 by the NCDC memorandum, and is not listed at all by Grazulis or any other sources, and is therefore a possible typographical error in the memorandum.[9]
June 15 1912 Creighton, Missouri 5 Two large homes were completely swept away.[10][46]
March 23 1913 Omaha, Nebraska 113 March 1913 tornado outbreak sequence – Photo analysis by Grazulis revealed possible F5 damage with many empty foundations throughout Omaha, though it is uncertain if this was a result of the tornado or cleanup efforts following the event. An F4 rating was assigned due to the uncertainty.[10][47]
June 11 1915 Kiowa County, Kansas 0 One entire farm was swept completely away.[9][10][48]
May 25 1917 Andale–Sedgwick, Kansas 23 May–June 1917 tornado outbreak sequence – Many structures were swept away, and trees were debarked.[49] The F5 rating is widely accepted.[6][9][10][50]
June 5 1917 Kiro–Elmont, Kansas 9 This intense, large tornado resembled the F5 in 1966, but missed downtown. It hit only 8 mi (13 km) northwest of downtown Topeka.[51] In the damaged area, homes and farms were swept completely away. A schoolhouse was reduced to an empty stone foundation.[51] Trees were debarked, and heavy farm machinery was carried for miles.[9][51]
May 21 1918 Crawford–Greene County, Iowa 6 At least two farms were swept away, and house foundations were left bare. Mattresses from the homes were transported 2 mi (3.2 km).[9][10][52]
May 21 1918 Boone–Story County, Iowa 9 A large tornado completely swept away two entire farms. Mentioned as a possible F5 by Grazulis.[52]
June 22 1919 Fergus Falls, Minnesota 59 1919 Fergus Falls tornado – This tornado produced extreme damage in Fergus Falls.[53] A three-block-wide swath was leveled, with some homes swept away.[9][10][54] Several summer homes were swept away into Lake Alice.[55] A train station was swept away,[55] railroad tracks were ripped from the ground,[53] and a large three-story hotel was completely leveled.[55] Numerous small trees were completely debarked.[53]
March 28 1920 West Liberty, Indiana–Van Wert, Ohio 17 1920 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – Farms were leveled and swept away in Indiana and Ohio.[56] Some homes had their floors dislodged and moved some distance.[57] Mentioned as a possible F5 by Grazulis.[56]
April 20 1920 Clay County, Mississippi–Marion County, Alabama–Lawrence County, Alabama 88[6] April 1920 tornado outbreak – This large, long-tracked tornado struck the same areas as the EF5 tornado in 2011, passing near Hackleburg and Phil Campbell, Alabama.[10][58] Many homes were swept away and entire forests were leveled as the tornado tracked for 130 mi (210 km).[59] Large boulders were picked up and thrown, and part of one was found 11 mi (18 km) away from where it originated. Vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards.[59]
July 22 1920 Frobisher–Alameda, Saskatchewan 4 "Splendid homes" were swept away and "reduced to splinters."[10][60]
April 15 1921 Harrison County, Texas–Pike–Hempstead County, Arkansas 62 This tornado family tracked for 112 mi (180 km), killing at least 59 people,[61] and reached a peak width of 1.1 mi (1.8 km).[62] Many homes were leveled, some of which were swept away and scattered across fields. A large concrete fireplace was shifted 3 ft (1.0 yd), and a vehicle was thrown 200 yd (600 ft) and partially buried into the soil.[62] Tornado is not listed as an F5 by Grazulis but is listed on the NCDC memorandum.[9]
March 11 1923 Pinson, Tennessee 20 An entire section of the town was swept away.[9][10][63] Bodies or body parts were found up to 1 mi (1.6 km) away.[63] This is the first of only two F5s to hit Tennessee, the other having struck Lawrence County on April 16, 1998.[9][64]
May 14 1923 Big Spring, Texas 23 A large ranch home and farms were swept away.[10][65]
September 21 1924 Clark County–Taylor County, Wisconsin 18 20 farms were destroyed, some of which were obliterated. An entire wall of a home was carried for 14 mi (23 km).[10][66]
March 18 1925 Missouri–Illinois–Indiana 695 Tri-State Tornado – This was the deadliest and longest-tracked single tornado in U.S. history, producing the highest tornado-related death toll in a single U.S. city (234, at Murphysboro, Illinois) and the largest such toll in a U.S. school (33, at Desoto, Illinois).[67] Thousands of structures were destroyed, with hundreds of homes swept away along the path, especially in Illinois and Indiana. The towns of Murphysboro, West Frankfort, Gorham and Griffin were devastated, along with numerous other small towns and communities.[68] Gorham and Griffin were 100% destroyed, with every single structure in Gorham leveled or swept away.[67][69] Trees were debarked, debris was finely granulated, and deep ground scouring was noted in several areas as well.[69][70] A Model T Ford was thrown a long distance and stripped, railroad tracks were ripped from the ground at multiple locations along the path, and a large multi-ton coal tipple was blown over and rolled.[69][70] The F5 rating is widely accepted.[9][10][71]
June 3 1925 Pottawattamie–Harrison County, Iowa 0 19 buildings on two farms reportedly "vanished". This tornado took nearly the same path as the next one, below.[72]
June 3 1925 Pottawattamie–Harrison County, Iowa 1 Parts of two farms and some homes swept away, but they may have been hit by both tornadoes.[10][72]
April 12 1927 Rocksprings, Texas 74 This massive tornado swept away or leveled 235 out of 247 structures, more than 90% of the town, killing or injuring a third of the population. Many of the structures were reduced to bare foundations, leaving "no trace of lumber or contents." Acres of ground were "swept bare" in some parts of town.[73][10][74]
May 7 1927 Barber–McPherson County, Kansas 10 Many farms were destroyed and some were swept completely away.[75] The F5 rating is widely accepted.[9][10]
April 10 1929 Sneed, Arkansas 23 This tornado is considered the only F5 on record in Arkansas.[76] It destroyed the Sneed community,[77] reduced homes to "splinters", and made a "clean sweep" of the area. Huge trees were snapped or torn apart.[10][78]
July 24 1930 Treviso–Udine, Italy 23 This was an extremely powerful tornado, rated T10/11. A large stone monastery was partially leveled to the ground.[14]
July 20 1931 Lublin, Poland 6 This tornado is officially rated F4; however, the Polish Weather Service estimated winds at 246 to 324 mph (396 to 521 km/h), potentially ranking it as an F5.[12]
May 22 1933 Tryon, Nebraska 8 Two farms were swept away.[9][10][79]
July 1 1935 Benson, Saskatchewan 1 Several structures were leveled.[10]
April 5 1936 Tupelo, Mississippi 216 Tupelo-Gainesville tornado outbreak – This tornado leveled and swept away many large and well-constructed houses, killing entire families.[10][80] A concrete war monument was toppled and broken, with nearby brick gate posts snapped off at the base. Granulated structural debris was scattered and wind-rowed for miles east of the city. Pine needles were reportedly driven into tree trunks as well.[81][82]
April 26 1938 Oshkosh, Nebraska 3 A school disintegrated, and two farms were swept away. Dead bodies were carried .25 mi (0.40 km) away.[9][10][83]
June 10 1938 Clyde, Texas 14 All nine homes in a small subdivision "literally vanished", with bodies carried up to .50 mi (0.80 km) away. A car engine, found nearby, was carried for a similar distance.[84] 19 railroad cars were "tossed like toys."[10][84]
April 14 1939 Woodward County, Oklahoma–Barber County, Kansas 7 Homes and entire farms were swept away, and cars were carried for hundreds of yards.[9][10][85]
June 18 1939 Hennepin–Anoka County, Minnesota 9 Homes were swept away in Champlin and Anoka.[10][86] A car was tossed 300 yd (900 ft) and smashed to pieces. As the tornado crossed the Mississippi River, witnesses reported that so much water was sucked into the air that the riverbed was briefly exposed, and that the flow of water was stopped until the tornado reached the opposite bank.[87][88] Tornado is not listed as an F5 by Grazulis, but appears on the NCDC memorandum.[9]
April 7 1940 Amite, Louisiana 3 This tornado produced possible F5 damage to a "large new home," killing the couple inside.[89] Another violent tornado hit Amite on April 24, 1908.[42]
March 16 1942 Peoria County–Marshall County, Illinois 8 March 1942 tornado outbreak – Many homes were swept away in the town of Lacon, Illinois, and a farmhouse sustained F5 damage.[9][10][90]
April 29 1942 Oberlin, Kansas 15 Three farms were obliterated, with all buildings and several inches of topsoil swept away.[91] Debris from homes was granulated into splinters "no larger than match sticks."[9][10][92]
June 17 1944 Summit, South Dakota 8 Farms were swept away with no visible debris left.[10]
June 22 1944 Grant County, Wisconsin–Stephenson County, Illinois 9 This long-tracked tornado destroyed many homes in both states.[6][9]
April 12 1945 Antlers, Oklahoma 69 600 buildings were destroyed, and some areas were swept clean of all debris. The F5 rating is widely accepted.[9][10][93]
June 17 1946 Windsor, Ontario 17 1946 Windsor-Tecumseh, Ontario tornado – Officially rated F4; however, one home had a portion of its concrete block foundation swept away, indicating borderline F5 damage.[94]
August 20 1946 Klodzko Slaskie, Poland 0 Officially rated F4; however, report indicates potential F5 damage.[12]
April 9 1947 Glazier/Higgins, Texas–Woodward, Oklahoma 181 1947 Glazier-Higgins-Woodward tornadoes – Several towns were partially or totally destroyed. Most structures in Glazier were swept away, where shrubbery was debarked, ground scouring occurred, and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards. In Higgins, a 4½ ton lathe was ripped from its anchors and broken in half.[95][96] A 20-ton boiler tank in Woodward was thrown a block and a half. The F5 rating is widely accepted.[6][9][10][97]
April 29 1947 Worth, Missouri 14 Most of Worth was destroyed. Half of a brick building remained standing in the village. Considered to be a possible F5 by Grazulis.[6]
May 31 1947 Leedey, Oklahoma 6 This tornado reportedly left more intense damage than the previous event did in Woodward.[98] Many structures were swept away, leaving no debris or grass in some areas. Yards at some residences were stripped of their lawns and all vegetation, and several inches of topsoil were removed as well. The F5 rating is widely accepted, though the tornado was very slow-moving, which may have exacerbated the level of destruction to some extent.[10][98][99]
May 21 1949 Palestine, Illinois 4 A restaurant was leveled, and cars in the parking lot were thrown up to 300 yd (900 ft) away from where they originated.[6][9]

1950–1999

Officially and unofficially rated F5 tornadoes between 1950 and 1999[nb 2]
Day Year Location Fatalities Notes
May 18 1951 Olney, Texas 2 Many homes in town were destroyed, some of which were swept away with very little debris left.[10]
March 21 1952 Byhalia, Mississippi–Moscow, Tennessee 17 March 1952 Southern United States tornado outbreak – Officially rated F4 in tornado databases; however, the National Climatic Data Center lists this as an F5 event in a Tech Memo reporting all known F5 tornadoes.[9][100] The only possible F5 damage was to a concrete block structure that may or may not have been steel-reinforced.[64]
May 22 1952 Douglas–Leavenworth County, Kansas 0 Home of a bank president was reportedly leveled with possible F5 damage.[6]
May 11 1953 Waco, Texas 114 1953 Waco tornado outbreak – Many large, multi-story buildings in downtown Waco were completely leveled, along with homes both north and south of Waco.[6][10] First officially ranked F5 tornado in the U.S.[8]
May 29 1953 Fort Rice, North Dakota 2 A large church was leveled and pews were jammed 4 ft (1.2 m) into the ground. Car parts were carried for 0.5 mi (0.80 km). Rating disputed.[6]
June 8 1953 Flint, Michigan 116 Flint-Worcester tornado outbreak sequence – Entire blocks of homes were completely swept away, with only rows of bare slabs and empty basements remaining. Cycloidal ground scouring occurred as well.[6][9][10][101]
June 8 1953 Cygnet, Ohio 18 Flint–Worcester tornado outbreak sequence – Possible but unverifiable F5 damage occurred near Cygnet where homes were swept completely away.[6] A steel-and-concrete bridge was destroyed as the tornado passed near Jerry City.[10][102]
June 9 1953 Worcester, Massachusetts 94 Flint-Worcester tornado outbreak sequence – Many strong structures with numerous interior walls were leveled,[6] and entire blocks of homes were swept cleanly away.[10] The large, brick Assumption College sustained severe damage, and its upper stories were completely destroyed.[6] A large, multi-ton storage tank was carried over a road,[103] and trees along the path were debarked as well.[104] Debris from this tornado was found in the Atlantic Ocean.[10] The tornado was rated F5 by Grazulis in a later publication.[105]
June 27 1953 Adair, Iowa 1 Four farms were destroyed, with virtually nothing left at one of them. Heavy machinery was thrown hundreds of feet, and boards were driven into trees.[10]
December 5 1953 Vicksburg, Mississippi 38 1953 Vicksburg, Mississippi tornado outbreak – Many large brick buildings were leveled in downtown Vicksburg. The F5 rating is disputed by Grazulis as destroyed structures were frail.[10]
May 1 1954 Crowell–Vernon, Texas–Snyder, Oklahoma 0 Vehicles were thrown more than 100 yd (300 ft),[10] and three farms were entirely swept away.[6]
May 25 1955 Blackwell, Oklahoma 20 1955 Great Plains tornado outbreak – Many homes and businesses were swept away in town.[6][10]
May 25 1955 Udall, Kansas 80 1955 Great Plains tornado outbreak – Many homes and businesses were swept away in town.[10] Vehicles were thrown and stripped down to their frames, including a pickup truck that was partially wrapped around a tree. A 30 foot (9.1 m)-by-40-foot (12 m) concrete block building was obliterated, with the foundation left mostly bare.[106] Beams were also broken at a school building, and numerous trees were debarked.[6][10][107][108]
July 2 1955 Walcott, North Dakota 2 Eleven farms were completely leveled or swept away. One farm appeared to show potential F5 damage to a home that was swept completely away.[6]
April 3 1956 Hudsonville–Grand Rapids, Michigan 18 April 1956 Hudsonville-Standale tornado – Many homes were swept completely away, leaving bare foundations behind.[6][10] Extensive wind-rowing of debris was observed, and vehicles were tossed hundreds of yards as well. One home that was swept away had all of its tile flooring scoured from the foundation.[6][10][109][110]
May 20 1957 Ruskin Heights, Missouri 44 May 1957 Central Plains tornado outbreak – Entire rows of homes were swept away, with extensive wind-rowing of structural debris noted in nearby fields. A steel-reinforced school was partially leveled, and many shops and businesses sustained F5 damage. F4 damage occurred in both Kansas and Missouri, but the F5 damage was in Ruskin Heights and Hickman Mills.[10][111]
May 21 1957 Fremont, Missouri 7 May 1957 Central Plains tornado outbreak – Most of Fremont was destroyed, with many structures swept away. Possible F5 damage occurred to schools, homes, and businesses near the railroad tracks, but could not be verified due to poor quality of construction.[6]
June 16 1957 Robecco Pavese–Valle Scuropasso, Italy 7 Many large stone buildings were flattened. Officially rated F5 with damage estimated at T10 on the TORRO Scale; however, rating is uncertain and it may have been a high-end F4.[12]
June 20 1957 Fargo, North Dakota 10 1957 Fargo tornado – Many homes were leveled, with some swept completely away.[6] Part of the Golden Ridge subdivision was swept away, with the debris scattered long distances into nearby fields.[112] Fujita reportedly called this more intense than the 1965 Palm Sunday tornadoes he surveyed, some of which he rated F5 in the Chicago Damage Area Per Path Length (DAPPL).[9][10]
December 18 1957 Sunfield, Illinois 1 December 1957 tornado outbreak sequence – The entire Sunfield community "vanished."[6][10]
June 4 1958 Menomonie–Colfax, Wisconsin 21 1958 Colfax, Wisconsin tornado outbreak – Homes were swept away, and numerous trees were completely debarked. A car was wrapped around the side of a small steel bridge that collapsed in the tornado. Rating disputed.[6][10][113]
June 10 1958 El Dorado, Kansas 15 Reports indicated near-F5-level damage to homes.[6] A car was thrown 100 yd (300 ft), but damage photographs were inconclusive as to whether F5 structural damage occurred.[10]
May 5 1960 Prague, Oklahoma 5 May 1960 tornado outbreak sequence – Homes were swept away, and heavy oil tanks were thrown long distances. Hillsides were stripped of most vegetation and up to 6 in (0.15 m) of topsoil.[10]
May 19 1960 Wamego, Kansas 0 Rated F5 by Grazulis as two farms were swept away.[6][10]
May 20 1960 Niechobrz, Poland 4 Officially rated high-end F4 with homes completely destroyed. Report on tornado noted potential F5 damage.[12]
May 30 1961 Custer–Valley County, Nebraska 0 All buildings and machinery were swept away from a farm. Widely accepted as an F5 tornado, including within the NCDC Technical Memorandum; however, it is listed as an F4 in the official databases.[6][9][10]
April 3 1964 Wichita Falls, Texas 7 Homes were swept away, and a boxcar was thrown 100 yd (300 ft). A car was thrown a block and a half.[9][10][114]
April 12 1964 Near Lawrence, Kansas 0 Produced possible F5 damage according to Grazulis. Farms were leveled and a truck was thrown 300 yd (274 m).[6][10]
May 5 1964 Bradshaw, Nebraska 4 Numerous farms were swept away.[9][10][115]
April 11 1965 Midway, Indiana 14 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – This was the first of two violent tornadoes to hit the Dunlap area, north of Goshen.[6] Homes were swept away, and an airplane wing was found 35 miles (56 km) away in Michigan.[10] This tornado was famously photographed as a double tornado.[6]
April 11 1965 Rainbow Lake, Indiana 5 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – This tornado developed after the first Dunlap tornado (previous event). Possible F5-level damage occurred to homes that were swept away.[6]
April 11 1965 Dunlap, Indiana 36 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – This was the second violent tornado to strike Dunlap within 90 minutes.[6][9] A well-built truck stop was leveled and many permanent homes were swept away in two subdivisions.[6] Rated F5 by Fujita in the Chicago Damage Area Per Path Length (DAPPL), but later downgraded to F4, the tornado is widely considered to be an F5 in older sources.[9][10]
April 11 1965 Lebanon–Sheridan, Indiana 28 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – This is listed as an F5 in the NCDC memorandum. Farms were obliterated and vehicles were thrown up 100 yd (300 ft).[6][9]
April 11 1965 Toledo, Ohio 18 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – Homes were completely swept away with borderline-F5 damage in North Toledo. Boats and buses were thrown into and onto buildings.[6]
April 11 1965 Pittsfield–Strongsville, Ohio 18 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – Homes were cleanly swept away in Strongsville and Pittsfield, and Pittsfield was completely destroyed.[6] Only a concrete war monument remained standing in Pittsfield, where homes "vanished."[116] Rated F5 by Fujita in the Chicago Damage Area Per Path Length (DAPPL), but later downgraded to F4, though widely considered to be F5 in older reports.[9][10]
May 8 1965 Primrose, Nebraska 4 Early-May 1965 tornado outbreak sequence - Widely accepted as an F5,[9] and reported to have been a double tornado as it hit Primrose.[117] Homes were swept from their foundations, and 90% of the village was destroyed.[10][118][119] Cars from Primrose were carried for 400 yd (1,200 ft), and a truck body was carried and rolled for 2 mi (3.2 km).[6]
May 8 1965 Gregory, South Dakota 0 Early-May 1965 tornado outbreak sequence - Many farms were destroyed, including three that were swept completely away.[6][10]
March 3 1966 Jackson, Mississippi 57 1966 Candlestick Park tornado – Homes were swept away, and a brick church was obliterated.[6][120][121] Pavement was scoured from roads, and cars were thrown more than half a mile from where they originated.[120] The newly built Candlestick Park shopping center was leveled, and concrete masonry blocks were scattered for long distances.[6] Steel girders were "twisted like wet noodles" at a glass plant.[121]
June 8 1966 Topeka, Kansas 16 1966 Topeka tornado – Entire rows of homes were swept away, vehicles were thrown long distances, and grass was scoured from lawns.[6][10][122][123]
October 14 1966 Belmond, Iowa 6 Disputed F5 rating, ranked F4 by Grazulis.[6] A house was swept away on the outskirts of town. However, the home was likely poorly anchored as debris was deposited in a neat pile near the foundation, and nearby homes only showed slight damage.[10][124]
June 24 1967 Palluel, France 6 Homes and other structures were swept away or leveled in and near Palluel.[12]
April 23 1968 Wheelersburg–Gallipolis, Ohio 7 1968 Wheelersburg, Ohio tornado outbreak - Homes were swept away,[6][10] with only their foundations left in some cases. A large metal electrical transmission tower was ripped off at the base and thrown.[125] The F5 rating is disputed as structures swept away were not anchored properly.[10]
April 23 1968 Falmouth, Kentucky 6 1968 Wheelersburg, Ohio tornado outbreak - Mentioned as a possible F5 by Grazulis.[10]
May 15 1968 Charles City, Iowa 13 May 1968 tornado outbreak – Many homes were swept away in town. Farms were swept away as well, and very intense multiple vortices were observed based upon ground damage patterns.[6] Cycloidal ground scouring occurred where the multiple vortices were noted.[10]
May 15 1968 Oelwein–Maynard, Iowa 5 May 1968 tornado outbreak – Homes were swept completely away in both towns.[10]
June 13 1968 Tracy, Minnesota 9 1968 Tracy tornado – 111 homes were destroyed in town, with some swept away. A heavy boxcar was thrown more than a full block, and two others were thrown 300 yd (900 ft). A steel I-beam was carried for two miles on a piece of roof.[10] Extensive ground scouring occurred outside of town, and several farms were swept completely away.[126]
January 1 1970 Bulahdelah, New South Wales 0 Bulahdelah tornado – Left a damage path 21 kilometres (13 mi) long and 1–1.6 kilometres (0.62–0.99 mi) wide through the Bulahdelah State Forest. According to reports, the tornado threw a tractor weighing 2 tonnes (4,400 lb) 100 metres (328 ft) through the air, depositing it upside down. It is estimated that the tornado destroyed over one million trees.[127]
May 11 1970 Lubbock, Texas 26 1970 Lubbock tornado – Homes were swept away and a high-rise building suffered structural deformation. A 13-tonne (28,660 lb) metal fertilizer tank was thrown nearly 1 mi (1.6 km) through the air, and large oil tanks were carried for over 300 yd (900 ft).[6][10][128]
February 21 1971 Delhi, Louisiana 47 February 1971 Mississippi Valley tornado outbreak – Only official F5 in Louisiana history, but the rating is questioned by Grazulis, who assigned an F4 rating.[6] Homes were completely leveled east of Delhi.[10]
April 27 1971 Gosser Ridge, Kentucky 2 Most buildings on a farm were swept away. Listed as a "questionable" F5 in the NCDC Tech Memo. Was F4 according to Grazulis and official records.[6][9]
May 6 1973 Valley Mills, Texas 0 Rating applied by wind engineers. A pickup truck was carried .5 mi (0.80 km) through the air. Another was carried for 200 yd (600 ft).[10]
January 10 1973 San Justo, Argentina 54 San Justo tornado – Was never officially rated, but is widely considered to have been an F5.[129] Masonry homes reportedly vanished with little or no trace, and vehicles were thrown hundreds of meters from where they originated and mangled beyond recognition. Large factories were completely leveled and grass was scoured from the ground. A vehicle motor was found embedded into a poured concrete wall, and a tractor was thrown 500 meters into a wooded area.[130][131]
April 3 1974 Daisy Hill, Indiana 6 1974 Super Outbreak – Homes were swept completely away, and entire farms were leveled.[10]
April 3 1974 Xenia, Ohio 32 1974 Super Outbreak – Aerial photography and isoline surveys by Fujita showed that entire rows of brick homes were swept away and sustained F5 damage.[10][132] Wind-rowing of debris occurred in nearby fields,[132] and very intense damage was reported to steel-reinforced schools.[133]
April 3 1974 Brandenburg, Kentucky 31 1974 Super Outbreak – Multiple well-built homes were swept away, including one that sustained total collapse of its poured concrete walk-out basement wall.[134] Grass was scoured from the ground, and aerial photography showed extensive wind-rowing in Brandenburg.[132] Trees were completely debarked, and low-lying shrubs next to leveled homes were uprooted and stripped.[10][134] Multiple vehicles were also thrown hundreds of yards and stripped down to their frames.[6][135]
April 3 1974 Sayler Park (West Cincinnati), Ohio 3 1974 Super Outbreak – Homes were swept away, and a large floating restaurant barge was lifted, ripped from its moorings, and flipped upside-down by the tornado. Boats and vehicles were carried long distances through the air.[10][136][137]
April 3 1974 Mt. Hope–Tanner–Harvest, Alabama 28 1974 Super Outbreak – Numerous homes were swept away and scattered.[138][139] In Limestone County, where the F5 damage occurred,[132] a large swath of trees was leveled, and ground scouring occurred nearby with dirt found to have been dug up and plastered to the bark, and a pump was lifted out of a well at one location.[6][10][140] Shrubbery was debarked as well.[139]
April 3 1974 Tanner–Hazel Green, Alabama 22 1974 Super Outbreak – Officially listed as an F5, but was rated F4 by Grazulis and Ted Fujita. Crossed into Tennessee and did F4 damage in both states,[6] though the supposed F5 damage only occurred in Alabama, where numerous homes were swept away and extensive wind-rowing of debris occurred.[138]
April 3 1974 Guin, Alabama 28 1974 Super Outbreak – According to the NWS in Birmingham, Alabama, this is considered one of the strongest tornadoes ever to impact the United States.[141] Sources indicate that F5 damage was reported along much of the path, and that many homes in and near Guin sustained F5 damage.[6] Many of these homes were swept away, their debris being scattered across fields,[142] and some reportedly had their "foundations dislodged and in some cases swept away as well."[10][143][144] Nothing was left of the Guin Mobile Home Plant but a pile of mangled beams.[6][144][145] Additionally, photographs showed intense wind-rowing from suction vortices.[142] The path of the tornado was visible from satellite, as thousands of trees, including in the Bankhead National Forest, were snapped.[6]
March 26 1976 Spiro, Oklahoma 2 Frame homes were swept away,[10] and 134,000-pound (60,780 kg) coal cars were tossed. Rating disputed.[6][146]
April 19 1976 Brownwood, Texas 0 Homes were swept away, with only a bathtub remaining on one of the foundations. Several teenagers were caught in the open and were picked up and thrown 1,000 yd (0.57 mi) but survived. Rating disputed.[6]
June 13 1976 Jordan, Iowa 0 Homes were swept away.[6] This tornado was mentioned by Fujita as one of the most intense he surveyed. Well-built farms reportedly vanished without a trace.[133]
April 4 1977 Birmingham, Alabama 22 April 1977 Birmingham tornado – Many homes were swept away, some of which had all of their cinder block walk-out basement walls completely swept away as well. Trees were debarked and two dump trucks were thrown through the air.[6][147]
April 2 1982 Broken Bow, Oklahoma 0 A house was swept away. Only carpet tacks were left on the empty foundation. The F5 rating is disputed because the home was likely not anchored properly.[6]
June 8 1984 Barneveld, Wisconsin 9 Barneveld, Wisconsin tornado outbreak – A cul-de-sac of newly built homes was swept away, and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards. Small trees were debarked as well.[6][148][149]
June 9 1984 Ivanovo, Central Federal District, Soviet Union 92 1984 Soviet Union tornado outbreak – An extremely intense multiple vortex tornado[150] threw a crane 220 yd (200 m), threw multi-ton water tanks hundreds of yards, tore asphalt from roads,[151] destroyed and threw trees long distances,[152] and swept away steel-reinforced buildings with little debris left.[153] Tornado was exceptionally long-lived, remaining on the ground for roughly 100 mi (160 km) over the course of two hours. At least 92 fatalities were confirmed, though the actual toll was likely higher.[12]
June 9 1984 Kostroma, Central Federal District, Soviet Union 0 1984 Soviet Union tornado outbreak – Officially rated F4, but survey mentions possible F5 damage. Trees were ripped from the ground and thrown long distances. A 350-ton industrial crane was blown over.[153]
May 31 1985 Niles, Ohio–Wheatland, Pennsylvania 18 1985 United States-Canadian tornado outbreak – This tornado caused F5 damage along much of its path through Niles and Wheatland. A shopping center in Niles was obliterated, sustaining F5 damage and several deaths. Metal girders at the center twisted and buckled.[6][10][154] Well-built homes were swept away, and 75,000-pound (34,020 kg) petroleum storage tanks were ripped from their anchors and thrown hundreds of feet.[155] Pavement was scoured from a parking lot, and a steel-frame trucking plant was obliterated and partially swept away with the beams severely mangled. Routing slips from the plant were found wedged into the remaining asphalt of parking lot. An airplane wing was carried 10 miles from where it originated.[6][155]
July 31 1987 Edmonton, Alberta 27 Edmonton Tornado – Heavy trailers and oil tanks were tossed, and large factories were leveled. This tornado has been under scrutiny by Environment Canada in recent years, as to whether or not it could be considered for an F5 rating.[156] If done this would make it the earliest such tornado since records have been kept, next to the 2007 Elie, Manitoba, tornado.
March 13 1990 Hesston, Kansas 1 March 1990 Central US tornado outbreak – Many homes and businesses were swept away in town.[10]
March 13 1990 Goessel, Kansas 1 March 1990 Central US tornado outbreak – Homes were swept away,[10] but the F5 rating was assigned due to very intense cycloidal ground scouring.[157] Considered by some sources to be one of the strongest tornadoes ever surveyed at the time, though little detailed information about the damage is available.[10][158]
August 28 1990 Plainfield, Illinois 29 1990 Plainfield tornado – Rain-wrapped tornado. A mature corn crop was scoured from the ground, leaving nothing but bare soil behind. Several inches of topsoil were blown away as well.[10][159] A 20-tonne (20,000 kg) tractor trailer was tossed from a road and thrown more than half a mile, and vehicles were picked up and carried through the air.[159] The F5 rating is based solely upon the extreme ground scouring; as areas in Plainfield sustained high-end F4 structural damage, though the ground scouring nearby was much less intense than where the corn crop was obliterated.[10][159] Fujita considered the intensity of the ground scouring "comparable to the worst he had seen."[159]
April 26 1991 Andover, Kansas 17 April 26, 1991 tornado outbreak – Many well-built homes were swept away, leaving bare foundations behind, and grass was scoured from the ground.[10][160] Extensive wind-rowing of debris occurred, leaving streaks of debris extending away from empty foundations.[160] Trees and small twigs were completely stripped of their bark.[6] Vehicles were thrown up to .75 mi (1.2 km) from where they originated and were mangled beyond recognition.[161]
April 26 1991 Red Rock, Oklahoma 0 April 26, 1991 tornado outbreak – Mobile Doppler radar used by storm chasers indicated wind speeds in the range of the F5 threshold, with winds up to 286 mph (460 km/h). Pavement and ground scouring occurred, and a large oil rig was toppled.[6][10]
June 16 1992 Chandler, Minnesota 1 Mid-June 1992 tornado outbreak – Multiple homes were swept away, and vehicles were thrown and stripped down to their frames.[10][162]
June 8 1995 Kellerville, Texas 0 Project VORTEX assessed tornado to be F5; one home was so obliterated that the National Weather Service survey likely missed it. Intense pavement and ground scouring occurred, with only bare soil left in some areas.[10][163]
July 18 1996 Oakfield, Wisconsin 0 1996 Oakfield tornado – Well-built homes with anchor bolts were swept away, including one where rebar supports were bent over at a 90-degree angle. Vehicles were thrown up to 400 yd (1,200 ft) through the air and mangled beyond recognition. Crops were scoured to 1-inch stubble.[10][164]
May 27 1997 Jarrell, Texas 27 1997 Central Texas tornado outbreak – Produced some of the most extreme damage ever documented.[10] An entire subdivision of well-built homes was swept completely away with very little debris remaining. Some of the homes were well-bolted to their foundations. Long expanses of pavement was torn from roads, and a large swath of ground was scoured out to a depth of 18 in (0.46 m). Vehicles were torn apart and scattered across fields, and a recycling plant was obliterated. Tornado was very slow-moving, which may have exacerbated the destruction to some extent.[10][165]
April 8 1998 Oak Grove–Pleasant Grove, Alabama 32 April 1998 Birmingham tornado – Many homes were swept away along the path.[10][166][167]
April 16 1998 Wayne County, Tennessee 3 1998 Nashville tornado outbreak – Originally considered part of a very long-tracked F5 tornado but was later determined to have been the first in a series of three separate, violent tornadoes. Multiple homes were reduced to their foundations. Although officially rated an F4, a re-analysis conducted in 2013 by the NWS Office in Nashville noted that the damage in Wayne County may warrant EF5; however, no tornadoes are rated using the enhanced scale that occurred prior to February 2007.[168]
April 16 1998 Lawrence County, Tennessee 0 1998 Nashville tornado outbreak – This tornado produced extreme damage at ground level.[10] Many large and well-built homes were swept away, and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards. A swath of grass 200 ft (67 yd) wide was scoured from the ground, with nothing but bare soil and clumps of dirt remaining.[10][169]
May 3 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore, Oklahoma 36 1999 Bridge Creek – Moore tornado – Mobile radar recorded winds up to 301 mph (484 km/h), which is the highest wind speed ever measured on Earth. Many homes were swept completely away, some of which were well-bolted to their foundations, and debris from some homes was finely granulated. Severe ground and pavement scouring occurred, trees and shrubs were completely debarked, and vehicles were thrown up to 440 yd (402 m) from where they originated. An airplane wing was carried for several miles, and a 36,000-pound (16,329 kg) freight car was bounced 3/4 of a mile.[10][170][171][172] This was the last tornado to be officially assessed as F5 on the Fujita scale before the introduction of the Enhanced Fujita Scale in the United States.
May 11 1999 Loyal Valley, Texas 1 Officially rated high-end F4, though one survey revealed potential F5 damage.[173] Two homes were completely swept away, with the debris strewn long distances. Large pieces of a pickup truck were found 3/4 of a mile away from the residence where it originated, and a 720-foot long stretch of pavement was scoured from a road. Ground scouring occurred, and numerous mesquite trees were completely denuded and debarked.[173][174]

2000–2016

Officially and unofficially rated F5/EF5 tornadoes from 2000 to 2016[nb 2]
Day Year Location Fatalities Notes
May 4 2007 Greensburg, Kansas 11 May 2007 tornado outbreak – This tornado destroyed 95% of the town, including seven well-built homes with anchor bolts that were swept away. Vehicles were thrown hundreds of feet, and trees were completely denuded and debarked.[175] This was the first tornado to have been rated EF5 after the retirement of the original Fujita Scale in the United States February of 2007.
June 22 2007 Elie, Manitoba 0 Elie, Manitoba tornado – Two homes were swept away, including one that was well-bolted to its foundation. A few of the bolts themselves were snapped off. A van was thrown several hundred yards through the air, and nearby trees were debarked as well.[176] Only officially rated F5 tornado in Canada.[177] Last tornado to be rated F5 due to Environment Canada utilizing the Enhanced Fujita Scale on April 1, 2013.
May 25 2008 Parkersburg–New Hartford, Iowa 9 Late-May 2008 tornado outbreak sequence – Well-built homes with anchor bolts were swept away, 17 of which were assessed to have sustained EF5 damage. Two of them had no visible debris left anywhere near the foundations.[178][179] A concrete walk-out basement wall was pushed over at one home, and the concrete floor was cracked. A rebar support set into the foundation of another home was found snapped in half, and reinforced concrete light poles were snapped and dragged along the ground. A large industrial building was completely destroyed, with metal beams twisted and sheared off at their bases, and the foundation pushed clean of the metal framing and debris. Vehicles were thrown long distances and stripped down to their frames as well. Additionally, a large field east of Parkersburg was filled with finely granulated debris that was wind-rowed in long streaks, trees were completely debarked, and shrubs were uprooted and stripped in some areas.[178][179][180]
April 27 2011 Smithville, Mississippi 23 2011 Super Outbreak – Numerous well-built, anchor-bolted brick homes were swept away, including one that had part of its concrete slab foundation pulled up and dislodged slightly. An SUV was thrown half a mile into the top of the town's water tower. In the most intense damage area, all plumbing and appliances at home-sites were "shredded or missing."[181] Chip and tar pavement was torn from road, and a pickup truck that was thrown from one home was never recovered. A large brick funeral home was reduced to a bare slab, and extensive wind-rowing of debris occurred next to the foundation. Outside town, the ground was deeply scoured in an open field.[182] Additionally, numerous trees and low shrubbery were debarked and shredded.[182][183][184]
April 27 2011 Hackleburg–Phil Campbell, Alabama 72 2011 Hackleburg – Phil Campbell, Alabama tornado – This was the deadliest tornado in Alabama state history. Numerous homes, some of which were large, well-built, and anchor-bolted were swept away. Debris from some obliterated homes was scattered and wind-rowed well away from the foundations.[185][186] One home that was swept away had its concrete stemwalls sheared off at ground level. Vehicles were thrown at least 200 yd (183 m),[185] and at least one large vehicle that was missing after the tornado was never located.[186] Hundreds of trees were completely debarked and twisted, and in some cases were reduced only to stubs.[186] Pavement was scoured from roads as well, a large industrial plant was leveled to the ground, and a restaurant that was swept away had a small portion of its foundation slab torn apart.[186][187]
April 27 2011 Philadelphia–Preston, Mississippi 3 2011 Super Outbreak – Was rated EF5 based upon extreme ground scouring. The tornado dug a trench 2 ft (0.61 m) deep into a pasture, leaving nothing but large clumps of dirt and bare topsoil behind.[188] A tied-down mobile home was lofted through the air and carried 300 yd (274 m), with no indication of contact with the ground. Several vehicles were tossed hundreds of yards and wrapped around trees.[188] Pavement was scoured from roads as well, and extreme debarking and denuding of trees occurred, some of which were ripped out of the ground and thrown up to 20 yards away.
April 27 2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham, Alabama 64 2011 Tuscaloosa – Birmingham tornado – Officially rated high-end EF4, though the final rating was a source of controversy, and one survey team rated some of the damage as EF5. Many homes, a large section of an apartment building, and a clubhouse were swept away, though these structures were either poorly anchored, lacked interior walls, or surrounded by contextual damage not consistent with an EF5 tornado. A manhole cover was removed from a drain and thrown into a ravine near the clubhouse. A 34-tonne (74,957 lb) railroad trestle support structure was thrown 100 ft (30 m) up a hill, and a 35.8-tonne (78,925 lb) coal car was thrown 391 ft (119 m) through the air.[172][189]
April 27 2011 Rainsville–Sylvania, Alabama 25 2011 Super Outbreak – Many homes were swept away, some of which had their concrete porches torn away and shattered, with debris strewn up to a mile away from the foundations in some cases. A few of the homes were bolted to their foundations. An 800-pound (363 kg) safe was ripped from its anchors and thrown 600 ft (183 m), and its door was ripped from its frame. Ground scouring occurred, and sidewalk pavement was pulled up. A pickup truck was tossed 250 yd (750 ft) and torn apart. An underground storm shelter had much of its dirt covering scoured away and was heaved slightly out of the ground, and pavement was scoured from roads. One well-built stone house was completely obliterated, and a stone pillar was ripped completely out of the ground at that residence, pulling up a section of house foundation in the process.[189][190]
May 22 2011 Joplin, Missouri 158 2011 Joplin tornado – Many homes, business, and industrial buildings were swept away, and large vehicles including semi-trucks and buses were thrown hundreds of yards. A large multi-story hospital had its foundation and underpinning system so severely damaged that it was structurally compromised and had to be torn down. Reinforced concrete porches were deformed, lifted, and tossed, and 300-pound (136 kg) concrete parking stops anchored with rebar were ripped from parking lots and tossed well over 100 ft (30 m). Vehicles were thrown several blocks away from the residences where they originated, and a few were never recovered. Damage to driveways was noted at some residences as well. A large steel-reinforced concrete "step and floor structure" leading to one building was warped slightly and cracked.[191] Ground and pavement scouring occurred, and heavy manhole covers were removed from roads as well. On June 10, 2013, an engineering study found no evidence of EF5 structural damage in Joplin due to the poor quality of construction of many buildings. However, the EF5 rating stood as the National Weather Service in Springfield, Missouri, stated that survey teams found only a very small area of EF5 structural damage (at and around the hospital) and that it could have easily been missed in the survey, and the EF5 rating was mainly based on large vehicles being thrown long distances, along with non-conventional, non-structural instances of damage, such as removal of manhole covers, pavement, concrete porches, driveways, and parking stops, and the presence of wind-rowed debris.[191][192][193]
May 24 2011 El Reno–Piedmont, Oklahoma 9 May 21–26, 2011 tornado outbreak sequence – Mobile radar recorded winds over 200 mph (320 km/h). Many homes were swept away, trees were completely debarked, and extensive ground scouring occurred. At the Cactus 117 oil rig, a 1,900,000-pound (861,830 kg) oil derrick was blown over and rolled three times. Cars were thrown long distances and wrapped around trees, including an SUV that was thrown 780 yd (713 m) and had its body ripped from the frame. Several cars near the beginning of the path were thrown more than 1,093 yd (0.62 mi).[194][195] Additionally, a 20,000-pound (9,072 kg) oil tanker truck was thrown approximately 1 mi (1.6 km).[196][197]
May 24 2011 Chickasha–Blanchard–Newcastle, Oklahoma 1 May 21–26, 2011 tornado outbreak sequence – Officially rated a high-end EF4; however, the survey conducted by NWS Norman mentions this tornado as being a "plausible EF5". Well-built homes with anchor bolts were swept away, pavement was scoured from roads and driveways, and vehicles were thrown up to 600 yd (549 m) away, some of which were torn into multiple pieces or stripped down to their frames. Trees were reduced to completely debarked stumps, and severe ground scouring occurred, with all grass and several inches of topsoil removed in some areas. A reinforced concrete dome home was severely damaged and cracked.[172][198][199]
May 24 2011 Washington–Goldsby, Oklahoma 0 May 21–26, 2011 tornado outbreak sequence – Officially a high-end EF4, but rating is disputed.[196] Large and well-built homes with anchor bolts were swept completely away, extensive ground scouring occurred, and vehicles were thrown long distances and mangled almost beyond recognition.[200][201]
May 20 2013 Moore, Oklahoma 24 2013 Moore tornado – Many homes were swept away, including nine that were well-built and bolted to their foundations.[202] Extensive ground scouring occurred with only bare soil left in some areas, and a 10-ton propane tank was thrown more than half a mile through the air. Trees and shrubs were completely debarked, wind-rowing of debris was noted, and an oil tank was thrown a full mile from a production site, while another was never found.[203][204] A manhole cover was removed near Moore Medical Center, and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards and torn into multiple pieces.[205][206]
May 31 2013 El Reno, Oklahoma 8 2013 El Reno tornado – Largest tornado on record at 2.6 miles (4.2 km) wide. Was initially rated EF5 based solely on mobile Doppler radar measurements, which recorded winds up to 295 mph (470 km/h). However, the most significant structural damage was rated EF3, as the tornado did not strike any buildings when the EF5 winds were recorded. Rating was eventually downgraded to EF3 because of this, though the practicality of the downgrade has been disputed by some meteorologists.[207]
April 27 2014 Vilonia, Arkansas 16 April 27–30, 2014 tornado outbreak – Officially rated high-end EF4, though the rating was a major source of controversy, and meteorlogist/civil engineer Timothy P. Marshall noted that the rating assigned was "lower-bound", and also noted "the possibility that EF5 winds could have occurred" despite the structural flaws responsible for the EF4 rating.[208][209] Numerous homes were swept completely away with only bare slabs left, including one that was well-bolted to its foundation, and extensive wind-rowing of debris occurred. Trees were completely debarked and denuded, shrubs were stripped and debarked, and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards and mangled. A large 29,998-pound metal fertilizer tank was found approximately 3/4 of a mile away from where it originated.[208][210][211] Extensive ground scouring occurred as well.[212]
Day Year Location Fatalities Notes

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The winds estimated by the Fujita Scale are estimated values and have not been verified scientifically.[3]
  2. 1 2 All official F5 tornadoes in the United States are based on the Storm Prediction Center's list of F5 and EF5 tornadoes.[8]

References

  1. ↑ "U.S. Tornado Climatology". National Climatic Data Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 20, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
  2. ↑ Paul Rincon (July 11, 2003). "UK, Holland top twister league". British Broadcasting Company. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  3. 1 2 "Fujita Tornado Damage Scale". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2006. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  4. ↑ "The Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF Scale)". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. August 4, 2011. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  5. ↑ "Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2013. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 Grazulis, Thomas P. (July 1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991. A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, VT: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
  7. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 143–45; 147–48.
  8. 1 2 3 "F5 and EF5 Tornadoes of the United States". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2013. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 Neal Lott, Sam McCown, and Tom Ross (August 2000). "1998-1999 Tornadoes and a Long-Term U.S. Tornado Climatology" (PDF). National Climatic Data Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 Grazulis, Thomas P. (2001). F5-F6 Tornadoes. St. Johnsbury, VT: The Tornado Project.
  11. ↑ McDonald, James R. (January 2001). "T. Theodore Fujita: His Contribution to Tornado Knowledge through Damage Documentation and the Fujita Scale". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (American Meteorological Society) 82 (1): 63–72. Bibcode:2001BAMS...82...63M. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(2001)000<0063:TTFHCT>2.3.CO;2.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "European Severe Weather Database". European Severe Storms Laboratory. 2013. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  13. ↑ Gottlob Burchard Genzmer (June 9, 2005). "Beschreibung des Orcans, welcher den 29. Jun. 1764 einen Strich von etlichen Meilen im Stargardischen Kreise des Herzogthums Mecklenburg gewaltig verwüstet hat" (PDF) (in German). Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  14. 1 2 "British & European Tornado Extremes". The Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. 2013. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
  15. ↑ Grazulis, The Tornado, 255.
  16. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 609.
  17. 1 2 Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 612.
  18. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 615–16.
  19. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 623.
  20. ↑ "Rochester Tornado Aug 21 1883 Aftermath Photos". Crh.noaa.gov. 2008-08-19. Retrieved 2013-07-13.
  21. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 628.
  22. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 658.
  23. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 663.
  24. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 664.
  25. ↑ Sprague, F.W. (1893). Story of a Storm: A History of The Great Tornado at Pomeroy, Calhoun County, Iowa, July 6, 1893.
  26. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 667.
  27. 1 2 Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 670.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 674.
  29. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 675.
  30. ↑ Bangor Daily Whig and Courier. May 18, 1896. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  31. ↑ "Death Rode the Gale; Several Texas Towns Visited by a Fearful Cyclone Yesterday". Leadville Daily and Evening Chronicle. May 16, 1896.
  32. ↑ Piner, H. L. (1896). Sherman's Black Friday; May 15th, 1896: A History of the Great Sherman Tornado. Sherman, Texas: Register Printing House. pp. 18–20.
  33. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 676.
  34. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 684.
  35. 1 2 3 Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 688.
  36. 1 2 "Query: New Richmond tornado". uwdc.library.wisc.edu. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center. Archived from the original on November 12, 2014. Retrieved 2014-04-16.
  37. ↑ "Freakish Work of the Wind at New Richmond". Oshkosh Daily Northwestern (Oshkosh, Wisconsin). The Associated Press. June 15, 1899.
  38. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 705.
  39. ↑ "The Snyder, Oklahoma Tornado of 10 May 1905: Aftermath". Norman, Oklahoma: National Weather Service. 24 March 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
  40. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 706.
  41. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 708.
  42. 1 2 Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 713.
  43. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 715.
  44. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 717.
  45. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 732.
  46. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 735.
  47. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 737–738.
  48. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 744.
  49. ↑ Frankenfield, H. C. (June 1917). "The Tornadoes and Windstorms of May 25–June 6, 1917" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review (Washington, D.C.: United States Weather Bureau) 45. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1917)45<291:TTAWOM>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  50. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 751–752.
  51. 1 2 3 Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 755.
  52. 1 2 Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 760.
  53. 1 2 3 Kellenbenz, David (1 July 2009). "Fergus Falls F5 Tornado of June 22, 1919". Grand Forks, North Dakota: National Weather Service. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
  54. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 764.
  55. 1 2 3 "Tornado Wrecked Town, Killing 60". New York Times (New York City). June 24, 1919. Retrieved September 11, 2013.
  56. 1 2 Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 768.
  57. ↑ Mitchell, Charles L. (April 1920). "Tornadoes of March 28, in Northeastern Illinois" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review (Chicago, Illinois: United States Weather Bureau) 28 (4): 191–196. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1920)48<191b:TOMINI>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
  58. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 769.
  59. 1 2 Smyth, P. H. (April 1920). "Tornadoes of April 20, 1920, in Alabama". Monthly Weather Review (Montgomery, Alabama: U.S. Weather Bureau) 48: 205–210. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1920)48<205:TTOAIA>2.0.CO;2.
  60. ↑ "Destitution in wake of Alameda cyclone". Winnipeg Free Press (Winnipeg). July 24, 1920.
  61. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 773.
  62. 1 2 Hickmon, W. C. (April 1921). "Tornadoes of April 15, 1921, in Arkansas and Texas" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review (Little Rock, Arkansas: United States Weather Bureau) 49: 194–196. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1921)49<194:TOAIAA>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
  63. 1 2 Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 782.
  64. 1 2 Gordon, John D.; Bobby Boyd; Mark A. Rose; Jason B. Wright (2000). "The Forgotten F5: The Lawrence County Supercell During the Middle Tennessee Tornado Outbreak of 16 April 1998" (PDF). National Weather Digest (National Weather Association) 24 (4): 3–10. The authors sent a detailed letter to the SPC recommending the two tornadoes from 1974, and the 1952 tornado mentioned above, be downgraded to F4. The SPC agreed to all three of these changes. The SPC database now reflects the conclusions of Professor Fujita's map of 1974, and Grazulis 1952 tornado report (1993). ... The authors suggested that the three former F5 tornadoes in Tennessee should be reclassified as F4. These changes have been adopted, making the 16 April 1998 Lawrence County tornado the only documented F5 in the history of Tennessee.
  65. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 783.
  66. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 792.
  67. 1 2 Grazulis, The Tornado, 195; 231.
  68. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 795–797.
  69. 1 2 3 Mason, Angela (2011). Death Rides the Sky.
  70. 1 2 Johns, Bob (2012). The 1925 Tri-State Tornado's Devastation in Franklin County, Hamilton County, and White County, Illinois.
  71. ↑ Johns, Robert H.; D. W. Burgess, C. A. Doswell III, M. S. Gilmore, J. A. Hart, and S. F. Piltz (2013). "The 1925 Tri-State Tornado Damage Path and Associated Storm System". E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology 8 (2): 1–33. Retrieved 2014-04-18. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  72. 1 2 Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 799.
  73. ↑ Jarboe, J. H. (1927). "The Rocksprings, Texas, Tornado, April 12, 1927" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review (San Antonio, Texas: United States Weather Bureau) 55 (4): 182–183. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1927)55<182:TRTTA>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
  74. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 807.
  75. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 808.
  76. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 238–247.
  77. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 824.
  78. ↑ "The F5 Tornado of April 10, 1929". Little Rock, Arkansas: National Weather Service. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
  79. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 852.
  80. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 865.
  81. ↑ "Apr 5, 1936: Tornadoes devastate Tupelo and Gainesville". History.com. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
  82. ↑ Morse, W. M. (1936). The Tupelo Tornado (Technical report). University, Mississippi: Mississippi Geological Survey. 31.
  83. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 877.
  84. 1 2 Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 879.
  85. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 883.
  86. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 885.
  87. ↑ Seeley, Mark W. (2006). Minnesota Weather Almanac. Minnesota Historical Society press. ISBN 0-87351-554-4.
  88. ↑ Hovde, M. R. (June 1921). "The Champlin-Anoka, Minnesota Tornado" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review (Minneapolis, Minnesota: United States Weather Bureau): 176–178. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1939)67<176:tcmt>2.0.co;2. Retrieved September 11, 2013.
  89. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 890.
  90. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 898.
  91. ↑ Grazulis, Significant Tornadoes, 900.
  92. ↑ Hein, Linda (December 22–23, 2001). "Oberlin tornado kills 15 in 1942". McCook Daily Gazette (McCook, Nebraska). Retrieved September 1, 2013.
  93. ↑ "Top Ten Deadliest Oklahoma Tornadoes (1882-Present)". Srh.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
  94. ↑ "Windsor Tornado - June 17, 1946". Environment Canada. July 26, 2004. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
  95. ↑ "Survivors Wander Dazed and Helpless at Ruins". The Amarillo Globe-Times (Amarillo, Texas). April 10, 1947.
  96. ↑ "Stunned Victims Unable To Comprehend Disaster". The Amarillo Daily News (Amarillo, Texas). April 11, 1947.
  97. ↑ "Levi Holt Tells of Glazier Storm". The Hemphill County News (Texas). April 25, 1947.
  98. 1 2 Grazulis, Thomas (April 2003). The University of Oklahoma Press http://books.google.com/books?id=3zEYILW2MJIC&pg=PA143&lpg=PA143&dq=leedey+tornado+%22stripped%22&source=bl&ots=V65zg3bsMg&sig=swT-ETVRMxYTwIBreyTbcbyquuA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=N8tQU66wKYKyyAThloGYAw&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=leedey%20tornado%20%22stripped%22&f=false. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  99. ↑ "Violent Tornadoes (F4/F5/EF-4/EF-5) in Oklahoma (1950-Present)". NWS Norman, OK. NOAA. February 24, 2011.
  100. ↑ "May 21, 1952 F4 Mississippi–Tennessee Event". National Climatic Data Center. Tornado History Project. 2013. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
  101. ↑ Ken; Kelley (June 8, 1953). "1953 Beecher tornado". NWS Detroit/Pontiac, MI. Retrieved September 11, 2013.
  102. ↑ "Tornadoes Take 141 Lives, Ohio-Michigan Area Battered". The Times-Recorder (Zanesville, Ohio). June 9, 1953.
  103. ↑ The Evening Gazette (June 10, 1953). "Tornado". The Evening Gazette. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  104. ↑ Toole, John M. (1993). Tornado! 84 Minutes, 94 Lives. Chandler House Press. p. 276.
  105. ↑ Grazulis, The Tornado, p. 198
  106. ↑ "The Udall Tornado: May 25, 1955". National Weather Service. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  107. ↑ "1955 Udall Tornado | Wichita Eagle". Kansas.com. 2011-02-23. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
  108. ↑ "Damage Pictures from the Udall Tornado". National Weather Service. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  109. ↑ "A Case Study in Forensic Meteorology: Investigating the 3 April 1956 Tornadoes in Western Lower Michigan | Ostuno | E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology". Ejssm.org. Retrieved 2013-08-31.
  110. ↑ "The April 3, 1956 Tornado Outbreak". Crh.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2013-08-31.
  111. ↑ "55th Anniversary of the Ruskin Heights-Hickman Mills Tornado". Crh.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2013-07-13.
  112. ↑ "Digital Horizons : Item Viewer". Digitalhorizonsonline.org. 1957-06-20. Retrieved 2013-08-31.
  113. ↑ "The State of Wisconsin Collection". The State of Wisconsin Collection. State of Wisconsin. 1958. Retrieved December 23, 2013.
  114. ↑ "Wichita Falls, TX Tornado, Apr 1964 - Twister Slams Wichita Falls | GenDisasters ... Genealogy in Tragedy, Disasters, Fires, Floods". .gendisasters.com. Retrieved 2013-07-13.
  115. ↑ "May 5, 1964". NWS Hastings, NE. NOAA. May 1, 2014. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
  116. ↑ "As the Sun Rose...Just Rubble". The Boston Globe (Boston, Massachusetts). April 13, 1965.
  117. ↑ "Tornadoes belt Nebraska". The Tuscaloosa News. The Associated Press. May 9, 1965. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  118. ↑ "Four Dead In Twister". Daytona Beach Sunday News-Journal. The Associated Press. May 10, 1965. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  119. ↑ "Tornado Death Toll Reaches 4 At Primrose". Lewiston Morning Tribune. The Associated Press. May 10, 1965. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  120. 1 2 "NWS Jackson, MS - Mar. 3, 2006 40th Anniversary of the Candlestick Park Tornado". Srh.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2013-07-13.
  121. 1 2 James Bonney (March 5, 1966). "Tornado Plows Horrible Swath; 60 Known Dead". Schenectady Gazette (Schenectady, New York). The Associated Press. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  122. ↑ "Washburn university Devastation and Recovery". Washburn.edu. Washburn University. Retrieved December 23, 2013.
  123. ↑ "Personal Topeka Tornado Stories". Washburn.edu. Washburn University. Retrieved December 23, 2013.
  124. ↑ Grazulis, The Tornado, p. 142
  125. ↑ "WheelersburgTornado 102". Sciotoville.org. Retrieved 2013-10-28.
  126. ↑ Observing tornadoes, dust devils, whirl winds, water spouts and land spouts
  127. ↑ http://www.lubbocktornado1970.com/pdf/ResponseStructuralSystems_TTUResearch_Pt5.pdf
  128. ↑ "From domestic to international: Tornadoes around the world | United States Tornadoes". Ustornadoes.com. 2013-07-25. Retrieved 2013-08-31.
  129. ↑ Worldwide Tornadoes--Argentina
  130. ↑ Viento Asesino (motion picture). Argentina: unknown. June 19, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
  131. 1 2 3 4 Fujita, T. Theodore; Abbey, Jr., Robert F. (1983) [1981]. "Chapter 3: Tornadoes: The Tornado Outbreak of 3–4 April 1974". In Kessler, Edwin. The Thunderstorm in Human Affairs (2nd ed.). Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 37–66.
  132. 1 2 Grazulis, The Tornado, p. 214
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  134. ↑ "April 3, 1974". Crh.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2013-07-13.
  135. ↑ "Tornado_Photos_from_Sayler_Park". April31974.com. 1974-04-03. Archived from the original on August 7, 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-31.
  136. ↑ "Tornado Outbreak April 3-4, 1974" (PDF). NWS Wilmington. NOAA. April 19, 1974. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
  137. 1 2 "Never Before Seen Aerial Pictures of Tornado Damage Taken by Madison County, AL". NWS Huntsville, AL. NOAA. March 29, 2014. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
  138. 1 2 "Limestone County Damage Pictures on the Ground". NWS Huntsville, AL. NOAA. March 29, 2014. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
  139. ↑ Taylor, Dwight (April 4, 1974). "The Sky Turned a Funny Orange". Florence Times (Florence, Alabama). p. 1.
  140. ↑ "Top 10 Weather Events in the 20th Century For Alabama". Birmingham, Alabama: National Weather Service. 6 August 2009. Retrieved 14 April 2014. The F5 tornado, that nearly wiped the town of Guin off the map, was one of the most powerful twisters ever to strike the United States …
  141. 1 2 "Scene looks like work of monster". The Tuscaloosa News (Tuscaloosa, Alabama). April 5, 1974. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  142. ↑ Elliot, J.B (April 2, 2010). "The 1974 Super Outbreak". ABC33/40 (Birmingham, Alabama).
  143. 1 2 Elliott, J.B. (October 13, 2006). April 3-4 Superoutbreak of tornadoes (motion picture). Alabama: ABC33/40. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  144. ↑ Jordan, Charles (March 29, 2014). "A Night to Remember" (PDF). NWS Huntsville, AL. NOAA. Retrieved March. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  145. ↑ "March 26, 1976 F-5 SPIRO OKLAHOMA TORNADO". WebSpawner. 1976-03-26. Retrieved 2013-07-13.
  146. ↑ "Smithfield Tornado 4/4/1977". Srh.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2013-07-13.
  147. ↑ Fujita, T. T.; Stiegler, D. J. (eds.). "Tornado Outbreak in the Upper Midwest on June 7-8, 1984". Storm Data (Asheville, North Carolina: United States Department of Commerce) 26 (6): 9–17.
  148. ↑ "June 8, 1984 Barneveld, WI F5 Tornado". Milwaukee, Wisconsin: National Weather Service. 8 June 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
  149. ↑ Alimov, G.; A. Illesh; V. Kozlov; V. Korneyev (June 1984). "120 Minutes of a Tornado". Izvestia (in Russian).
  150. ↑ Lyakhov, M. Y. (1986). "Tornadoes in the midland belt of Russia". Soviet Geography (in Russian) 6: 562–570.
  151. ↑ Vasiliev, A. A.; B. E. Peskov; A. I. Snitkovskii (1985a). "Tornadoes on 9th of June 1984". Gidrometizdat (in Russian): 8–15.
  152. 1 2 Snitkovskii, A. L. (1987). "Tornadoes in the USSR". Meteorologiya I Gidrologiya (in Russian) 9: 12–25.
  153. ↑ "The Tornado Outbreak of May 31, 1985". Cleveland, Ohio: National Weather Service. 15 April 2002. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
  154. 1 2 Fujita, T. T.; Stiegler, D. J. (eds.). "Tornado Outbreak in the United States and Canada on May 31, 1985". Storm Data (Asheville, North Carolina: United States Department of Commerce) 27 (5): 5–16.
  155. ↑ "Canada's Deadliest Tornadoes". Weather Doctor. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
  156. ↑ Rogers, Edwards; James G. LaDue; John T. Ferree; Kevin Scharfenberg; Chris Maier; William L. Coulbourne (May 2013). "Tornado intensity estimation: past, present, and future". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (American Meteorological Society) 94 (5): 641–653. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00006.1. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
  157. ↑ Smith, Michael (April 20, 1990). "Kansas twister might be the strongest ever recorded". Fort Scott Tribune (unknown: Fort Scott Tribune). Retrieved November 6, 2013.
  158. 1 2 3 4 Fujita, T. T. (1993). Church, Christopher R., ed. "Plainfield tornado of August 28, 1990". Geophysical Monograph (Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago) 79: 1–17. Bibcode:1993GMS....79....1F. doi:10.1029/gm079p0001. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
  159. 1 2 Grazulis, The Tornado, 137.
  160. ↑ "Kansas tornado survivors take 'shelter from the stormy blast'". Beaver County Times. The Associated Press. April 29, 1991. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
  161. ↑ "Chandler-Lake Wilson Minnesota F5 Tornado of June 16, 1992 - Figure 6". Crh.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2013-07-13.
  162. ↑ Wakimoto, R. M.; Murphey, H. V.; Dowell, D. C.; Bluestein, H. B. (2003). "The Kellerville Tornado during VORTEX: Damage Survey and Doppler Radar Analyses". Monthly Weather Review (American Meteorological Society) 131 (10): 2197–2221. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2197:TKTDVD>2.0.CO;2.
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  164. ↑ "Jarrell, Texas Tornado Damage - May 27, 1997". K5kj.net. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
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  166. ↑ Legates, David (1999). "WARNING RESPONSE AND RISK BEHAVIOR IN THE OAK GROVE - BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA, TORNADO OF 08 APRIL 1998". Colorado.edu. University of Oklahoma. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
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  168. ↑ April 16, 1998 Tornado Outbreak - Tornado Information
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  194. ↑ Tornado B2 - The Calumet-El Reno-Piedmont-Guthrie Tornado of May 24, 2011
  195. 1 2 Ortega, Kiel. Overview of the 24 May 2011 tornado outbreak.
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