List of French inventions and discoveries

Arts & Entertainment

• Gothic art in the mid-12th century.^[1]
• Gemmail in the 1930s by painter Jean Crotti.^[2]
• Oboe, or hautbois, in the mid-17th century France, probably by Jacques-Martin Hotteterre and his family or by the Philidor family.^[3] Variants of the oboe like the graïle, the bombard and the piston were later created in Languedoc and Brittany.

1800s engraving French Roulette

• Many bagpipes were developed in France,^[4][5] including the Biniou, the bodega, the Boha, the Bousine, the Cabrette, the Chabrette, the Cornemuse du Centre, the loure, the Musette bechonnet, the Musette bressane and the Musette de cour.
• First mechanical metronome by Étienne Loulié in 1696 (but the modern form of the metronome was patented only in 1815^[6]).
• Rococo in the early 18th century.^[7]
• Clavecin électrique, earliest surviving electric-powered musical instrument, in 1759 by Jean-Baptiste Thillaie Delaborde^[8]
• The Roulette was developed in 18th century France^[9] from a primitive form created by Blaise Pascal (17th century).^[10] In 1843, Louis and François Blanc introduced the single 0 style roulette wheel.
• Many other gambling games and card games (including the French suits around 1480)^[11] were invented in France, some from earlier games :
  • From earlier Italian games : Basset, Biribi and Tarot (see Tarot of Marseilles and French tarot)
  • From earlier Spanish games : Quinze and, maybe, Piquet
  • Other : Faro (from the Basset), Brelan, Bouillotte, Commerce, Trente et Quarante, Belote and maybe Blackjack.^[12]
• Photography :
  • Photolithography and the first photographic image ever produced in 1822 by Nicéphore Niépce (Saône-et-Loire)^[13]
  • Daguerreotype by Nicéphore Niépce and Louis Daguerre
  • Hércules Florence coined photographie in 1834, French word at the origin of the English word photography.^[14]

A scene from A Trip to the Moon (1902) by Georges Méliès.

• Collotype process by Alphonse Poitevin in 1856.^[15]
• The Praxinoscope of Charles-Émile Reynaud (1877) is an animation device intermediary between the zoetrope and the cinema.
• The Cabaret by Rodolphe Salis in 1881 in Paris.^[16]
• The Chronophotography by Étienne-Jules Marey (developed by himself, Eadweard Muybridge, Albert Londe, Georges Demeny and Ottomar Anschutz) in 1882 in Paris.^[17]
• The Cinema developed from chronophotography :
  • First motion picture camera and first projector by Louis Le Prince, Frenchman who worked in the United Kingdom and the United States.^[18][19][20]
  • The Cinematograph by Léon Bouly (1892).
  • first commercial, public screening of cinematographic films by Auguste and Louis Lumière in Paris on 28 December 1895.^[21]
  • Georges Méliès : first filmmaker to use the stop trick, or substitution, multiple exposures, time-lapse photography, dissolves, and hand-painted color in his films. His most famous film, A Trip to the Moon (Le voyage dans la Lune), in 1902, was the first science fiction film and the most popular movie of its time (another of his productions, Le Manoir du diable is also sometimes considered as the first horror movie).^[22]
• Developments of the modern Piano (invented by the Italian Bartolomeo Cristofori) : Pleyel et Cie (double piano), Sébastien Érard (double escapement action), Jean-Louis Boisselot (sostenuto pedal), Henri Fourneaux (Player piano).^[23]
• Ondes Martenot in 1928 by Maurice Martenot (early electronic musical instrument ).^[24]
• Clavioline, an electronic keyboard instrument, by Constant Martin in 1947.^[25]
• Etch A Sketch by André Cassagnes in the late 1950s.^{[26][27][28][29]}
• DivX around 1998 by Jerome Rota at Montpellier.^[30]

Chemistry

Appert canning jar

• Discovery of natural rubber/latex by Charles Marie de La Condamine in 1736.^[31]
• Oxygen by Antoine Lavoisier in 1778.^[32]
• Hydrogen by Antoine Lavoisier in 1783.^[32]
• Argand lamp by swiss-born Aimé Argand and by Antoine Quinquet in 1783 in Paris.^[33]
• The first extensive list of elements (see periodic table) by Antoine Lavoisier in 1787.
• Leblanc process by Nicolas Leblanc in 1791.^[34]
• Beryllium by Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin^[35]
• Chromium by Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin in 1797^[32]
• Appertization or Canning by Nicolas Appert in 1809.^[36]
• Polyvinyl chloride in 1838 by Henri Victor Regnault (but the PVC will only be plasticized industrially nearly a century later).^[37]
• Photovoltaic effect by A. E. Becquerel in 1839.^[38][39]
• Pasteurization by Louis Pasteur and Claude Bernard in April 1862.^[40]
• Gallium by Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875.^[32]
• Production of Liquid oxygen by Louis Paul Cailletet in 1877 (at the same time but with another method than Raoul Pictet).^[41]
• Artificial silk by Hilaire de Chardonnet in 1884.^[42]
• Chamberland filter, also known as a Pasteur–Chamberland filter, a porcelain water filter invented by Charles Chamberland in 1884.^[43]
• Fluorine by Henri Moissan in 1886^[32]
• Aluminium electrolysis in 1886 by Paul Héroult (at the same time but independently from American Martin Hall).^[44]
• Europium by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1890^[32]
• Viscose by Hilaire de Chardonnet in Échirolles in 1891.^[45]
• Chemical Bleach by Claude Berthollet and Antoine Germain Labarraque (with the Swedish chemist Karl Wilhelm Scheele and Scottish chemist Charles Tennant).^[46]

Neon sign

• Berthelot's reagent by Marcellin Berthelot in the late nineteenth century.
• Polonium by Pierre and Marie Curie in July 1898.^[32]
• Radium by Pierre and Marie Curie in December 1898.^[32]
• Boron carbide by Henri Moissan in 1899.^[47]
• Actinium by André-Louis Debierne in 1899.^[48][49]
• Discovery of the Grignard reaction or Grignard reagent by Victor Grignard^[50] in 1900.
• Verneuil process (method to manufacture synthetic gemstones) by Auguste Verneuil in 1902.
• Laminated glass by the French chemist Edouard Benedictus in 1903.
• Moissanite by Henri Moissan in 1904.^[51][52]
• Neon lighting by Georges Claude in 1910.^[53]
• Francium by Marguerite Perey in 1939.^[32]

Physics, Mathematics & Measure

The Foucault pendulum in the Panthéon, Paris.

• Cartesian Coordinate System by René Descartes in 1637 (and independently by Pierre de Fermat at the same period).
• The calculator by Blaise Pascal (Pascaline) in 1642.^[54] (see also Adding machine)
• Probability theory by Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal in the seventeenth century (with Gerolamo Cardano and Christiaan Huygens).^[55]
• Vernier scale by Pierre Vernier in 1631.^[56][57]
• Spirit level by Melchisédech Thévenot in 1661.^[58]
• Roberval Balance by Gilles de Roberval in 1669.^[59]
• Réaumur scale by René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur in 1730.^[60]
• Pitot tube by Henri Pitot in 1732^[61] and modified to its modern form in the mid-19th century by Henry Darcy.^[62]
• The conservation of mass by Antoine Lavoisier^[63] (18th century).
• Modern hydrometer by Jacques Charles.^[64]
• Metric system during the French Revolution.^[65][66] and several measures used in physics in the SI.
• Laplace's equation, Laplace operator, Laplace transform, Laplace distribution, Laplace's demon, Laplace expansion, Young–Laplace equation, Laplace number, Laplace limit, Laplace invariant, Laplace principle, proof that every equation of an even degree must have at least one real quadratic factor, solution of the linear partial differential equation of the second order and general proof of the Lagrange reversion theorem by Pierre-Simon Laplace in the late eighteenth and the early nineteenth century.^[67]
• The Gay-lussac Scale used by hydrometers and alcoholometers by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (after an idea of Jacques Charles).

Optical pumping of a laser rod (bottom) with an arc lamp (top). Red: hot. Blue: cold. Green: light. Non-green arrows: water flow. Solid colors: metal. Light colors: fused quartz. Refs: , ,

• Polariscope and discovery of Rotary polarization by François Arago. He invented the first polarization filter in 1812.^[68]
• Arithmometer by Thomas de Colmar in 1820.^[69]
• Dynamometer by Gaspard de Prony (de Prony brake) in 1821.^[70]
• Electrometer by Jean Peltier.
• Foucault pendulum by Léon Foucault (who also developed and named the Gyroscope) in February 1851 in the Meridian of the Paris Observatory.
• Ocean thermal energy conversion in 1881 by Jacques-Arsène d'Arsonval (first OTEC plant in 1930 in Cuba by his student Georges Claude).^[71]
• Radioactivity by Henri Becquerel in 1896.^[72]
• Theorical foundations and mathematical framework of Special relativity by Henri Poincaré, before Albert Einstein used his work in 1905 and later.^[73]
• Integral imaging by Gabriel Lippmann on March 3, 1908.^[74]
• Darrieus wind turbine by Georges Jean Marie Darrieus in 1931.^[75]
• Optical pumping by Alfred Kastler in the early 1950s.^[76]
• The multiwire proportional chamber by Georges Charpak^[77] in 1968.

Medicine & Biology

Modern stethoscope.

Insulin pump, showing an infusion set loaded into spring-loaded insertion device.

• Ligature of arteries in 1565 by Ambroise Paré.^[78]
• Blood transfusion by Jean-Baptiste Denys on June 15, 1667.^[79] and first modern transfusion by Émile Jeanbrau on October 16, 1914 (after the first non-direct transfusion performed on March 27, 1914 by the Belgian doctor Albert Hustin).
• Modern dentistry by Pierre Fauchard (father of modern dentistry, early eighteenth century).^[80][81]
• Modern Cataract surgery by Jacques Daviel in 1748 (even if early cataract surgery already existed in the antiquity).
• Discovery of Osmosis in 1748 by Jean-Antoine Nollet.^[82] The word "osmosis" descends from the words "endosmose" and "exosmose", which were coined by French physician René Joachim Henri Dutrochet (1776–1847) from the Greek words ένδον (endon : within), έξο (exo : outside), and ωσμος (osmos : push, impulsion).
• The first lifesize obstetrical mannequin, for teaching, by Angelique du Coudray in the 1750s.^[83]
• Stethoscope in 1816 by René Laennec at the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital in Paris.^[84]
• Medical Quinine in 1820 by Joseph Bienaimé Caventou.^[85]
• Codeine first isolated in 1832 by Pierre Robiquet.^[86]
• Aspirin in 1853 by Charles Frédéric Gerhardt.^[87]
• Hypodermic needle in 1853 by Charles Pravaz.^[88]
• Blind experiment by Claude Bernard (nineteenth century).^[89]
• Discovery of Plasmodium and its role in malaria by Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran on November 6, 1880.^[90][91]
• Incubator or Neonatal intensive care unit in 1881 by Étienne Stéphane Tarnier.^[92] His student, Pierre-Constant Budin, followed in Tarnier’s footsteps, creating perinatology in the late 1890s.^[93][94]
• Rabies vaccine by Louis Pasteur and Émile Roux in 1885.^[95]
• Antibiotics by Louis Pasteur and Jean Paul Vuillemin (by means of natural antibiosis; modern artificial antibiotics were developed later by the British Alexander Fleming).^[96]
• Mantoux test by Charles Mantoux in 1907.^[97][98]
• Tuberculosis vaccine by Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin in 1921 (BCG).^[99]
• Antipsychotics in 1952 by Henri Laborit (chlorpromazine).^[100]
• Discovery of the cause of Down syndrome (chromosome 21 trisomy) by Jérôme Lejeune^[101] in 1958-1959 (syndrome first described by Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol, Édouard Séguin^[102] and John Langdon Down)
• First bone marrow transplant by Georges Mathé, a French oncologist, in 1959 on five Yugoslavian nuclear workers whose own marrow had been damaged by irradiation caused by a Criticality accident at the Vinča Nuclear Institute.^{[103][104][105][106]}
• Insulin pump in 1981 by Jacques Mirouze (first implantation) in Montpellier.^[107]
• Discovery of human immunodeficiency virus by Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier^[108] (1983).
• Mifepristone, the abortion pill, by Étienne-Émile Baulieu in 1988.^[109][110]
• Hand transplantation on September 23, 1998 in Lyon by a team assembled from different countries around the world including Jean-Michel Dubernard who, shortly thereafter, performed the first successful double hand transplant.^[111]
• Telesurgery by Jacques Marescaux and his team on 7 September 2001 across the Atlantic Ocean (New-York-Strasbourg, Lindbergh Operation).^[112]
• Face transplant on November 27, 2005^[113][114] by Dr Bernard Devauchelle.

Transportation

A model of the Montgolfier brothers' balloon at the London Science Museum

Air France Concorde in 1977

• Taxi by Nicolas Sauvage in Paris in 1640 (first documented but maybe existed earlier).^[115]
• Steamboat by Denis Papin.^[116] A boat with the world's first internal combustion engine was developed in 1807 by fellow Frenchman Nicéphore Niépce
• Automobile by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot in 1769.^[117][118]
• Hot Air Balloon (later, Aerostat and Airship) by Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier, François Laurent d'Arlandes, the Montgolfier brothers^[119][120] and Jacques Charles (who also invented the first hydrogen-filled balloon).
• Parachute in the late 18th century by Louis-Sébastien Lenormand.^[121]
• Compressed air vehicle and Pneumatic motor by Andraud and Tessie of Motay in Chaillot on July 9, 1840,^[122] improved by Louis Mékarski in 1843 in Nantes (see Mekarski system and Compressed air car).
• Airplane :
  • First glider to fly higher than its point of departure, by Jean-Marie Le Bris in 1856.^[123]
  • first manned, powered, heavier-than-air flight of a significant distance on October 9, 1890 by Clément Ader.^[124]
  • first aileron built by Robert Esnault-Pelterie in 1904.^[125] Modern design of ailerons by Henri Farman.^[126]
  • first aircraft design with the modern monoplane tractor configuration of aircraft by Louis Bleriot in 1908.^[127][128]
  • In 1909, he completed the first flight across a large body of water in a heavier-than-air craft, when he crossed the English Channel.^{[129][130][131]} He also is credited as the first person to make a working monoplane.
• Injector by Henri Giffard in 1858^[132]
• Internal combustion engine between 1859 and 1861 by Alphonse Beau de Rochas and Belgian-born Étienne Lenoir in Paris.^[133]
• Submarine : The first submarine not relying on human power was the French Plongeur (meaning diver), launched in 1863, and using compressed air at 180 psi (1241 kPa).^[134]
• Bicycle in 1864 by Pierre Michaux and Pierre Lallement (endless power-transmitting chain invented by Jacques de Vaucanson in 1770 and applied to bicycles by J. F. Tretz).^{[135][136][137]}
• Gunpowder powered ornithopter by Gustave Trouvé in 1870^[138]
• First manned balloon mail during the Siege of Paris (1871)
• First outboard motorboat by Gustave Trouvé around 1870,^[139] patented in May 1880^[140]
• Inflatable tyres for cars by Édouard Michelin in 1895^[141]
• Scooter^[142] (1902) and Moped.
• V8 engine by Léon Levavasseur in 1902^[143]
• Modern automobile Drum brake in 1902 by Louis Renault.^[144]
• Helicopter : in 1907, the two first flying helicopters were experimented independently by Louis Breguet^[145] and Paul Cornu.^[146]
• Seaplane by Gabriel Voisin in June 1905 (non-autonomous) and by Henri Fabre in 1910 (autonomus : Fabre Hydravion).^[147]
• Ramjet by René Lorin in 1913.^[148]
• Catalytic converter by Eugene Houdry in 1956.^[149][150]
• Concorde by Aérospatiale and the British Aircraft Corporation (1969)
• HDI diesel engine in 1998 by PSA Peugeot Citroën.

Clothing

Polo shirt outline

• Bliaut in the 12th century.^[151]
• French hood in the early 16th century.^[152]
• Attifet in the 16th century.^[153]
• Jacquard loom, a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1801, that simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with complex patterns such as brocade, damask, and matelasse.^[154][155]
• Denim Textile (French town of Nîmes, from which 'denim' de Nîmes gets its name) ^[156]
• The Sewing machine by Barthélemy Thimonnier in 1830.^[157]
• Modern bra by Herminie Cadolle in 1889.^[158]
• Little black dress by Coco Chanel in the 1920s,^[159][160]
• Polo shirt by René Lacoste in 1926.^{[161][162][163][164]}
• Modern Bikini by Louis Réard in 1946.^[165]
• classic modern pencil skirt by Christian Dior in the late 1940s.^[166][167]
• A-line by Yves Saint Laurent in 1958 (term first used in 1955 by Christian Dior).^[168]
• Modern Raincoat (not to confuse with the older British trench-coat) by Guy Cotten in 1960.^[169]

Food and cooking

Denis Papin's steam digester

• Steam digester by Denis Papin in 1679.^[170]
• Cafetiere : Percolation (method used by Coffee percolator) by Jean-Baptiste de Belloy in 1800 and the French press (another method to make coffee).^[171]
• Canning (see above in the chemistry section)
• Absorption refrigerator by Ferdinand Carré in 1858.^[172]
• Margarine by Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès in 1869^[173] after the discovery of margaric acid by Michel Eugène Chevreul in 1813.^[174]
• Clementine in 1902 by Clément Rodier.^[175]
• Food processor by Pierre Verdun between 1963 and 1971.^[176]
• Crêpe^[177] (List of French dishes)
• Coq au vin^[178]

Baguette

• Champagne^[179] and other French wines.
• 350 to 400 distinct types of French cheese : List of French cheeses
• Baguette^[180]
• Cassoulet^[181]
• Foie gras^[180]
• Escargot
• Frog legs
• Ratatouille^[180]
• Camembert by Marie Harel

Weapons and military

Early-19th century socket bayonet

• Bec de corbin, a popular medieval weapon.
• Motte-and-bailey, a form of castle.^[182]
• The Pot-de-fer, a primitive cannon during the Hundred Years' War.^[183]
• Culverin, ancestor of the musket.^[184]
• Flintlock by Marin le Bourgeoys in 1612.^[185]
• Corvette, a small, maneuverable, lightly armed warship that appeared in the 1670s.
• Bayonet (from French baïonnette)^[186]
• Modern military uniform in the mid 17th century.^[187]
• Floating battery, first used during the Great Siege of Gibraltar in September 1782.^[188][189]
• Mass conscription or Levée en masse during the French Revolution.^[190]
• Corps by Napoleon in 1805.^[191]
• Carabine à tige by Louis-Étienne de Thouvenin (improvement of an earlier invention by Henri-Gustave Delvigne) before 1844.^[192]
• Minié rifle by Claude-Étienne Minié, first reliable (easy to load) muzzle-loading rifle in 1849.^[193][194] In the artillery, from 1859, the La Hitte rifled guns were a considerable improvement over the previous smooth-bore guns which had been in use,^[195] able to shoot at 3,000 meters either regulars shells, ball-loaded shells or grapeshot. They appear to have been the first case of usage of rifled cannons on a battlefield.^[196]
• First naval periscope in 1854 by Hippolyte Marié-Davy.^{[197][198][199][200]}
• Canne de combat and Savate.
• Épée, the modern derivative of the dueling sword, used for fencing.
• Chassepot by Antoine Alphonse Chassepot in 1866.^[201]
• Smokeless gunpowder (modern nitrocellulose-based) : Poudre B by Paul Marie Eugène Vieille in 1884.^[202][203] It was first used to load the Lebel Model 1886 rifle (invented by Nicolas Lebel), making it the first military firearm to use smokeless powder ammunition. It is also the first rifle to use full metal jacket bullets as its standard ammunition.
• First Air force in 1910.^[204]
• Sonar, first ultrasonic submarine detector using an electrostatic method (and first practical military sonar) in 1916-1917 by Paul Langevin (with Constantin Chilowsky).^[205]
• Tanks : developed at the same time (1915-1916) in France and in Great Britain. France was the second country to use tanks on the battlefield (after Great Britain). in 1916, the first practical light tank, the Renault FT with the first full 360° rotation turret became, for armour historian Steven Zaloga "the world's first modern tank".^[206]

Communication & Computers

A Chappe semaphore tower near Saverne, France

Minitel

• Optical Telegraph by Claude Chappe in 1792.^[207][208]
• Modern pencil by Nicolas-Jacques Conté in 1795.^[209]
• Paper machine by Louis-Nicolas Robert in 1799.^[210]
• Fresnel lens by Augustin-Jean Fresnel^[211]
• Jean-François Champollion first deciphered the Rosetta Stone (1822) : modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphs
• Braille in 1825 by Louis Braille, a blind Frenchman:^[212] first digital form of writing.^[213]
• Pencil sharpener by Bernard Lassimone in 1828.^[214] Therry des Estwaux created an improved mechanical sharpener in 1847.^[214]
• Baudot code by Émile Baudot in 1870^[215] and a multiplexed printing telegraph system that used his code and allowed multiple transmissions over a single line.^[216]
• Coherer by Édouard Branly around 1890.^{[217][218][219]}
• Belinograph (Wirephoto) by Édouard Belin in 1913.^[220]
• Bic Cristal in 1949.^[221][222]
• Computer-aided manufacturing by Pierre Bézier in 1971 as an engineer at Renault.^[223][224]
• Micral, earliest commercial, non-kit personal computer based on a microprocessor, by André Truong Trong Thi and François Gernelle in June 1972.^[225]
• Datagrams and CYCLADES in 1972-1973 by Louis Pouzin (which inspired Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf when they invented the TCP/IP several years later).^[226]
• Smart Card by Roland Moreno^[227][228] in 1974 after the automated chip card.
• Minitel in 1980.^[229]
• Camera phone by Philippe Kahn in 1997.^{[230][231][232]}
• Several Programming languages (non-exhaustive list) :
  • Prolog (Logic programming) by a group around Alain Colmerauer in 1972 in Marseille.^[233][234]
  • LSE, Langage Symbolique d'Enseignement, a French, pedagogical, programming language designed in the 1970s at Supélec.^[235]
  • Ada (multi-paradigm) by Jean Ichbiah (who also created LIS and Green) in 1980.^[236]
  • Caml (OCaml by Xavier Leroy, Damien Doligez) developed at INRIA and formerly at ENS since 1985.^[237]
  • Eiffel (object-oriented) by Bertrand Meyer in 1986.^[238]
  • STOS BASIC on the Atari ST in 1988 and AMOS BASIC on the Amiga in 1990 by François Lionet and Constantin Sotiropoulos (dialects of BASIC).^[239]
• Several keyboards :
  • AZERTY in the last decade of the 19th century.^[240][241]
  • FITALY by Jean Ichbiah in 1996.^[242]
  • BÉPO since 2003.^[243]

Sports

The Olympic Rings, the symbol of the modern Olympic Games, inspired by Pierre de Coubertin

• Jeu de paume, precursor of tennis, in the 12th century.
• The first autonomous diving suit, the precursor to today's scuba gear, is developed by Paul Lemaire d'Augerville in 1824.
• First documented cycling race, a 1,200 metre race held on May 31, 1868 at the Parc of Saint-Cloud, Paris.^[244] The first cycle race covering a distance between two cities was Paris–Rouen (see History of cycling).^[245]
• FIFA World Cup by Jules Rimet, FIFA former president.
• UEFA Euro Cup by Henri Delaunay.
• Summer Olympic Games by Pierre de Coubertin.
• International Olympic Committee by Pierre de Coubertin on 23 June 1894.^[246]
• On 22 July 1894 the newspaper Le Petit Journal organised the world's first competitive motor race from Paris to Rouen. The first finisher was Count Jules-Albert de Dion but his steamer was ineligible, so the 'official' victory was awarded to Albert Lemaître driving his 3 hp petrol engined Peugeot.
• Pétanque in 1907.^[247]
• Triathlon in the 1920s near Paris (Joinville-le-Pont, Meulan and Poissy).^[248]
• The Aqua-lung, first Scuba Set (in open-circuit) by Emile Gagnan and Jacques-Yves Cousteau in 1943.^[249]
• Parkour in the 1980s by the future Yamakasi, especially David Belle.^[250][251]

Miscellaneous

• Detent escapement by Pierre Le Roy in 1748.^{[252][253][254]}
• Carcel burner in 1800.^[255]
• developments of battery
  • Dry cell battery by Gaston Planté in 1859 (first practical storage lead-acid battery)^[256]
  • in 1866, Georges Leclanché patented the carbon-zinc wet cell battery called the Leclanché cell.^[257]
• Interchangeable parts by Honoré Blanc.^[258]
• Binoculars (using roof prisms) in 1870 by Achille Victor Emile Daubresse.^[259][260]
• Artificial Cement by Louis Vicat.^[261]
• Hairdryer in 1879 by Alexandre Godefroy.^[262]
• Modern Dry cleaning in 1855 by Jean Baptiste Jolly.^[263]
• Reinforced concrete by Joseph Monier in 1849 and patented in 1867.^[264]
• Loppers by Bertrand de Molleville.
• Guillotine
• Hydraulic Shock absorber
• Letterbox
• Modern Safe
• Photolithography
• Power transformer
• Flax spinning frame
• Waste container by Eugène Poubelle
• Ball bearing by Jules Suriray, a Parisian bicycle mechanic, on 3 August 1869.^[265]
• Coronagraph by Bernard Lyot in 1930.^[266]
• Criminology by Eugène François Vidocq^[267][268]

See also

• List of Dutch inventions and discoveries
• List of German inventions and discoveries
• List of Irish inventions and discoveries
• List of Italian inventions
• Scottish inventions and discoveries
• List of Swedish inventions
• List of Welsh inventors
• List of Portuguese inventions and discoveries
• Science in the Middle Ages
• Science in the Age of Enlightenment

References

1. History of Architecture Fiske Kimball, George Harold Edgell p.275
2. Elliott, Kelley. "A Brief History of Gemmaux". Corning Museum of Glass. Corning Museum of Glass. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
3. • Burgess, Geoffrey, and Bruce Haynes: 2004, The Oboe, The Yale Musical Instrument Series, New Haven, Connecticut and London: Yale University Press. pp. 27, 28, 102. ISBN 0-300-09317-9
   • Carse, Adam: 1965, Musical Wind Instruments: A History of the Wind Instruments Used in European Orchestras and Wind-Bands from the Later Middle Ages up to the Present Time New York: Da Capo Press. p. 120. ISBN 0-306-80005-5
4. Le Gonidec, Marie-Barbara. "Carte géographique/ map of the origins of different bagpipes". Cornemuses d'Europe et de Méditerranée (in French). Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication/French Ministry of Culture and Communication. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
5. Seeler, Oliver. "The Universe Of Bagpipes". Retrieved 27 January 2012.
6. "A Brief History of the Metronome". Franz Manufacturing Company, Inc. Retrieved 2010-04-02.
7. Kleiner, Fred (2010). Gardner's art through the ages: the western perspective. Cengage Learning. pp. 583–584. ISBN 978-0-495-57355-5. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
8. Schiffer, Michael; Hollenback, Kasy; and Bell, Carrie. 2003. Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology In the Age of Enlightenment. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23802-2
9. Roulette Wheel Study, Ron Shelley, (1988)
10. MIT, "Inventor of the Week Archive: Pascal : Mechanical Calculator", May 2003. "Pascal worked on many versions of the devices, leading to his attempt to create a perpetual motion machine. He has been credited with introducing the roulette machine, which was a by-product of these experiments."
11. Parlett, David (1990). The Oxford guide to card games: a historical survey. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-214165-1
12. Blackjack History
13. "The First Photograph - Heliography". Retrieved 2009-09-29. from Helmut Gernsheim's article, "The 150th Anniversary of Photography," in History of Photography, Vol. I, No. 1, January 1977: ... In 1822, Niépce coated a glass plate ... The sunlight passing through ... This first permanent example ... was destroyed ... some years later.
14. Boris Kossoy (2004). Hercule Florence: El descubrimiento de la fotografía en Brasil. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. ISBN 968-03-0020-X.
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    Original text : Avant que de finir ce Mémoire, je crois devoir rendre compte d'un fait que je dois au hasard, & qui me parut d'abord ... singulier ... j'en avois rempli une fiole cylindrique, longue de cinq pouces, & d'un pouce de diamètre ou environ ; & l'ayant couverte d'un morceau de vessie mouillée & ficelée au col du vaisseau, je l'avois plongée dans un grand vase plein d'eau, afin d'être sûr qu'il ne rentrât aucun air dans l'esprit de vin. Au bout de cinq ou six heures, je fus tout surpris de voir que la fiole étoit plus pleine qu'au moment de son immersion, quoiqu'elle le fût alors autant que ses bords pouvoient le permettre ; la vessie qui lui servoit de bouchon, étoit devenue convexe & si tendue, qu’en la piquant avec une épingle, il en sortit un jet de liqueur qui s'éleva à plus d'un pied de hauteur.

    Translation : Before finishing this memoir, I think I should report an event that I owe to chance and which at first seemed to me ... strange ... I filled [with alcohol] a cylindrical vial, five inches long and about one inch in diameter; and [after] having covered it with piece of damp bladder [which was] tied to the neck of the vial, I immersed it in a large bowl full of water, in order to be sure that no air re-entered the alcohol. At the end of 5 or 6 hours, I was very surprised to see that the vial was fuller than at the moment of its immersion, although it [had been filled] as far as its sides would allow ; the bladder that served as its cap, bulged and had become so stretched that on pricking it with a needle, there came from it a jet of alcohol that rose more than a foot high.

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