List of English inventions and discoveries

English inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques invented or discovered, partially or entirely, by a person from England. (That is, someone born in England - including to non-English parents - or born abroad with at least one English parent and who had the majority of their education or career in England.) Often, things discovered for the first time are also called "inventions", and in many cases, there is no clear line between the two.

The following is a list of inventions or discoveries known or generally recognised to be English.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

Agriculture

Jethro Tull, improved the seed drill in 1701

Ceramics

Clock making

Clothing manufacturing

The spinning jenny, invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves

Communications

Postage stamp, invented by Sir Rowland Hill, 1840

Computing

Sir Tim Berners-Lee, invented the World Wide Web in 1989

Criminology

Sir Francis Galton, developed fingerprint classification method, 1888

Cryptography

Engineering

The Newcomen steam engine, invented by Thomas Newcomen in 1712

Food and drink

Household appliances

John Harington, invented the modern flushing toilet, 1596

Industrial processes

Medicine

Edward Jenner, invented the smallpox vaccine in 1798
Florence Nightingale, pioneered modern nursing, from 1860 onwards

Military

Sir Hiram Maxim, invented the machine gun in 1884

Mining

Musical instruments

Photography

Thomas Wedgwood, copied images chemically to permanent media by 1800
Myles Coverdale, produced first complete printed English Bible, 1535

Publishing firsts

Science

Physics

Michael Faraday, made key discoveries relating to electricity, 1820s-1840s

Chemistry

John Dalton, developed modern atomic theory, 1803

Biology

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution published in 1859

Mathematics and statistics

Astronomy

Edmond Halley, determined the periodicity of Halley's Comet in 1705

Geology and meteorology

Karl Pearson's Grammar of Science (1892) influenced the young Einstein

Philosophy of science

Scientific instruments

Henry Maudslay, a founding father of machine tool technology

Sport

W. G. Grace (1848–1915); 1598 saw the earliest definite reference to cricket

Transport

Aviation

The Aerial Steam Carriage, performed the world's first powered flight in 1848
The de Havilland Comet, the first commercial jet airliner, produced in 1949

Railways

Locomotives

Other railway developments

The London Underground, opened 1863

Roads

The Hansom cab, invented by Joseph Hansom in 1834

Sea

Hovercraft, invented by Sir Christopher Cockerell in 1955

Miscellaneous

Lord Baden-Powell, invented the scout movement in 1907

See also

References

  1. "History of water treatment". lenntech.com. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  2. "Tiscali encyclopaedia: Seed drill".
  3. "Jethro Tull (1674 – 1741)". BBC. Retrieved 2011-11-09.
  4. Floud, Roderick (2004). The Cambridge economic history of modern Britain. Cambridge University Press. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-521-52736-1.
  5. "Robert Bakewell (1725 – 1795).". bbc.co.uk/history. BBC.
  6. "superphosphate-John Bennet Lawes".
  7. "steamploughclub:Steam-driven ploughing engine-John Fowler".
  8. "Science Museum London".
  9. "Paterson, Rex (1955). Fertilizer Distribution – Problems of Corrosion Prevention on the Farm. The International Fertilizer Society (Proceeding 32)."
  10. Ozgundogdu, Feyza Cakir. "Bone China from Turkey" Ceramics Technical; May2005, Issue 20, p29-32
  11. "Mason's Ironstone Retains Its Decorative Tradition". International Tableware 21 (3). 1991.
  12. "The Origin and Evolution of the Anchor Clock Escapement". Abbey Clock. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  13. A. R. Hall, "Horology and criticism: Robert Hooke", Studia Copernicana, XVI, Ossolineum, 1978, 261-81
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Hall, Carl (2008). A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering: From the Earliest Records to 2000. Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-459-0.
  15. "Longitude clock comes alive". BBC News. 2002-03-11. Retrieved 2010-01-03.
  16. "The Harwood Pioneer Automatic Wristwatch". Retrieved 2012-05-16.
  17. L. Essen, J.V.L. Parry (1955). "An Atomic Standard of Frequency and Time Interval: A Caesium Resonator". Nature 176 (4476): 280–282. Bibcode:1955Natur.176..280E. doi:10.1038/176280a0.
  18. "Jedediah Strutt (1726-1797) – Inventor of the Derby Rib Machine". Knitting Together. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  19. Catherine O'Reilly (2008). Did Thomas Crapper Really Invent the Toilet?: The Inventions That Changed Our Homes and Our Lives. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60239-347-9.
  20. "History of the Postal Service". BBC. 2003-07-24. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
  21. "Micrographia – Extracts From The Preface".
  22. Phil Baines; Andrew Haslam (2005). Type and typography. Laurence King. ISBN 978-1-85669-437-7.
  23. The History of Valentine's Day Cards ~ Valentine History ~ History of the Valentine ~ The Valentine Gallery Page One – Emotions Greeting Cards Museum
  24. Joe Nickell (2000). Pen, ink, & evidence: a study of writing and writing materials for the penman, collector, and document detective. Oak Knoll Press. ISBN 978-1-58456-017-3.
  25. "Archives Biographies: Michael Faraday", The Institution of Engineering and Technology".
  26. "The development of the electric telegraph".
  27. 1 2 Shelley de Kock. "Sir Charles Wheatstone and the Wheatstone Collection". King's College London. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 Brian Bowers (2002). Sir Charles Wheatstone FRS: 1802-1875. Institution of Engineering and Technology. ISBN 978-0-85296-103-2.
  29. 1 2 The British Postal Museum & Archive — Rowland Hill’s Postal Reforms
  30. "Christmas greetings...from Torquay". BBC. Retrieved 2016-01-11.
  31. Lee, Eric (2005). How internet radio can change the world : an activist's handbook. New York: iUniversr, Inc. ISBN 9780595349654. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  32. "Connected Earth". Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  33. "Alan Blumlein – the man who invented stereo".
  34. "RSC Historic Chemical Landmark Award – Liquid Crystals".
  35. "About TREVOR BAYLIS the inventor of the windup technology".
  36. 1 2 "From the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 70, 517-526, 645 (Errata) (1910) By Major-General H. P. Babbage".
  37. Ada Lovelace Biography, biography.com
  38. Fuegi & Francis 2003, pp. 16–26.
  39. Phillips, Ana Lena (November–December 2011). "Crowdsourcing gender equity: Ada Lovelace Day, and its companion website, aims to raise the profile of women in science and technology". American Scientist 99 (6): 463.
  40. "Ada Lovelace honoured by Google doodle". The Guardian. 10 December 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  41. 1 2 3 "Turing biography".
  42. "Annals of the History of Computing, Volume 5, Number 3, July 1983 . p239, The Design of Colossus, THOMAS H. FLOWERS".
  43. Jonathan Fildes (20 June 2008). "One tonne 'Baby' marks its birth". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
  44. Tom Krazit (April 3, 2006). "ARMed for the living room". CNET News. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
  45. "Frequently asked questions by the Press – Tim BL".
  46. "Raspberry Pi becomes best selling British computer". The Guardian. 18 February 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  47. "On this day: Murderer Dr Crippen caught by international wireless telegraph message". BT. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
  48. Simon Singh (2000). The Code Book. Fourth Estate. ISBN 0-385-49531-5.
  49. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Elizabeth H. Oakes (2002). A to Z of STS scientists. Facts on File Inc. ISBN 978-0-8160-4606-5.
  50. "Thomas Newcomen (1663 – 1729)". BBC. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  51. http://www.strangehistory.net/2011/07/21/forgotten-anglo-irish-inventor-anticipates-the-modern-age/
  52. 1 2 3 4 "Faraday and his successors". The Royal Institution of Great Britain. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  53. "The Physics Collection". University College London. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  54. "GEC Wembley Laboratories and the Cavity Magnetron". The Institution of Engineering and Technology.
  55. About Us
  56. Liber cure Cocorum – A Modern English Translation with Notes, -Based on Richard Morris' transcription of 1862.
  57. Eales, Mary (1985) [1718]. Mrs. Mary Eales's Receipts. London: Prospect Books. ISBN 0-907325-25-4. OCLC 228661650.
  58. pancakeology.com
  59. Mary Bellis (2009-03-06). "Joseph Priestley – Soda Water – Joseph Priestley". Inventors.about.com. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
  60. [Keogh, Brian (1997) The Secret Sauce: a History of Lea & Perrins ISBN 978-0-9532169-1-8]
  61. "Toilet museum flush with lottery cash". BBC News. 16 January 2001. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  62. Kinghorn, Jonathan (1986), "A Privvie in Perfection: Sir John Harrington's Water Closet", Bath History 1: 173–188. ISBN 0-86299-294-X.
  63. 1 2 Robertson, Patrick (1974). The book of firsts. Crown Publishers. ISBN 978-0-517-51577-8.
  64. "Who invented the toothbrush and when was it invented?". The Library of Congress. 2007-04-04. Retrieved 2008-04-12.
  65. History of Dentistry and Dental Care
  66. "Gardening – Design – Georgian and Regency".
  67. James B. Calvert. "The Electromagnetic Telegraph". Retrieved 2010-07-30.
  68. Loadman, John; James, Francis; MacLeod, Christine (2009). "The Hancocks of Marlborough: Rubber, Art and the Industrial Revolution – A Family of Inventive Genius". Physics Today 63 (9): 89. Bibcode:2010PhT....63i..58L. doi:10.1063/1.3490505. ISBN 978-0-19-957355-4
  69. Charlotte Fiell; Peter Fiell (eds.). 1000 Lights: 1878-1959. Taschen GmbH. ISBN 978-3-8228-1606-6.
  70. Luigi Palombi (2009). Gene cartels: biotech patents in the age of free trade. Edward Elgar Pub. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-84720-836-1.
  71. "Sucking up to the vacuum cleaner". BBC News. 2001-08-30. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  72. Curt Wohleber (Spring 2006). "The Vacuum Cleaner". Invention & Technology Magazine. American Heritage Publishing. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  73. Cole, David; Browning, Eve; E. H. Schroeder, Fred (2003). Encyclopedia of modern everyday inventions. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-31345-5.
  74. espacenet — Bibliographic data
  75. "James Dyson: Business whirlwind". BBC News. 5 February 2002. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  76. "The Old English illustrated pharmacopoeia: British Library Cotton Vitellius CIII". Medical History 44 (3): 433. PMC: 1044312.
  77. "William Harvey (1578 – 1657)". BBC. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  78. 1 2 Scientific American inventions and discoveries By Rodney P. Carlisle
  79. West JB (September 1984). "Stephen Hales: neglected respiratory physiologist". Journal of Applied Physiology 57 (3): 635–9. PMID 6386767.
  80. Androutsos G (2006). "The outstanding British surgeon Percivall Pott (1714-1789) and the first description of an occupational cancer". Journal of the Balkan Union of Oncology 11 (4): 533–9. PMID 17309190.
  81. Dalton, J (1798). "Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours: with observations". Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester 5: 28–45.
  82. Saunders, Paul (1982). Edward Jenner, the Cheltenham years, 1795-1823. University Press of New England. ISBN 978-0-87451-215-1.
  83. Levine, Israel E. (1960). Conqueror of smallpox: Dr. Edward Jenner. Messner. ISBN 978-0-671-63888-7.
  84. White, Fred (2009). Physical Signs in Medicine and Surgery: An Atlas of Rare, Lost and Forgotten Physical Signs. Xlibris Corp. ISBN 978-1-4415-0829-4.
  85. Morris Fishbein, M.D., ed (1976). "Anesthesia". The New Illustrated Medical and Health Encyclopedia. 1 (Home Library Edition ed.). New York, N.Y. 10016: H. S. Stuttman Co. pp. 89
  86. "Dr James Parkinson". Parkinson's Disease Society of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  87. Professor Harold Ellis (August 2007). "James Blundell, pioneer of blood transfusion". British Journal of Hospital Medicine. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  88. "The History of Allergy". Auckland Allergy Clinic. December 2001. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
  89. 1 2 "John Snow (1813 – 1858)". BBC. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  90. "1866." The People's Chronology. Ed. Jason M. Everett. Thomson Gale, 2006. eNotes.com. 2006. 13 May 2007 <http://history.enotes.com/peoples-chronology/year-1866/medicine>
  91. Waller AD (1887). "A demonstration on man of electromotive changes accompanying the heart's beat". J Physiol (Lond) 8 (5): 229–34. PMC: 1485094. PMID 16991463.
  92. "The life and work of Sir Almroth Wright honoured in Centenary lecture". Imperial College London. 19 September 2007. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  93. Crowfoot Hodgkin D (1935). "X-ray Single Crystal Photographs of Insulin". Nature 135 (3415): 591–592. Bibcode:1935Natur.135..591C. doi:10.1038/135591a0.
  94. Watts, G. (2009). "John Wild". BMJ 339: b4428. doi:10.1136/bmj.b4428.
  95. "Sir Harold Ridley". London: The Independent. 2001-06-13. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  96. Orr, T. S. C. (May 1989). "Roger Altounyan: the man and his work". Respiratory Medicine 83 (Supplement): 3–6. doi:10.1016/s0954-6111(89)80243-4.
  97. Walsh, Fergus (14 July 2008). "30th birthday for first IVF baby". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  98. Mansfield P., Grannell, P. (1975). "Diffraction and microscopy in solids and liquids by NMR". Physical Review B 12 (9): 3618–3634. doi:10.1103/physrevb.12.3618.
  99. Riches, Pamela; Steward, Colin (5 September 2008). "John Hobbs". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  100. "Pyrazolopyrimidinone antianginal agents US 5250534 A". Patents. Google. 1993. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  101. "Breast cancer gene-free baby born". BBC News. 9 January 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  102. Atkinson, Norman (1996). Sir Joseph Whitworth: "the World's Best Mechanician". Gloucester: Sutton Publishing Limited. ISBN 0-7509-1211-1.
  103. Kilburn, Terence (1987) Joseph Whitworth: Toolmaker, two editions, 1987 and 2002
  104. Lea, F. C. (1946). Sir Joseph Whitworth: a Pioneer of Mechanical Engineering. London: Longmans, Green.
  105. Gilbert, Martin (1997), A History of the Twentieth Century: Volume One; 1900–1933 (1st US ed.), New York: William Morrow and Company, p. 11, ISBN 0-688-10064-3
  106. "World War One: The tank's secret Lincoln origins". BBC News. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  107. War Office (1940) Operations. Part V. Use of Gas in the Field. Military Training Pamphlet No. 23.
  108. "Other Equipment Used By The 7th Armoured Division". Btinternet.com. Archived from the original on August 13, 2010. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
  109. Lance Day, Ian McNeil, ed. (1996). Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-19399-0.
  110. Flaherty, Thomas H. (1991). The Armored Fist — New Face of War. Time Life Education. p. 82. ISBN 0809486083.
  111. "SAS - Weapons - Flash Bang | Stun Grenade". Eliteukforces.info. Retrieved 2013-05-29.
  112. "Harp-lute". V&A. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  113. Brindley, Giles (March 1968). "The Logical Bassoon". The Galpin Society Journal 21: 152–161. doi:10.2307/841438.
  114. "BBC – History – Historic Figures: William Henry Fox Talbot (1800 – 1877)". BBC. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  115. 1 2 Phil Coomes (27 April 2010). "Remembering Frederick Scott Archer". BBC. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  116. "Oldest printing and publishing house". Guinnessworldrecords.com. 2002-01-22. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
  117. Black, Michael (1984). Cambridge University Press, 1583–1984. pp. 328–9. ISBN 978-0-521-66497-4.
  118. Anon. "Early Printed Bibles - in English - 1535-1610". British Library – Help for Researchers - Coverdale Bible. The British Library Board. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  119. Oldenburg, Henry (1665). "Epistle Dedicatory". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 1: 0–0. doi:10.1098/rstl.1665.0001.
  120. Esisi, Martina. "Journal clubs." BMJ Careers. 13 Oct. 2007. Web. 09 Jan. 2010. <http://careers.bmj.com/careers/advice/view-article.html?id=2631#ref2>.
  121. 1 2 3 Windelspecht, Michael (2003). Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the 19th Century. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-31969-3.
  122. "Lord Rayleigh: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904". The Nobel Foundation. 1904. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
  123. "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915 William Bragg, Lawrence Bragg".
  124. "Cavendish, Henry encyclopaedia/hutchinson".
  125. "John Dalton, encyclopaedia/hutchinson".
  126. Davy, Sir Humphry (1840). Davy, Humphry (1808).
  127. "Michael Faraday for beginners". The Royal Institution of Great Britain. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  128. "History of the Development of the Periodic Table of Elements".
  129. History of Weston Aerospace, Weston – the Man (1850-1936)
  130. "Brief biography of Moseley".
  131. Asimov, Isaac (1972). Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. New York: Doubleday and Company. p. 921. ISBN 0-385-17771-2.
  132. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1952". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  133. "Geoffrey Wilkinson – Autobiographyfrom the Nobel foundation".
  134. Matthew Eisler. "Francis Thomas Bacon and the Fuel Cell". IEEE-USA.
  135. "Harold Kroto – Autobiography from the Nobel foundation".
  136. Watson, James D.; Berry, Andrew (2009). DNA: The Secret of Life. Knopf.
  137. "Francis Crick's 1962 Biography from the Nobel foundation".
  138. "Frederick Sanger".
  139. "Richard J. Roberts Biography from the Nobel foundation".
  140. 1 2 "The Oughtred Society: Slide Rule History". Archived from the original on July 9, 2007.
  141. "Karl Pearson sesquicentenary conference". Royal Statistical Society. 3 March 2007. Retrieved 25 July 2008.
  142. "[...] the founder of modern statistics, Karl Pearson." – Bronowski, Jacob (1978). The Common Sense of Science, Harvard University Press, p. 128.
  143. "Celebrating Thomas Harriot, the world's first telescopic astronomer (RAS PN 09/47)". ras.org.uk. 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2011.
  144. "The Galileo Project: Thomas Harriot (1560-1621)".
  145. "Great Moments in the History of Solar Physics 1". Great Moments in the History of Solar Physics. Archived from the original on 1 March 2006. Retrieved 2006-03-19.
  146. "Newton, Isaac encyclopaedia hutchinson".
  147. "History: Edmond Halley".
  148. "John Theophilus Desaguliers". web
  149. Watson, Fred (2007-10-01). Stargazer: the life and times of the telescope. ISBN 978-1-74175-383-7.
  150. Mr. Herschel and Dr. Watson (1781). "Account of a Comet. By Mr. Herschel, F. R. S.; Communicated by Dr. Watson, Jun. of Bath, F. R. S." (PDF). Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 71: 492–501. Bibcode:1781RSPT...71..492H. doi:10.1098/rstl.1781.0056.
  151. "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature: Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers".
  152. Ellis, Alan. "Black Holes – Part 1 – History". Retrieved 2011-01-20.
  153. "Adams, John Quincy encyclopaedia hutchinson". web
  154. "Spiral galaxies – William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse".
  155. Anderson; Hellier; Gillon; Triaud; Smalley; Hebb; Collier Cameron; Maxted; Queloz (2009). "WASP-17b: an ultra-low density planet in a probable retrograde orbit". arXiv:0908.1553 [astro-ph.EP]. web
  156. William Lassell (1799-1880) and the discovery of Triton, 1846
  157. "Continuum driven winds from super-Eddington stars. A tale of two limits". arXiv:0708.4207. Bibcode:2008AIPC..990..250V. doi:10.1063/1.2905555.
  158. "Lovell, Bernard". web
  159. "Sir Fred Hoyle".
  160. Sigman DS, Kuwabara MD, Chen CH, Bruice TW (1991). "Nuclease activity of 1,10-phenanthroline-copper in study of protein-DNA interactions". Methods in Enzymology 208: 414–33. doi:10.1016/0076-6879(91)08022-a. PMID 1779842.
  161. "Antony Hewish biography".
  162. "Luke Howard and Cloud Names". Royal Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  163. Francis Galton (1822–1911) – from Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography
  164. http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/geol/holmes.htm
  165. "A. C. Crombie, Robert Grosseteste and the Origins of Experimental Science, 1100-1700, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971), pp. 52-60."
  166. Noon, Randall (1992). Introduction to Forensic Engineering. ISBN 978-0-8493-8102-7.
  167. "Baconian method". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  168. Herbert, Christopher (2001). "Karl Pearson and the Human Form Divine," in Victorian Relativity: Radical Thought and Scientific Discovery, Chicago University Press, pp. 145–179.
  169. Oxford Biography Index. "Henry Coggeshall". Retrieved 2016-01-11.
  170. Science Museum. "Maudslay's Lord Chancellor bench micrometer". Retrieved 2016-01-11.
  171. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A311482
  172. National Rounders Association – History of the Game
  173. http://www.lookandlearn.com/blog/8721/the-worlds-oldest-horse-race/
  174. "After 300 years, the captain is bringing the Silver Arrow home". Northern Echo. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  175. The History of Tennis
  176. From Lads to Lord's: 1300 – 1600
  177. Kent News – Kent stick with tradition for Canterbury festival
  178. BBC News. "Why isn't baseball more popular in the UK?". Retrieved 2016-01-11.
  179. Adams, Stephen (2008-09-11). "Major League Baseball told their sport was invented in Surrey, not America". The Daily Telegraph (London).
  180. The National Archives. "Copy Letters: 07/09/1825". Retrieved 2016-01-11.
  181. 1 2 Encyclopedia of British Football by Richard Cox et al., Routledge, 2002 page 5
  182. http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/player/13019.html
  183. http://www.snookerclub.com/snooker.shtml
  184. "150 years Celebration-Unlocking a Power Brand". Calcutta Polo Club. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
  185. Hodges 1993, p. 2
  186. Letts, Greg. "A Brief History of Table Tennis/Ping-Pong". About.com. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
  187. http://www.etwa.org/
  188. International Federation of Netball Associations. "History of Netball". Retrieved 2008-10-13.
  189. Darts Info World. "History of Darts". Retrieved 2016-01-11.
  190. Paralympic Games – The Canadian Encyclopedia
  191. Aerial Extreme Sports (2008). History of Bungee. Retrieved on 17 October 2008.
  192. "Aviation History". accessdate =26 July 2009.
  193. "Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist)". Britannica. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
  194. 1 2 3 Noah Shachtman (2003-12-16). "The Englishman Who Wanted to Fly". Wired Magazine. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  195. http://www.flyingmachines.org/strng.html
  196. First to Fly by Thomas C. Parramore, p. 46
  197. "High hopes for replica plane". BBC News. 10 October 2001. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  198. "Southampton History". Southampton City Council. Retrieved 2016-01-11.
  199. "Frank Whittle (1907 – 1996)". BBC. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  200. "1952: Comet inaugurates the jet age". BBC News. 1952-05-02. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  201. Gordon Rayner (26 Dec 2009). "Campaign to honour Hawker Hurricane designer Sir Sydney Camm". The Telegraph (London). Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  202. "Trevithick the railway pioneer". BBC. 29 April 2009. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
  203. biography accessed 15 November 2014
  204. "British Railway Heritage - 4472 The Flying Scotsman". theheritagetrail.co.uk. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  205. Farr, Michael (1991). Thomas Edmondson and his Tickets. Andover: Author. ISBN 978-0-905033-13-6.
  206. Manby, Frederic (24 August 2009). "Clunk, click – an invention that's saved lives for 50 years". Yorkshire Post (Johnston Press Digital Publishing). Retrieved 2010-12-04.
  207. Williams, David (2010-08-19). "100 Years Of The Driving Lesson". The Daily Telegraph (London).
  208. "Traffic Controls". Exploring 20th Century London. The Museum of London. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  209. "Traffic Control and Traffic Signals". Wolverhampton City Council. Retrieved 1 July 2008.
  210. "The day Percy saw the light!".
  211. Edmonds, Carl; Lowry, C; Pennefather, John (1975). "History of diving". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal 5 (2). Retrieved 2012-11-26.
  212. Turner, Gerard, Antique Scientific Instruments, Blandford Press Ltd. 1980 ISBN 0-7137-1068-3
  213. "Traffic Controls". Manchester scientist Ernest Rutherford revealed as top secret mastermind behind sonar technology. Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 2016.
  214. http://skilt.co.uk/tag/who-designed-the-kilt/
  215. "Kilts invented by English in Lord Dacre's book". The Telegraph. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  216. "Kilt was invented by an Englishman, claims Jeremy Paxman, to Scots anger". Independent. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  217. "The circus comes to the Circus". BBC. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  218. Schechter, Joel (2001) The pickle clowns: new American circus comedy p.11. Southern Illinois University Press
  219. "Lorgnettes and folding eyeglasses". The College of Optometrists, London. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  220. Key Facts about Norwich
  221. Bacon, Richard Mackenzie (1820). "The Catch and Glee Clubs". The Quarterly musical magazine and review (London) II (VII): 328ff.
  222. http://www.sil.si.edu/ondisplay/caricatures/bio_hogarth.htm
  223. Wakefield Express (2013-02-23). "Sir David Attenborough will open city centre’s new museum". Retrieved 2014-08-24.
  224. Gray, John Edward, A Hand Catalogue of Postage Stamps for the use of the Collector, 1862, Robert Hardwicke, page viii Free download here.
  225. Frederick Walton : Oxford Biography Index entry
  226. Peterson, Robert (2003). "Marching to a Different Drummer". Scouting. Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved 2 January 2007.
  227. Wright, Melvyn. "The Bayko system". Bayko Building Site. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
  228. http://www.hilarypagetoys.com/history.php?his_id=4
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Monday, April 18, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.