List of Presidents of France

This is a list of Presidents of France. The first President of France is considered to be Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (later Napoleon III), who was elected in the 1848 election, under the French Second Republic. The current President is Francois Hollande, from 15 May 2012. He was elected in the 2012 election.

First French Republic (1792–1804)

National Convention

The National Convention (20 September 1792 – 26 October 1795) was led by a President (see List of Presidents of the National Convention); the Presidency rotated fortnightly.

From 1793 the National Convention was dominated by its sub-committee the Committee of Public Safety, in which the leading figures were Georges Danton and then Maximilien Robespierre.

Directory

The Directory was officially led by a president, as stipulated by Article 141 of the Constitution of the Year III. An entirely ceremonial post, the first president was Rewbell who was chosen by lot on 2 November 1795. The directors conducted their elections privately, with the presidency rotating every three months.^[1] The last president was Gohier.^[2]

The leading figure of the Directory was Paul Barras, the only Director to serve throughout the Directory.

Directors of the Directory (1 November 1795 – 10 November 1799)
Paul Barras	Louis-Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux	Jean-François Rewbell	Lazare Carnot	Étienne-François Letourneur
				Drawn by lot to be replaced, 1 Prairial year V (20 May 1797).
				François Barthélemy
			Barthélemy & Carnot proscribed and replaced after Coup of 18 Fructidor year V (4 Sept. 1797).
			Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai	François de Neufchâteau
				Drawn by lot to be replaced, 26 Floréal year VI (15 May 1798).
				Jean-Baptiste Treilhard
		Drawn by lot to be replaced, 27 Floréal year VII (16 May 1799).
		Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès
	Compelled to resign, 30 Prairial year VII (18 June 1799).		Compelled to resign, 30 Prairial year VII (18 June 1799).	Election annulled as irregular, 29 Prairial year VII (17 June 1799).
	Roger Ducos		Jean-François-Auguste Moulin	Louis-Jérôme Gohier
After the Coup of 18 Brumaire (9 November 1799), Barras, Ducos & Sieyès resigned. Moulin & Gohier, refusing to resign, were arrested by General Moreau.

Consulate

Provisional Consuls (10 November – 12 December 1799):

• Napoléon Bonaparte
• Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
• Roger Ducos

Consuls (12 December 1799 – 18 May 1804):

• Napoléon Bonaparte (First Consul)
• Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès (Second Consul)
• Charles-François Lebrun (Third Consul)

Napoléon Bonaparte proclaimed himself Emperor of the French in 1804, reigning as Emperor Napoleon I 1804–1814 (First French Empire) and 1815 (Hundred Days).

The French monarchy was restored 1814–1815 and 1815–1830 (Bourbon Restoration), and 1830–1848 (July Monarchy).

Second French Republic (1848–1852)

President of the Provisional Government of the Republic

• Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure (24 February 1848 – 9 May 1848)

Executive Commission

Members of the Executive Commission (10 May 1848 – 24 June 1848):

• François Arago (President of the Executive Commission)
• Alphonse de Lamartine
• Louis-Antoine Garnier-Pagès
• Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin
• Pierre Marie (de Saint-Georges)

Chief of the Executive Power

• Louis-Eugène Cavaignac (28 June 1848 – 20 December 1848)

President of the Republic

Political parties

      Bonapartist

Nº	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of Office; Electoral mandates		Political Party	Ref.
1		Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (1808–1873)	20 December 1848	2 December 1852	Bonapartist	[3]
			1848
			Nephew of Napoléon I. Elected first President of the French Republic, in the 1848 election against Louis-Eugène Cavaignac. He provoked the French coup of 1851, and proclaimed himself Emperor in 1852.

Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte proclaimed himself Emperor of the French in 1852, reigning as Emperor Napoleon III 1852–1870 (Second French Empire).

Third French Republic (1870–1940)

President of the Government of National Defense

• Louis Jules Trochu (4 September 1870 – 13 February 1871)

Chief of the Executive Power

• Adolphe Thiers (17 February 1871 – 30 August 1871) (became President on 31 August 1871)

Presidents of the Republic

Political parties

      Independent
      Moderate Monarchist
      Opportunist Republican
      Democratic Republican Alliance
      Radical-Socialist Party

Nº	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of Office		Political Party	Ref.
2		Adolphe Thiers (1797–1877)	31 August 1871	24 May 1873	Independent	[4]
			Initially a moderate monarchist, named President following the adoption of the Rivet law. He became a Republican during his term, and resigned in the face of hostility from the Assemblée nationale, largely in favour of a return to monarchy.
3		Patrice de Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta (1808–1893)	24 May 1873	30 January 1879	Moderate Monarchist	[5]
			A Marshal of France, he was the only monarchist (and only Duke) to serve as President of the Third Republic. He resigned shortly after the Republican victory in the 1877 legislative elections, following his decision to dissolve the Chamber of Deputies. During his term, the French Constitutional Laws of 1875 that served as the Constitution of the Third Republic were passed, and he therefore became the first President under the constitutional settlement that would last until 1940.
The Government of Jules Armand Dufaure deputises during the interim (30 January 1879).
4		Jules Grévy (1807–1891)	30 January 1879	2 December 1887	Opportunist Republican	[6]
			The first President to complete a full term, he was easily re-elected in December 1885. He was nonetheless forced to resign, following an honours scandal in which his son-in-law was implicated.
The Government of Maurice Rouvier deputises during the interim (2–3 December 1887).
5		Marie François Sadi Carnot (1837–1894)	3 December 1887	25 June 1894†	Opportunist Republican	[7]
			His term was marked by boulangist unrest and the Panama scandals, and by diplomacy with Russia. †Assassinated (stabbed) by Sante Geronimo Caserio a few months before the end of his mandate, he is interred at the Panthéon, Paris.
The Government of Charles Dupuy deputises during the interim (25–27 June 1894).
6		Jean Casimir-Perier (1847–1907)	27 June 1894	16 January 1895	Opportunist Republican	[8]
			Perier's was the shortest Presidential term: he resigned after six months and 20 days.
The Government of Charles Dupuy deputises during the interim (16–17 January 1895).
7		Félix Faure (1841–1899)	17 January 1895	16 February 1899†	Opportunist Republican; Progressive Republican	[9]
			Pursued colonial expansion and ties with Russia. President during the Dreyfus Affair. †Four years into his term he died of apoplexy at the Élysée Palace, allegedly in flagrante.
The Government of Charles Dupuy deputises during the interim (16–18 February 1899).
8		Émile Loubet (1838–1929)	18 February 1899	18 February 1906	Democratic Republican Alliance	[10]
			During his seven-year term, the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State was adopted, and only four Presidents of the Council succeeded to the Hôtel Matignon. He did not seek re-election at the end of his term.
9		Armand Fallières (1841–1931)	18 February 1906	18 February 1913	Democratic Republican Party	[11]
			President during the Agadir Crisis, when French troops first occupied Morocco. He was a party to the Triple Entente, which he strengthened by diplomacy. Like his predecessor, he did not seek re-election.
10		Raymond Poincaré (1860–1934)	18 February 1913	18 February 1920	Democratic Republican Party	[12]
			President during World War I. He subsequently served as President of the Council 1922–1924 and 1926–1929.
11		Paul Deschanel (1855–1922)	18 February 1920	21 September 1920	Democratic Republican and Social Party	[13]
			An intellectual elected to the Académie française, he overcame the popular Georges Clemenceau, to general surprise, in the January 1920 election. He resigned after eight months due to mental health problems.
The Government of Alexandre Millerand deputises during the interim (21–23 September 1920).
12		Alexandre Millerand (1859–1943)	23 September 1920	11 June 1924	Independent	[14]
			An "Independent Socialist" increasingly drawn to the right wing, he resigned after four years following the victory of the Cartel des Gauches in the 1924 legislative elections.
The Government of Frédéric François-Marsal deputises during the interim (11–13 June 1924).
13		Gaston Doumergue (1863–1937)	13 June 1924	13 June 1931	Radical-Socialist Party	[15]
			The first Protestant President, he took a firm political stance against Germany and its resurgent nationalism. His seven-year term was marked by ministerial discontinuity.
14		Paul Doumer (1857–1932)	13 June 1931	7 May 1932†	Radical-Socialist Party	[16]
			Elected in the second round of the 1931 election, having displaced the pacifist Aristide Briand. †Assassinated (shot) by the mentally unstable Paul Gorguloff.
The Government of André Tardieu deputises during the interim (7–10 May 1932).
15		Albert Lebrun (1871–1950)	10 May 1932	11 July 1940 (de facto)	Democratic Alliance	[17]
			Re-elected in 1939, his second term was interrupted de facto by the rise to power of Marshal Philippe Pétain.

The office of President of the French Republic did not exist from 1940 until 1947.

French State (1940–1944)

Chief of State

• Maréchal Philippe Pétain (11 July 1940 – 19 August 1944)

Provisional Government of the French Republic (1944–1946)

Chairmen of the Provisional Government

• Brigadier General Charles de Gaulle (3 June 1944 – 26 January 1946)
• Félix Gouin (26 January 1946 – 24 June 1946)
• Georges Bidault (24 June 1946 – 28 November 1946)
• Vincent Auriol (interim) (28 November 1946 – 16 December 1946)
• Léon Blum (16 December 1946 – 16 January 1947)

Fourth French Republic (1946–1958)

Presidents

Political Party:       Socialist (SFIO)       Centre-right (CNIP)

Nº	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of Office; Electoral mandates		Political Party	Ref.
16		Vincent Auriol (1884–1966)	16 January 1947	16 January 1954	French Section of the Workers' International	[18]
			1947
			First President of the Fourth Republic; his term was marked by the First Indochina War.
17		René Coty (1882–1962)	16 January 1954	8 January 1959	National Centre of Independents and Peasants	[19]
			1953
			Presidency marked by the Algerian War; appealed to Charles de Gaulle to resolve the May 1958 crisis. Following the promulgation of the Fifth Republic, he resigned after five years as President, giving way to de Gaulle.

Fifth French Republic (1958–present)

Presidents

Political Party:

      Socialist (PS)       Centrist (CD)       Republican (FNRI; PR)       Gaullist (UNR; UDR; RPR)       Gaullist/Centre-right (UMP)

Nº	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of Office; Electoral mandates		Political Party	Ref.
18		Charles de Gaulle (1890–1970)	8 January 1959	28 April 1969	Union for the New Republic (renamed Union of Democrats for the Fifth Republic in 1967)	[20]
			1958, 1965
			Leader of the Free French Forces 1940-1944. President of the Provisional Government 1944–1946. Appointed President of the Council by René Coty in May 1958, to resolve the crisis of the Algerian War. He adopted a new Constitution, thus founding the Fifth Republic. Easily elected President in the 1958 election by electoral college, he took office the following month; having modified the Presidential election procedure in the 1962 referendum, he was re-elected by universal suffrage in the 1965 election. In 1966, he withdrew France from NATO integrated military command, and expelled the American bases on French soil. Having refused to step down during the crisis of May 1968, resigned following the failure of the 1969 referendum on regionalisation.
—		Alain Poher (interim) (1909–1996)	28 April 1969	20 June 1969	Democratic Centre	[21]
			Interim President, as President of the Senate. Defeated by Georges Pompidou in the second round of the 1969 election.
19		Georges Pompidou (1911–1974)	20 June 1969	2 April 1974†	Union of Democrats for the Republic	[22]
			1969
			Prime Minister under Charles de Gaulle 1962–1968. Elected President in the 1969 election against the centrist Alain Poher. Favoured European integration. Supported economic modernisation and industrialisation. Faced the 1973 oil crisis. †Died in office of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, two years before the end of his mandate.
—		Alain Poher (interim) (1909–1996)	2 April 1974	27 May 1974	Democratic Centre	[21]
			Interim President again, as President of the Senate. Did not stand against Valéry Giscard d'Estaing in the 1974 election.
20		Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (1926–)	27 May 1974	21 May 1981	Independent Republicans (until 1977) Republican Party (from 1977) (within Union for French Democracy from 1978)	[23]
			1974
			Founder of the FNRI and later the UDF in his efforts to unify the centre-right, he served in several Gaullist governments. Narrowly elected in the 1974 election, he instigated numerous reforms, including the lowering of the age of civil majority from 21 to 18, and the legalisation of abortion. He soon faced a global economic crisis and rising unemployment. Although the polls initially gave him a lead, he was defeated in the 1981 election by François Mitterrand, partly due to the disunion within the right wing.
21		François Mitterrand (1916–1996)	21 May 1981	17 May 1995	Socialist Party	[24]
			1981, 1988
			Candidate of a united left-wing ticket in the 1965 election, he founded the Socialist Party in 1971. Having narrowly lost the 1974 election, he was finally elected in the 1981 election. He instigated several reforms (abolition of the death penalty, a fifth week of paid leave for employees). After the right-wing victory in the 1986 legislative elections, he named Jacques Chirac Prime Minister, thus beginning the first cohabitation. Re-elected in the 1988 election against Chirac, he was again forced to cohabit with Édouard Balladur following the 1993 legislative elections. He retired in 1995 after the conclusion of his second term. He was the first President elected twice by universal suffrage, he was the first left-wing President of the Fifth Republic, and his Presidential tenure was the longest of the Fifth Republic.
22		Jacques Chirac (1932–)	17 May 1995	16 May 2007	Rally for the Republic (until 2002) Union for a Popular Movement (from 2002)	[25]
			1995, 2002
			Prime Minister 1974–1976; on resignation, founded the RPR. Eliminated in the first round of the 1981 election, he again served as Prime Minister 1986–1988. Beaten in the 1988 election, he was elected in the 1995 election. He engaged in social reforms to counter "social fracture". In 1997, he dissolved the Assemblée nationale; a left-wing victory in the 1997 legislative elections, forced him to name Lionel Jospin Prime Minister for a five-year cohabitation. Presidential terms reduced from seven to five years. In 2002, he was re-elected against the leader of the extreme right-wing Jean-Marie Le Pen. Sent troops to Afghanistan, but opposed the Iraq War. He did not run in 2007, he retired from political life and returned to the Conseil constitutionnel.
23		Nicolas Sarkozy (1955–)	16 May 2007	15 May 2012	Union for a Popular Movement	[26]
			2007
			Served in numerous ministerial posts 1993–1995 and 2002–2007. Leader of the UMP since 2004. Elected in the 2007 election, defeating Ségolène Royal. Soon after taking office, he introduced the French fiscal package of 2007 and other laws to counter illegal immigration and recidivism. President of the Council of the EU in 2008, he defended the Treaty of Lisbon and mediated in the Russo-Georgian War; reintroduced France to NATO integrated military command; President of the G8 and the G20 in 2011. At national level, he had to deal with the financial crisis and its consequences. Following the 2008 constitutional reform, he became the first President since Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte to address the Versailles Congress on 22 June 2009. He introduced education and pension reforms. Sent troops to Libya (Opération Harmattan) in 2011. Defeated in the 2012 election.
24		François Hollande (1954–)	15 May 2012	Incumbent	Socialist Party	[27]
			2012
			Served as Deputy for Corrèze 1 1988–1993, 1997; and as First Secretary of the Socialist Party 1997–2008. He was Mayor of Tulle 2001–2008, and President of the Corrèze General Council 2008–2012. The second left-wing President of the Fifth Republic. Elected in the 2012 election, defeating Nicolas Sarkozy. Legalised same-sex marriage in 2013. The army intervened in Mali (Operation Serval), in the Central African Republic (Operation Sangaris), and against the Islamic State. Paris suffered terrorist attacks in January 2015 and November 2015. Hosted the 2015 UN Climate Change Conference.

See also

• List of Foreign Ministers of France
• List of Prime Ministers of France
• President of France

References

1. Cheynet, Pierre-Dominique (2013). "France: Presidents of the Executive Directory: 1795-1799". Archontology.org. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
2. Lefebvre & Soboul, p. 199.
3. "Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (1808–1873)" (in French). Official website of the French Presidency. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
4. "Adolphe Thiers (1797–1877)" (in French). Official website of the French Presidency. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
5. "Patrice de Mac-Mahon (1808–1893)" (in French). Official website of the French Presidency. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
6. "Jules Grévy (1807–1891)" (in French). Official website of the French Presidency. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
7. "Marie-François-Sadi Carnot (1837–1894)" (in French). Official website of the French Presidency. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
8. "Jean Casimir-Perier (1847–1907)" (in French). Official website of the French Presidency. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
9. "Félix Faure (1841–1899)" (in French). Official website of the French Presidency. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
10. "Emile Loubet (1836–1929)" (in French). Official website of the French Presidency. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
11. "Armand Fallières (1841–1931)" (in French). Official website of the French Presidency. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
12. "Raymond Poincaré (1860–1934)" (in French). Official website of the French Presidency. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
13. "Paul Deschanel (1855–1922)" (in French). Official website of the French Presidency. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
14. "Alexandre Millerand (1859–1943)" (in French). Official website of the French Presidency. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
15. "Gaston Doumergue (1863–1937)" (in French). Official website of the French Presidency. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
16. "Paul Doumer (1857–1932)" (in French). Official website of the French Presidency. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
17. "Albert Lebrun (1871–1950)" (in French). Official website of the French Presidency. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
18. "Vincent Auriol (1884–1966)" (in French). Official website of the French Presidency. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
19. "René Coty (1882–1962)" (in French). Official website of the French Presidency. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
20. "Charles de Gaulle (1890–1970)" (in French). Official website of the French Presidency. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
21. "Alain Poher (1909–1996)" (in French). Official website of the French Presidency. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
22. "Georges Pompidou (1911–1974)" (in French). Official website of the French Presidency. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
23. "Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (1926)" (in French). Official website of the French Presidency. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
24. "François Mitterrand (1916–1996)" (in French). Official website of the French Presidency. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
25. "Jacques Chirac (1932)" (in French). Official website of the French Presidency. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
26. "Nicolas Sarkozy (1955)" (in French). Official website of the French Presidency. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
27. "Biographie officielle de François Hollande" [Official biography of François Hollande] (in French). Official website of the French Presidency. Retrieved 15 May 2012.