List of countries by electricity consumption
This list of countries by [electric energy consumption] is mostly based on The World Factbook.[1] For informational purposes several non-sovereign entities are also included in this list with their parent state noted. In addition, the per capita data for many countries may be slightly inaccurate as population data may not be for the same year that the consumption data are. Population data were obtained from the List of countries by population in 2005, except for years other than 2005, in which case they were obtained from the Wikipedia pages for the corresponding countries/territories. Average power per capita was calculated according to the formula:[2]
- Electric power per capita [ in watt ] = Total population electricity consumption [ in MW·h/yr ] * 1,000,000/(365.25 x 24)/population.
- Electric power per capita [ in watt ] = Total population electricity consumption [ in MW·h/yr ] * 114.077116 /population.
- 1 MW·h/yr = 1,000,000 Wh/(365.25 x 24)h = 114.077116 Watt
Rank | Country | Electricity consumption (MW·h/yr) | Year of Data | Source | Population | As of | Average power per capita (watts per person) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
— | World | 19,320,360,620 | 2002-10 | all sources | 7,155,700,000 | 2014 | 313 |
001 | China | 5,463,800,000 | 2014 | National Energy Administration [3] | 1,360,720,000 | 2013 | 458 |
002 | United States | 4,686,400,000 | 2013 | US DoE | 317,848,000 | 2014 | 1683 |
— | European Union | 3,037,000,000 | 2009 | CIA | 503,492,041 | 2012 | 688 |
003 | Russia | 1,016,500,000 | 2012 | [Ministry of Energy (Russia)][4] | 146,019,512 | 2014 | 808 |
004 | India | 938,823,000 | 2014 | MOSPI[5] | 1,242,660,000 | 2014 | 101 |
005 | Japan | 859,700,000 | 2012 | CIA | 127,120,000 | 2014 | 774 |
006 | Germany | 582,500,000 | 2012 | CIA | 80,716,000 | 2013 | 861 |
007 | Canada | 524,800,000 | 2012 | CIA | 35,344,962 | 2014 | 1871 |
008 | Brazil | 483,500,000 | 2012 | CIA | 201,032,714 | 2013 | 268 |
009 | South Korea | 482,400,000 | 2012 | CIA | 50,219,669 | 2013 | 1038 |
010 | France | 451,100,000 | 2012 | CIA | 65,864,000 | 2014 | 804 |
011 | United Kingdom | 323,300,000 | 2013 | CIA | 63,705,000 | 2012 | 622 |
012 | Italy | 307,200,000 | 2012 | CIA | 60,021,955 | 2013 | 581 |
013 | Turkey | 264,136,780 | 2015 | Enerji Atlası | 78,741,053 | 2015 | |
014 | Spain | 243,100,000 | 2012 | CIA | 46,609,700 | 2013 | 645 |
015 | Taiwan | 224,300,000 | 2012 | CIA | 23,315,822 | 2012 | 1080 |
016 | South Africa | 234,200,000 | 2012 | CIA | 54,002,000 | 2014 | 495 |
017 | Mexico | 234,000,000 | 2012 | CIA | 117,409,830 | 2013 | 131 |
018 | Saudi Arabia | 231,600,000 | 2012 | CIA | 29,195,895 | 2012 | 681 |
019 | Australia | 222,600,000 | 2012 | CIA | 23,060,903 | 2013 | 1114 |
020 | Iran | 216,290,000 | 2014 | Ministry of Energy(Iran) | 77,800,000 | 2014 | 317 |
021 | Ukraine | 175,300,000 | 2012 | CIA | 44,854,065 | 2012 | 461 |
022 | Indonesia | 167,500,000 | 2012 | CIA | 247,424,598 | 2013 | 61 |
023 | Thailand | 155,900,000 | 2012 | CIA | 66,720,153 | 2011 | 225 |
024 | Poland | 139,000,000 | 2012 | CIA | 38,501,000 | 2011 | 391 |
025 | Egypt | 135,600,000 | 2012 | CIA | 84,550,000 | 2013 | 147 |
026 | Sweden | 130,500,000 | 2012 | CIA | 9,555,893 | 2012 | 1576 |
027 | Norway | 119,500,000 | 2012 | CIA | 5,063,709 | 2013 | 2603 |
028 | Netherlands | 116,800,000 | 2012 | CIA | 16,788,973 | 2013 | 764 |
029 | Argentina | 104,700,000 | 2008 | CIA | 41,737,066 | 2012 | 286 |
030 | Vietnam | 101,000,000 | 2011 | CIA | 90,388,000 | 2012 | 127 |
031 | Malaysia | 93,800,000 | 2009 | CIA | 28,334,135 | 2010 | 377 |
032 | Kazakhstan | 88,110,000 | 2011 | CIA | 16,967,000 | 2013 | 593 |
033 | Venezuela | 85,850,000 | 2011 | CIA | 28,946,101 | 2011 | 338 |
034 | Belgium | 84,780,000 | 2008 | CIA | 11,035,948 | 2012 | 876 |
035 | Finland | 83,090,000 | 2008 | CIA | 5,421,827 | 2012 | 1747 |
036 | Philippines | 77,261,000 | 2014 | Department of Energy | 103,775,517 | 2013 | 75 |
037 | Pakistan | 74,350,000 | 2010 | CIA | 186,143,000 | 2013 | 47 |
038 | United Arab Emirates | 70,580,000 | 2008 | CIA | 8,264,070 | 2010 | 974 |
039 | Austria | 65,670,000 | 2009 | CIA | 8,414,638 | 2011 | 890 |
040 | Greece | 59,530,000 | 2008 | CIA | 10,815,197 | 2011 | 627 |
041 | Czech Republic | 59,260,000 | 2010 | CIA | 10,513,209 | 2012 | 643 |
042 | Switzerland | 57,500,000 | 2009 | CIA | 8,014,000 | 2012 | 818 |
043 | Chile | 56,350,000 | 2008 | CIA | 17,402,630 | 2012 | 369 |
044 | Iraq | 55,660,000 | 2010 | CIA | 31,129,225 | 2012 | 204 |
045 | Romania | 51,460,000 | 2010 | CIA | 20,121,600 | 2013 | 315 |
046 | Portugal | 48,270,000 | 2008 | CIA | 10,581,949 | 2012 | 520 |
047 | Israel | 47,160,000 | 2008 | CIA | 8,002,300 | 2013 | 672 |
048 | Hong Kong | 43,140,000 | 2011 | CIA | 7,061,200 | 2010 | 696 |
049 | Kuwait | 42,580,000 | 2008 | CIA | 2,818,042 | 2012 | 1723 |
050 | Hungary | 42,570,000 | 2010 | CIA | 9,942,000 | 2012 | 488 |
051 | Singapore | 41,200,000 | 2010 | CIA | 5,312,400 | 2012 | 884 |
052 | Uzbekistan | 40,100,000 | 2009 | CIA | 29,559,100 | 2012 | 155 |
053 | Bangladesh | 39,100,000 | 2012 | BP[7] | 161,083,804 | 2012 | 28 |
054 | Colombia | 38,820,000 | 2008 | CIA | 47,072,915 | 2012 | 94 |
055 | New Zealand | 38,564,000 | 2012 | MBIE[8] | 4,468,200 | 2013 | 985 |
056 | Serbia | 35,500,000 | 2011 | CIA | 7,186,862 | 2011 | 563 |
057 | Peru | 34,250,000 | 2011 | CIA | 30,475,144 | 2013 | 128 |
058 | Denmark | 32,070,000 | 2010 | CIA | 5,687,591 | 2012 | 643 |
059 | Belarus | 31,070,000 | 2008 | CIA | 9,457,500 | 2012 | 375 |
060 | Algeria | 30,500,000 | 2008 | CIA | 37,900,000 | 2012 | 92 |
060 | Syria | 28,990,000 | 2008 | CIA | 22,530,746 | 2012 | 147 |
061 | Slovakia | 28,760,000 | 2010 | CIA | 5,410,836 | 2012 | 606 |
062 | Bulgaria | 28,300,000 | 2009 | CIA | 7,364,570 | 2011 | 438 |
063 | Ireland | 26,100,000 | 2011 | CIA | 4,588,252 | 2011 | 648 |
064 | Libya | 22,890,000 | 2008 | CIA | 6,202,000 | 2013 | 460 |
065 | Morocco | 21,470,000 | 2008 | CIA | 32,878,400 | 2012 | 74 |
066 | Puerto Rico | 19,460,000 | 2008 | CIA | 3,667,084 | 2012 | 605 |
067 | Croatia | 18,870,000 | 2010 | CIA | 4,284,889 | 2011 | 502 |
068 | North Korea | 18,850,000 | 2008 | CIA | 24,554,000 | 2011 | 88 |
069 | Azerbaijan | 18,800,000 | 2008 | CIA | 9,356,500 | 2013 | 229 |
070 | Qatar | 18,790,000 | 2008 | CIA | 1,903,447 | 2013 | 1125 |
071 | Nigeria | 18,140,000 | 2008 | CIA | 170,123,740 | 2012 | 12 |
072 | Tajikistan | 16,700,000 | 2009 | CIA | 7,616,000 | 2011 | 250 |
073 | Iceland | 16,480,000 | 2009 | CIA | 321,857 | 2012 | 5837 |
074 | Ecuador | 14,920,000 | 2008 | CIA | 15,223,680 | 2011 | 112 |
075 | Slovenia | 14,700,000 | 2009 | CIA | 2,055,496 | 2012 | 815 |
076 | Cuba | 14,200,000 | 2008 | CIA | 11,163,934 | 2012 | 145 |
077 | Oman | 13,250,000 | 2008 | CIA | 2,773,479 | 2010 | 545 |
078 | Turkmenistan | 13,000,000 | 2009 | CIA | 5,125,693 | 2012 | 289 |
079 | Dominican Republic | 12,870,000 | 2008 | CIA | 9,445,281 | 2010 | 155 |
080 | Tunisia | 12,490,000 | 2008 | CIA | 10,732,900 | 2012 | 136 |
081 | Zimbabwe | 12,470,000 | 2008 | CIA | 12,619,600 | 2012 | 113 |
082 | Jordan | 11,300,000 | 2008 | CIA | 6,508,887 | 2012 | 198 |
083 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 10,800,000 | 2009 | CIA | 3,839,737 | 2011 | 321 |
084 | Bahrain | 10,480,000 | 2008 | CIA | 1,234,571 | 2010 | 968 |
085 | Lithuania | 10,300,000 | 2008 | CIA | 2,966,954 | 2012 | 396 |
086 | Mozambique | 10,180,000 | 2008 | CIA | 23,929,708 | 2011 | 48 |
087 | Lebanon | 9,793,000 | 2009 | CIA | 4,224,000 | 2008 | 264 |
088 | Sri Lanka | 9,268,000 | 2010 | CIA | 20,277,597 | 2012 | 52 |
089 | Georgia | 9,256,000 | 2011 | CIA | 4,469,200 | 2011 | 236 |
090 | Republic of Macedonia | 9,024,000 | 2011 | CIA | 2,058,539 | 2011 | 500 |
091 | Paraguay | 8,500,000 | 2009 | CIA | 6,561,748 | 2011 | 148 |
092 | Costa Rica | 8,321,000 | 2009 | CIA | 4,586,353 | 2011 | 207 |
093 | Guatemala | 8,161,000 | 2011 | CIA | 15,438,384 | 2013 | 60 |
094 | Uruguay | 7,960,000 | 2011 | CIA | 3,318,535 | 2011 | 273 |
095 | Zambia | 7,614,000 | 2008 | CIA | 14,309,466 | 2012 | 61 |
096 | Kyrgyzstan | 7,474,000 | 2008 | CIA | 5,550,239 | 2010 | 154 |
097 | Estonia | 7,431,000 | 2010 | CIA | 1,286,540 | 2013 | 658 |
098 | Trinidad and Tobago | 7,246,000 | 2008 | CIA | 1,346,350 | 2011 | 614 |
099 | Albania | 6,593,000 | 2009 | CIA | 2,821,977 | 2011 | 266 |
100 | Honduras | 6,540,000 | 2009 | CIA | 8,249,574 | 2010 | 90 |
101 | Luxembourg | 6,453,000 | 2008 | CIA | 537,853 | 2013 | 1368 |
102 | Jamaica | 6,400,000 | 2008 | CIA | 2,889,187 | 2012 | 253 |
103 | Bolivia | 6,301,000 | 2011 | CIA | 10,389,913 | 2012 | 69 |
104 | Latvia | 6,215,000 | 2010 | CIA | 2,027,000 | 2012 | 350 |
105 | Ghana | 6,060,000 | 2008 | CIA | 24,200,000 | 2010 | 29 |
106 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 6,036,000 | 2008 | CIA | 75,507,308 | 2013 | 9 |
107 | Panama | 5,805,000 | 2010 | CIA | 3,661,868 | 2010 | 181 |
108 | Armenia | 5,800,000 | 2011 | CIA | 3,262,200 | 2010 | 203 |
109 | El Salvador | 5,756,000 | 2011 | CIA | 6,134,000 | 2009 | 107 |
110 | Kenya | 9,694,000 | 2012 | CIA | 43,500,000 | 2013 | 25 |
111 | Republic of Kosovo | 5,674,000 | 2011 | CIA | 1,733,872 | 2011 | 373 |
112 | Cameroon | 4,883,000 | 2008 | CIA | 19,406,100 | 2012 | 29 |
113 | Nepal | 4,883,000 | 2010 | CIA | 26,494,504 | 2011 | 21 |
114 | Yemen | 4,646,000 | 2008 | CIA | 23,833,000 | 2011 | 22 |
115 | Burma | 4,630,000 | 2008 | CIA | 60,280,000 | 2010 | 9 |
116 | Cyprus | 4,556,000 | 2008 | CIA | 838,897 | 2011 | 619 |
117 | Ethiopia | 4,591,000 | 2011 | CIA | 91,195,675 | 2012 | 6 |
118 | Montenegro | 4,100,000 | 2010 | CIA | 625,266 | 2011 | 748 |
119 | Namibia | 3,928,000 | 2008 | CIA | 2,100,000 | 2011 | 213 |
120 | Sudan | 3,787,000 | 2008 | CIA | 30,894,000 | 2008 | 14 |
— | Macau (China) | 3,660,000 | 2010 | CIA | 568,700 | 2012 | 734 |
121 | Ivory Coast | 3,584,000 | 2008 | CIA | 20,617,068 | 2009 | 20 |
122 | Tanzania | 3,431,000 | 2008 | CIA | 44,929,002 | 2012 | 9 |
123 | Mongolia | 3,375,000 | 2010 | CIA | 2,892,876 | 2013 | 133 |
124 | Angola | 3,365,000 | 2008 | CIA | 18,498,000 | 2009 | 21 |
126 | Brunei | 3,054,000 | 2008 | CIA | 408,786 | 2011 | 852 |
127 | Botswana | 2,850,000 | 2008 | CIA | 2,029,307 | 2010 | 160 |
128 | Papua New Guinea | 2,757,000 | 2008 | CIA | 6,310,129 | 2012 | 50 |
129 | Nicaragua | 2,646,000 | 2008 | CIA | 6,071,045 | 2012 | 50 |
130 | Mauritius | 2,234,000 | 2008 | CIA | 1,291,456 | 2012 | 197 |
131 | Laos | 2,230,000 | 2010 | CIA | 6,500,000 | 2012 | 39 |
132 | Malta | 1,991,000 | 2010 | CIA | 452,515 | 2011 | 502 |
133 | Uganda | 1,958,000 | 2008 | CIA | 35,873,253 | 2012 | 6 |
134 | The Bahamas | 1,907,000 | 2008 | CIA | 353,658 | 2010 | 615 |
135 | Senegal | 1,763,000 | 2008 | CIA | 12,855,153 | 2011 | 16 |
136 | New Caledonia (France) | 1,674,000 | 2008 | CIA | 252,000 | 2011 | 757 |
137 | Gabon | 1,600,000 | 2008 | CIA | 1,475,000 | 2009 | 124 |
138 | Cambodia | 1,559,000 | 2008 | CIA | 14,952,665 | 2010 | 12 |
139 | Malawi | 1,559,000 | 2008 | CIA | 16,407,000 | 2013 | 11 |
140 | Suriname | 1,440,000 | 2008 | CIA | 560,157 | 2012 | 293 |
141 | Swaziland | 1,207,000 | 2008 | CIA | 1,185,000 | 2009 | 116 |
142 | Madagascar | 1,032,000 | 2008 | CIA | 22,005,222 | 2012 | 5 |
143 | Barbados | 945,000 | 2008 | CIA | 274,200 | 2010 | 393 |
144 | Fiji | 865,800 | 2008 | CIA | 858,038 | 2012 | 115 |
145 | Guinea | 855,600 | 2008 | CIA | 10,057,975 | 2009 | 10 |
— | Aruba (Netherlands) | 846,300 | 2008 | CIA | 101,484 | 2010 | 951 |
— | United States Virgin Islands | 784,500 | 2008 | CIA | 106,405 | 2010 | 840 |
146 | Guyana | 688,000 | 2008 | CIA | 752,940 | 2010 | 104 |
147 | Burkina Faso | 683,500 | 2008 | CIA | 15,730,977 | 2010 | 5 |
148 | Togo | 671,900 | 2008 | CIA | 7,154,237 | 2013 | 11 |
149 | Benin | 653,000 | 2008 | CIA | 9,598,787 | 2012 | 8 |
— | Bermuda (United Kingdom) | 636,400 | 2008 | CIA | 64,268 | 2010 | 1129 |
— | Jersey (United Kingdom) | 630,100 | 2004 | CIA | 97,857 | 2011 | 734 |
150 | Niger | 626,000 | 2008 | CIA | 17,129,076 | 2012 | 4 |
— | French Polynesia | 623,100 | 2008 | CIA | 267,000 | 2010 | 266 |
151 | Andorra | 598,700 | 2009 | CIA | 85,082 | 2011 | 802 |
152 | Palestinian National Authority | 550,000 | 2011 | CIA | 2,124,515 | 2012 | 30 |
153 | Maldives | 542,000 | 2009 | CIA | 328,536 | 2012 | 188 |
— | Cayman Islands (United Kingdom) | 537,500 | 2008 | CIA | 54,878 | 2010 | 1117 |
154 | Republic of the Congo | 534,000 | 2008 | CIA | 4,366,266 | 2012 | 14 |
155 | Mauritania | 508,700 | 2008 | CIA | 3,359,185 | 2012 | 17 |
156 | Mali | 455,700 | 2008 | CIA | 14,517,176 | 2009 | 4 |
157 | Liberia | 311,600 | 2008 | CIA | 4,128,572 | 2011 | 9 |
158 | Haiti | 309,000 | 2010 | CIA | 9,719,932 | 2011 | 4 |
159 | Saint Lucia | 308,000 | 2008 | CIA | 173,765 | 2009 | 202 |
160 | Somalia | 293,000 | 2008 | CIA | 10,085,638 | 2012 | 3 |
159 | Burundi | 273,400 | 2008 | CIA | 8,749,000 | 2012 | 4 |
— | Faroe Islands (Denmark) | 268,800 | 2010 | CIA | 49,267 | 2011 | 622 |
161 | Djibouti | 260,400 | 2008 | CIA | 792,198 | 2012 | 37 |
162 | Seychelles | 241,800 | 2008 | CIA | 84,000 | 2009 | 328 |
— | Greenland (Denmark) | 239,400 | 2010 | CIA | 56,370 | 2012 | 484 |
163 | Cape Verde | 238,600 | 2008 | CIA | 523,568 | 2013 | 52 |
164 | Rwanda | 236,800 | 2008 | CIA | 11,689,696 | 2012 | 2 |
165 | Lesotho | 236,000 | 2008 | CIA | 2,067,000 | 2009 | 13 |
166 | Afghanistan | 231,100 | 2009 | CIA | 30,419,928 | 2012 | 1 |
167 | Eritrea | 224,900 | 2008 | CIA | 6,086,495 | 2012 | 4 |
168 | Gambia | 204,600 | 2008 | CIA | 1,782,893 | 2009 | 13 |
169 | Belize | 200,400 | 2008 | CIA | 312,698 | 2010 | 73 |
170 | Bhutan | 184,000 | 2009 | CIA | 742,737 | 2012 | 28 |
171 | Federated States of Micronesia | 178,600 | 2002 | CIA | 106,104 | 2013 | 192 |
172 | Grenada | 177,400 | 2009 | CIA | 103,328 | 2011 | 184 |
— | American Samoa (United States) | 176,700 | 2008 | CIA | 55,519 | 2010 | 363 |
— | Turks and Caicos Islands (United Kingdom) | 162,800 | 2008 | CIA | 46,400 | 2012 | 400 |
— | Gibraltar (United Kingdom) | 156,000 | 2008 | CIA | 29,752 | 2011 | 598 |
173 | Central African Republic | 148,800 | 2008 | CIA | 4,422,000 | 2009 | 4 |
174 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 122,700 | 2008 | CIA | 120,000 | 2008 | 117 |
175 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 120,900 | 2008 | CIA | 54,000 | 2013 | 269 |
176 | Antigua and Barbuda | 107,000 | 2008 | CIA | 81,799 | 2011 | 149 |
177 | Samoa | 98,580 | 2008 | CIA | 194,320 | 2012 | 58 |
178 | Chad | 93,000 | 2008 | CIA | 10,329,208 | 2009 | 1 |
179 | Equatorial Guinea | 85,560 | 2008 | CIA | 1,622,000 | 2010 | 6 |
180 | Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | 83,700 | 2008 | CIA | 301,293 | 2010 | 32 |
181 | Dominica | 80,910 | 2008 | CIA | 71,293 | 2011 | 129 |
182 | Solomon Islands | 72,540 | 2008 | CIA | 523,000 | 2009 | 16 |
183 | East Timor | 67,590 | 2011 | CIA | 1,066,582 | 2010 | 7 |
184 | Guinea-Bissau | 65,100 | 2008 | CIA | 1,647,000 | 2010 | 5 |
185 | Sierra Leone | 53,940 | 2008 | CIA | 6,000,000 | 2012 | 1 |
186 | Tonga | 52,288 | 2012 | TongaPowerLtd | 103,036 | 2011 | 58 |
— | Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France) | 49,290 | 2008 | CIA | 5,774 | 2011 | 973 |
187 | Comoros | 48,360 | 2008 | CIA | 798,000 | 2010 | 7 |
188 | British Virgin Islands | 41,850 | 2008 | CIA | 27,800 | 2012 | 172 |
189 | Vanuatu | 39,990 | 2008 | CIA | 224,564 | 2011 | 20 |
190 | São Tomé and Príncipe | 38,130 | 2008 | CIA | 183,176 | 2011 | 24 |
191 | Nauru | 29,760 | 2008 | CIA | 9,378 | 2011 | 362 |
— | Cook Islands (New Zealand) | 29,760 | 2008 | CIA | 14,974 | 2011 | 173 |
— | Montserrat (United Kingdom) | 20,460 | 2008 | CIA | 5,164 | 2012 | 452 |
192 | Kiribati | 20,460 | 2008 | CIA | 103,500 | 2010 | 23 |
— | Falkland Islands (United Kingdom) | 15,810 | 2008 | CIA | 2,932 | 2012 | 615 |
— | Saint Helena (United Kingdom) | 7,440 | 2008 | CIA | 4,255 | 2008 | 199 |
— | Niue (New Zealand) | 2,790 | 2008 | CIA | 1,398 | 2009 | 228 |
Electric energy production versus consumption
Based on the above table and the data presented in the Wikipedia article on Electricity generation the table on the right is a comparison of electric energy production versus consumption for the worlds' top 30 energy producing countries.
See also
References
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the CIA World Factbook.
- ↑ "COUNTRY COMPARISON :: ELECTRICITY - CONSUMPTION". CIA. 2013. Retrieved November 2014.
- ↑ It is interesting to compare the average electric power consumed per capita with the person's basal metabolic rate (about 65 watts), the average power obtained by a human body at rest from the food metabolism.
- ↑ http://www.askci.com/finance/2015/01/20/1013378nyi.shtml
- ↑ Схема и программа развития Единой энергетической системы России на 2013 – 2019 годы
- ↑ Energy statistics 2015 - page 48,57
- ↑ "Electricity consumption in Turkey". 2015. Retrieved April 2016.
- ↑ http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2011/STAGING/local_assets/spreadsheets/statistical_review_of_world_energy_full_report_2011.xls#'Electricity Generation '!A1
- ↑ "Energy in New Zealand". Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. September 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
External links
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