List of current NCAA Division I FBS football coaches
The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (I FBS) includes 128 teams. Each team has one head coach.[1] In addition to the head coach, most teams also have at least one offensive coordinator and defensive coordinator,[1] however, the head coach will sometimes assume one of these roles as well. Division I FBS is composed of ten conferences: American Athletic Conference (The American), Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC), Big 12 Conference, Big Ten Conference, Conference USA (C-USA), Mid-American Conference (MAC), Mountain West Conference (MW), Pac-12 Conference (Pac-12), Southeastern Conference (SEC), and the Sun Belt Conference. All schools except thee are members of one of these conferences.
As of the end of the 2015 season, following the retirement of Frank Beamer at Virginia Tech (who had been in that position since 1987), the longest-tenured head coaches in Division I FBS are Kirk Ferentz of Iowa and Bob Stoops of Oklahoma. Both began their current coaching tenures in 1999, and are also the only FBS head coaches who began their current head coaching positions before the 2000 season. Three other coaches hired after 2000 have a previous head coaching stint at their current school. Eighteen coaches took head coaching vacancies in the 2015 FBS season, and another 25 coaches have been hired to fill head coaching vacancies for the upcoming 2016 season.
Conference affiliations are current for the most recently completed 2015 season.
Coaches
School | Conference | Head coach | First season | Offensive coordinator(s) | Defensive coordinator(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cincinnati Bearcats | The American | Tuberville, TommyTommy Tuberville | 2013 | Taylor, ZacZac Taylor | Prunty, RobertRobert Prunty |
Connecticut Huskies | The American | Diaco, BobBob Diaco | 2014 | Verducci, FrankFrank Verducci | Brown, VincentVincent Brown / Anthony Poindexter |
East Carolina Pirates | The American | Montgomery, ScottieScottie Montgomery | 2016 | Petersen, TonyTony Petersen | Thompson, KenwickKenwick Thompson |
Houston Cougars | The American | Herman, TomTom Herman | 2015 | Applewhite, MajorMajor Applewhite | Naivar, CraigCraig Naivar / Orlando, ToddTodd Orlando |
Memphis Tigers | The American | Norvell, MikeMike Norvell | 2016 | Long, ChipChip Long | Ball, ChrisChris Ball |
Navy Midshipmen | The American | Niumatalolo, KenKen Niumatalolo | 2007 | Jasper, IvinIvin Jasper | Pehrson, DaleDale Pehrson |
SMU Mustangs | The American | Morris, ChadChad Morris | 2015 | Craddock, JoeJoe Craddock | Malone, VanVan Malone |
South Florida Bulls | The American | Taggart, WillieWillie Taggart | 2013 | Reaves, DavidDavid Reaves | Woodie, RaymondRaymond Woodie |
Temple Owls | The American | Rhule, MattMatt Rhule | 2013 | Thomas, GlennGlenn Thomas | Snow, PhilPhil Snow |
Tulane Green Wave | The American | Fritz, WillieWillie Fritz | 2016 | Ruse, DougDoug Ruse | Curtis, JackJack Curtis |
Tulsa Golden Hurricane | The American | Montgomery, PhilipPhilip Montgomery | 2015 | Montgomery, PhilipPhilip Montgomery | Norwood, BrianBrian Norwood / Young, BillBill Young |
UCF Knights | The American | Frost, ScottScott Frost | 2016 | Walters, TroyTroy Walters | Chinander, ErikErik Chinander |
Boston College Eagles | ACC | Addazio, SteveSteve Addazio | 2013 | Loeffler, ScotScot Loeffler | Reid, JimJim Reid |
Clemson Tigers | ACC | Swinney, DaboDabo Swinney | 2008 | Elliott, TonyTony Elliott / Scott, JeffJeff Scott | Hobby, MarionMarion Hobby / Brent Venables |
Duke Blue Devils | ACC | Cutcliffe, DavidDavid Cutcliffe | 2008 | Roper, ZacZac Roper | Albert, BenBen Albert / Knowles, JimJim Knowles |
Florida State Seminoles | ACC | Fisher, JimboJimbo Fisher | 2010 | Dawsey, LawrenceLawrence Dawsey / Randy Sanders | Kelly, CharlesCharles Kelly |
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets | ACC | Johnson, PaulPaul Johnson | 2008 | Johnson, PaulPaul Johnson | Roof, TedTed Roof |
Louisville Cardinals | ACC | Petrino, BobbyBobby Petrino | 2014[N 1] | Galloway, LonnieLonnie Galloway | Grantham, ToddTodd Grantham |
Miami Hurricanes | ACC | Richt, MarkMark Richt | 2016 | Brown, ThomasThomas Brown | Diaz, MannyManny Diaz |
North Carolina Tar Heels | ACC | Fedora, LarryLarry Fedora | 2012 | Kapilovic, ChrisChris Kapilovic | Chizik, GeneGene Chizik |
NC State Wolfpack | ACC | Doeren, DaveDave Doeren | 2013 | Drinkwitz, EliahEliah Drinkwitz | Huxtable, DaveDave Huxtable |
Pittsburgh Panthers | ACC | Narduzzi, PatPat Narduzzi | 2015 | Canada, MattMatt Canada | Conklin, JoshJosh Conklin |
Syracuse Orange | ACC | Babers, DinoDino Babers | 2016 | Lynch, MikeMike Lynch / Sean Lewis | Ward, BrianBrian Ward |
Virginia Cavaliers | ACC | Mendenhall, BroncoBronco Mendenhall | 2016 | Anae, RobertRobert Anae | Howell, NickNick Howell |
Virginia Tech Hokies | ACC | Fuente, JustinJustin Fuente | 2016 | Cornelsen, BradBrad Cornelsen | Foster, BudBud Foster |
Wake Forest Demon Deacons | ACC | Clawson, DaveDave Clawson | 2014 | Ruggiero, WarrenWarren Ruggiero | Elko, MikeMike Elko |
Baylor Bears | Big 12 | Briles, ArtArt Briles | 2008 | Briles, KendalKendal Briles | Bennett, PhilPhil Bennett |
Iowa State Cyclones | Big 12 | Campbell, MattMatt Campbell | 2016 | Manning, TomTom Manning | Heacock, JonJon Heacock |
Kansas Jayhawks | Big 12 | Beaty, DavidDavid Beaty | 2015 | Likens, RobRob Likens | Bowen, ClintClint Bowen / Kenny Perry |
Kansas State Wildcats | Big 12 | Snyder, BillBill Snyder | 2009[N 2] | Dimel, DanaDana Dimel / Del Miller | Hayes, TomTom Hayes |
Oklahoma Sooners | Big 12 | Stoops, BobBob Stoops | 1999 | Riley, LincolnLincoln Riley | Stoops, MikeMike Stoops |
Oklahoma State Cowboys | Big 12 | Gundy, MikeMike Gundy | 2005 | Yurcich, MikeMike Yurcich | Spencer, GlennGlenn Spencer |
TCU Horned Frogs | Big 12 | Patterson, GaryGary Patterson | 2000 | Cumbie, SonnySonny Cumbie / Meacham, DougDoug Meacham | Glasgow, ChadChad Glasgow |
Texas Longhorns | Big 12 | Strong, CharlieCharlie Strong | 2014 | Gilbert, SterlinSterlin Gilbert | Bedford, VanceVance Bedford |
Texas Tech Red Raiders | Big 12 | Kingsbury, KliffKliff Kingsbury | 2013 | Morris, EricEric Morris | Gibbs, DavidDavid Gibbs |
West Virginia Mountaineers | Big 12 | Holgorsen, DanaDana Holgorsen | 2011 | Wickline, JoeJoe Wickline | Gibson, TonyTony Gibson |
Illinois Fighting Illini | Big Ten | Smith, LovieLovie Smith | 2016 | McGee, GarrickGarrick McGee | Nickerson, HardyHardy Nickerson |
Indiana Hoosiers | Big Ten | Wilson, KevinKevin Wilson | 2011 | Johns, KevinKevin Johns | Allen, TomTom Allen |
Iowa Hawkeyes | Big Ten | Ferentz, KirkKirk Ferentz | 1999 | Davis, GregGreg Davis | Parker, PhilPhil Parker |
Maryland Terrapins | Big Ten | Durkin, D. J.D. J. Durkin | 2016 | Bell, WaltWalt Bell | Shafer, ScottScott Shafer |
Michigan Wolverines | Big Ten | Harbaugh, JimJim Harbaugh | 2015 | Drevno, TimTim Drevno | Brown, DonDon Brown |
Michigan State Spartans | Big Ten | Dantonio, MarkMark Dantonio | 2007 | Bollman, JimJim Bollman / Dave Warner | Barnett, HarlonHarlon Barnett / Mike Tressel |
Minnesota Golden Gophers | Big Ten | Claeys, TracyTracy Claeys | 2015 | Johnson, JayJay Johnson | Sawvel, JackJack Sawvel |
Nebraska Cornhuskers | Big Ten | Riley, MikeMike Riley | 2015 | Langsdorf, DannyDanny Langsdorf | Banker, MarkMark Banker |
Northwestern Wildcats | Big Ten | Fitzgerald, PatPat Fitzgerald | 2006 | McCall, MickMick McCall | Hankwitz, MikeMike Hankwitz |
Ohio State Buckeyes | Big Ten | Meyer, UrbanUrban Meyer | 2012 | Beck, TimTim Beck / Warriner, EdEd Warriner | Fickell, LukeLuke Fickell / Greg Schiano |
Penn State Nittany Lions | Big Ten | Franklin, JamesJames Franklin | 2014 | Moorhead, JoeJoe Moorhead | Pry, BrentBrent Pry / Tim Banks |
Purdue Boilermakers | Big Ten | Hazell, DarrellDarrell Hazell | 2013 | Malone, TerryTerry Malone | Els, RossRoss Els |
Rutgers Scarlet Knights | Big Ten | Ash, ChrisChris Ash | 2016 | Mehringer, DrewDrew Mehringer | Niemann, JayJay Niemann |
Wisconsin Badgers | Big Ten | Chryst, PaulPaul Chryst | 2015 | Rudolph, JoeJoe Rudolph | Wilcox, JustinJustin Wilcox |
Charlotte 49ers | C-USA | Lambert, BradBrad Lambert | 2013 | Mullen, JeffJeff Mullen | Wallerstedt, MattMatt Wallerstedt |
Florida Atlantic Owls | C-USA | Partridge, CharlieCharlie Partridge | 2014 | Trickett, TravisTravis Trickett | Bellantoni, RocRoc Bellantoni |
Florida International Panthers | C-USA | Turner, RonRon Turner | 2013 | Shankweiler, SteveSteve Shankweiler | House, MattMatt House |
Louisiana Tech Bulldogs | C-USA | Holtz, SkipSkip Holtz | 2013 | Fitch, ToddTodd Fitch | Baker, BlakeBlake Baker |
Marshall Thundering Herd | C-USA | Holliday, DocDoc Holliday | 2010 | Legg, BillBill Legg | Heater, ChuckChuck Heater |
Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders | C-USA | Stockstill, RickRick Stockstill | 2006 | Franklin, TonyTony Franklin | Nix, TyroneTyrone Nix |
North Texas Mean Green | C-USA | Littrell, SethSeth Littrell | 2016 | Harrell, GrahamGraham Harrell | Ekeler, MikeMike Ekeler |
Old Dominion Monarchs | C-USA | Wilder, BobbyBobby Wilder | 2009 | Scott, BrianBrian Scott | Nagy, RichRich Nagy |
Rice Owls | C-USA | Bailiff, DavidDavid Bailiff | 2007 | Edmondson, LarryLarry Edmondson / Billy Lynch | Thurmond, ChrisChris Thurmond |
Southern Miss Golden Eagles | C-USA | Hopson, JayJay Hopson | 2016 | Dawson, ShannonShannon Dawson | Pecoraro, TonyTony Pecoraro |
UTEP Miners | C-USA | Kugler, SeanSean Kugler | 2013 | Pease, BrentBrent Pease | Mason, TomTom Mason |
UTSA Roadrunners | C-USA | Wilson, FrankFrank Wilson | 2016 | Scelfo, FrankFrank Scelfo | Golding, PetePete Golding |
Western Kentucky Hilltoppers | C-USA | Brohm, JeffJeff Brohm | 2014 | Brohm, JeffJeff Brohm | Holt, NickNick Holt |
Army Black Knights | Independent | Monken, JeffJeff Monken | 2014 | Davis, BrentBrent Davis | Bateman, JayJay Bateman |
BYU Cougars | Independent | Sitake, KalaniKalani Sitake | 2016 | Detmer, TyTy Detmer | Tuiaki, IlaisaIlaisa Tuiaki |
Notre Dame Fighting Irish | Independent | Kelly, BrianBrian Kelly | 2010 | Sanford Jr., MikeMike Sanford Jr. | VanGorder, BrianBrian VanGorder |
UMass Minutemen | Independent | Whipple, MarkMark Whipple | 2014[N 3] | Whipple, MarkMark Whipple | Masella, TomTom Masella |
Akron Zips | MAC | Bowden, TerryTerry Bowden | 2012 | Milwee, AJAJ Milwee | Amato, ChuckChuck Amato |
Ball State Cardinals | MAC | Neu, MikeMike Neu | 2016 | Lynch, JoeyJoey Lynch | Daoust, TimTim Daoust |
Bowling Green Falcons | MAC | Jinks, MikeMike Jinks | 2016 | Kilmer, KevinKevin Kilmer / Andy Padron | Eilano, PerryPerry Eilano / White, MarcusMarcus White |
Buffalo Bulls | MAC | Leipold, LanceLance Leipold | 2015 | Kotelnicki, AndyAndy Kotelnicki | Borland, BrianBrian Borland |
Central Michigan Chippewas | MAC | Bonamego, JohnJohn Bonamego | 2015 | Watts, MorrisMorris Watts | Colby, GregGreg Colby |
Eastern Michigan Eagles | MAC | Creighton, ChrisChris Creighton | 2014 | DeBoer, KalenKalen DeBoer | Neathery, NealNeal Neathery |
Kent State Golden Flashes | MAC | Haynes, PaulPaul Haynes | 2013 | Treadwell, DonDon Treadwell | Needham, BenBen Needham |
Miami RedHawks | MAC | Martin, ChuckChuck Martin | 2014 | Barnett, GeorgeGeorge Barnett / Eric Koehler | Pawlowski, MattMatt Pawlowski |
Northern Illinois Huskies | MAC | Carey, RodRod Carey | 2013 | Uremovich, MikeMike Uremovich | Kane, KevinKevin Kane |
Ohio Bobcats | MAC | Solich, FrankFrank Solich | 2005 | Albin, TimTim Albin / Scott Isphording | Burrow, JimmyJimmy Burrow |
Toledo Rockets | MAC | Candle, JasonJason Candle | 2016 | Wright, BrianBrian Wright | George, BrianBrian George |
Western Michigan Broncos | MAC | Fleck, P. J.P. J. Fleck | 2013 | Ciarocca, KirkKirk Ciarocca | Pinkham, EdEd Pinkham |
Air Force Falcons | Mountain West | Calhoun, TroyTroy Calhoun | 2007 | Thiessen, MikeMike Thiessen | Russ, SteveSteve Russ |
Boise State Broncos | Mountain West | Harsin, BryanBryan Harsin | 2014 | Hill, ZakZak Hill / Huff, ScottScott Huff | Avalos, AndyAndy Avalos |
Colorado State Rams | Mountain West | Bobo, MikeMike Bobo | 2015 | Friend, WillWill Friend | English, MartyMarty English |
Fresno State Bulldogs | Mountain West | DeRuyter, TimTim DeRuyter | 2012 | Kiesau, EricEric Kiesau | Ward, LorenzoLorenzo Ward |
Hawaiʻi Rainbow Warriors | Mountain West | Rolovich, NickNick Rolovich | 2016 | Rolovich, NickNick Rolovich | Lempa, KevinKevin Lempa |
Nevada Wolf Pack | Mountain West | Polian, BrianBrian Polian | 2013 | Cramsey, TimTim Cramsey | Boone, ScottScott Boone |
New Mexico Lobos | Mountain West | Davie, BobBob Davie | 2012 | DeBesse, BobBob DeBesse | Cosgrove, KevinKevin Cosgrove |
San Diego State Aztecs | Mountain West | Long, RockyRocky Long | 2011 | Horton, JeffJeff Horton | Long, RockyRocky Long |
San José State Spartans | Mountain West | Caragher, RonRon Caragher | 2013 | Borges, AlAl Borges | English, RonRon English |
UNLV Rebels | Mountain West | Sanchez, TonyTony Sanchez | 2015 | Cotton, BarneyBarney Cotton | Baer, KentKent Baer |
Utah State Aggies | Mountain West | Wells, MattMatt Wells | 2013 | Bouknight, JovonJovon Bouknight / Wells, LukeLuke Wells | Maile, FrankFrank Maile / Shaver, KendrickKendrick Shaver |
Wyoming Cowboys | Mountain West | Bohl, CraigCraig Bohl | 2014 | Vigen, BrentBrent Vigen | Stannard, SteveSteve Stannard |
Arizona Wildcats | Pac-12 | Rodriguez, RichRich Rodriguez | 2012 | Magee, CalvinCalvin Magee / Rod Smith | Yates, MarcelMarcel Yates |
Arizona State Sun Devils | Pac-12 | Graham, ToddTodd Graham | 2012 | Lindsey, ChipChip Lindsey | Patterson, KeithKeith Patterson |
California Golden Bears | Pac-12 | Dykes, SonnySonny Dykes | 2013 | Spavital, JakeJake Spavital | Kaufman, ArtArt Kaufman |
Colorado Buffaloes | Pac-12 | MacIntyre, MikeMike MacIntyre | 2013 | Chiaverini, DarrinDarrin Chiaverini / Lindgren, BrianBrian Lindgren | Leavitt, JimJim Leavitt |
Oregon Ducks | Pac-12 | Helfrich, MarkMark Helfrich | 2013 | Lubick, MattMatt Lubick | Hoke, BradyBrady Hoke |
Oregon State Beavers | Pac-12 | Andersen, GaryGary Andersen | 2015 | McGiven, KevinKevin McGiven / Woods, T.J.T.J. Woods | Clune, KevinKevin Clune |
Stanford Cardinal | Pac-12 | Shaw, DavidDavid Shaw | 2011 | Bloomgren, MikeMike Bloomgren | Anderson, LanceLance Anderson |
UCLA Bruins | Pac-12 | Mora, Jim L.Jim L. Mora | 2012 | Polamalu, KennedyKennedy Polamalu | Bradley, TomTom Bradley |
USC Trojans | Pac-12 | Helton, ClayClay Helton | 2015 | Martin, TeeTee Martin | Pendergast, ClancyClancy Pendergast |
Utah Utes | Pac-12 | Whittingham, KyleKyle Whittingham | 2005 | Harding, JimJim Harding / Roderick, AaronAaron Roderick | Scalley, MorganMorgan Scalley |
Washington Huskies | Pac-12 | Petersen, ChrisChris Petersen | 2014 | Smith, JonathanJonathan Smith | Kwiatkowski, PetePete Kwiatkowski / Lake, JimmyJimmy Lake |
Washington State Cougars | Pac-12 | Leach, MikeMike Leach | 2012 | Leach, MikeMike Leach | Grinch, AlexAlex Grinch |
Alabama Crimson Tide | SEC | Saban, NickNick Saban | 2007 | Kiffin, LaneLane Kiffin | Pruitt, JeremyJeremy Pruitt |
Arkansas Razorbacks | SEC | Bielema, BretBret Bielema | 2013 | Enos, DanDan Enos | Smith, RobbRobb Smith |
Auburn Tigers | SEC | Malzahn, GusGus Malzahn | 2013 | Lashlee, RhettRhett Lashlee | Steele, KevinKevin Steele / McGriff, WesWes McGriff |
Florida Gators | SEC | McElwain, JimJim McElwain | 2015 | Nussmeier, DougDoug Nussmeier | Collins, GeoffGeoff Collins / Randy Shannon |
Georgia Bulldogs | SEC | Smart, KirbyKirby Smart | 2016 | Chaney, JimJim Chaney | Tucker, MelMel Tucker |
Kentucky Wildcats | SEC | Stoops, MarkMark Stoops | 2013 | Gran, EddieEddie Gran / Hinshaw, AlexAlex Hinshaw | Eliot, D.J.D.J. Eliot |
LSU Tigers | SEC | Miles, LesLes Miles | 2005 | Cameron, CamCam Cameron | Aranda, DaveDave Aranda |
Ole Miss Rebels | SEC | Freeze, HughHugh Freeze | 2012 | Luke, MattMatt Luke / Dan Werner | Jones, JasonJason Jones / Dave Wommack |
Mississippi State Bulldogs | SEC | Mullen, DanDan Mullen | 2009 | Gonzales, BillyBilly Gonzales / Hevsey, JohnJohn Hevsey | Sirmon, PeterPeter Sirmon |
Missouri Tigers | SEC | Odom, BarryBarry Odom | 2016 | Heupel, JoshJosh Heupel | Cross, DeMontieDeMontie Cross |
South Carolina Gamecocks | SEC | Muschamp, WillWill Muschamp | 2016 | McClendon, BryanBryan McClendon / Roper, KurtKurt Roper | Robinson, TravarisTravaris Robinson |
Tennessee Volunteers | SEC | Jones, ButchButch Jones | 2013 | DeBord, MikeMike DeBord | Shoop, BobBob Shoop |
Texas A&M Aggies | SEC | Sumlin, KevinKevin Sumlin | 2012 | Mazzone, NoelNoel Mazzone | Chavis, JohnJohn Chavis |
Vanderbilt Commodores | SEC | Mason, DerekDerek Mason | 2014 | Ludwig, AndyAndy Ludwig | Mason, DerekDerek Mason |
Appalachian State Mountaineers | Sun Belt | Satterfield, ScottScott Satterfield | 2013 | Ponce, FrankFrank Ponce | Woody, NateNate Woody |
Arkansas State Red Wolves | Sun Belt | Anderson, BlakeBlake Anderson | 2014 | Faulkner, BusterBuster Faulkner | Cauthen, JoeJoe Cauthen |
Georgia Southern Eagles | Sun Belt | Summers, TysonTyson Summers | 2016 | Dean, DavidDavid Dean / Gillespie, RanceRance Gillespie | Costantini, ZoZo Costantini |
Georgia State Panthers | Sun Belt | Miles, TrentTrent Miles | 2013 | Jagodzinski, JeffJeff Jagodzinski | Minter, JesseJesse Minter |
Idaho Vandals | Sun Belt | Petrino, PaulPaul Petrino | 2013 | Cinkovich, KrisKris Cinkovich | Breske, MikeMike Breske |
Louisiana-Lafayette Ragin' Cajuns | Sun Belt | Hudspeth, MarkMark Hudspeth | 2011 | Munoz, JorgeJorge Munoz | Harbison, CharlieCharlie Harbison / Smith, MelvinMelvin Smith |
Louisiana-Monroe Warhawks | Sun Belt | Viator, MattMatt Viator | 2016 | Kubik, MattMatt Kubik | Collins, MikeMike Collins |
New Mexico State Aggies | Sun Belt | Martin, DougDoug Martin | 2013 | Martin, DougDoug Martin | Spaziani, FrankFrank Spaziani |
South Alabama Jaguars | Sun Belt | Jones, JoeyJoey Jones | 2009[N 4] | Owens, RichardRichard Owens / Vincent, BryantBryant Vincent | Wommack, KaneKane Wommack |
Texas State Bobcats | Sun Belt | Withers, EverettEverett Withers | 2016 | Elliott, BrettBrett Elliott | McCray, RandallRandall McCray |
Troy Trojans | Sun Belt | Brown, NealNeal Brown | 2015 | Edenfield, KennyKenny Edenfield / Moore, MattMatt Moore | Koenning, VicVic Koenning |
See also
- List of current NCAA Division I FCS football coaches
- List of current NCAA Division I baseball coaches
- List of current NCAA Division I men's basketball coaches
- List of current NCAA Division I women's basketball coaches
- List of current NCAA Division I men's ice hockey coaches
Notes
- ↑ This is Petrino's second stint as head coach at Louisville. He had previously been head coach from 2003 to 2006.
- ↑ This is Snyder's second stint as head coach at Kansas State. He had previously been head coach from 1989 to 2005.
- ↑ This is Whipple's second stint as head coach at UMass. He had previously been head coach from 1998 to 2003.
- ↑ Jones was hired as South Alabama head coach in 2008, but the team did not begin play until 2009, and did not play its first fully competitive season until 2011.
References
- 1 2 Theismann, Joe; Tarcy, Brian (2001). "Chapter 5: Coaching: Win, Get Fired, or Go on TV". The Complete Idiot's Guide to Football (2nd ed.). Indianapolis, Indiana: Alpha Books. p. 57. ISBN 0-02-864167-1. Retrieved 2010-05-10.