List of deadly fungi

Although many people have a fear of mushroom poisoning by "toadstools", only a small number of the many macroscopic fruiting bodies commonly known as mushrooms and toadstools have proven fatal to humans.

This list is not exhaustive and does not contain many fungi that, although not deadly, are still harmful. For a less detailed list on fungi that include non-deadly poisonous species, see List of poisonous fungi.

Deadly Fungi
Fungi with significant risk of death if consumed
Scientific nameCommon nameActive AgentToxicityHabitatSimilar edible speciesPicture
Amanita arocheae
Tulloss, Ovrebo & Halling
Latin American death cap amatoxins liver Woodland (oak)
Mexico
Amanita bisporigera
G. F. Atk.
Eastern North American destroying angel amatoxins liver Woodland (pine and oak)
Eastern North America
Agaricus silvicola, Volvariella volvacea
Amanita exitialis
Zhu L. Yang & T.H. Li
Guangzhou destroying angel amatoxins[1][2] liver Deciduous woodland
Guangdong province,
China; India
Amanita magnivelaris
Peck
Great felt skirt destroying angel amatoxins[3] liver North America, Guatemala
Amanita ocreata
Peck
Western North American destroying angel (also known as Medusoid Mycelulem) amatoxins liver Woodland (oak)
Pacific Northwest
North America
Amanita phalloides
(Vaill. ex Fr.) Link
death cap α-Amanitin liver Woodland (various)
Europe, North Africa, North America, Australia (SE), New Zealand
Volvariella volvacea,
Russula virescens
Amanita lanei
Tricholoma equestre, Agaricus campestris
Amanita smithiana
Bas
smith's lepidella 2-amino-4,5-hexadienoic acid liver & kidney Woodland
Japan and Pacific Northwest
Amanita sphaerobulbosa
Hongo
Asian abrupt-bulbed Lepidella 2-amino-4,5-hexadienoic acid liver & kidney Mixed woodlands, eastern Asia
Amanita subjunquillea
S. Imai
East Asian death cap amatoxins liver Woodland
East and Southeast Asia, Japan, India
Amanita verna
(Bull.: Fr.) Lam.
Fool's mushroom amatoxins liver Woodland (various)
Europe
Agaricus arvensis
Agaricus campestris
Lycoperdon spp.
Amanita virosa
(Fr.) Bertillon
European destroying angel amatoxins liver Woodland (various)
Europe
Agaricus arvensis
Agaricus campestris
Lycoperdon spp.
Claviceps purpurea Ergot ergotamine multiple grass
Clitocybe dealbata
(Sowerby) Gillet
ivory funnel muscarine CNS grassland
Europe, North America
Marasmius oreades
Clitocybe rivulosa
(Pers.) P. Kumm.
false champignon muscarine CNS grassland
Europe, North America
Marasmius oreades
Cortinarius gentilis
(Fr.) Fr.
orellanine kidney
Cortinarius orellanus
Fries
Fool's webcap orellanine kidney Coniferous woodland
Northern Europe
Cortinarius rubellus
Cooke
deadly webcap orellanine kidney Coniferous woodland
Northern Europe
Cortinarius splendens
Rob. Henry
splendid webcap, yellow clubbed foot orellanine kidney
Galerina marginata
(Batsch) Kühner
autumn skullcap amatoxins liver Kuehneromyces mutabilis
Galerina sulciceps
(Batsch) Kühner
amatoxins liver Indonesia
Gyromitra esculenta
(Pers. ex Pers.) Fr.
false morel monomethylhydrazine multiple Coniferous woodland
Northern latitudes
Morchella spp.
Inocybe erubescens
A. Blytt
red-staining inocybe
(prev. I. patouillardii)
muscarine CNS Deciduous woodland (beech)
Europe
Calocybe gambosa,
Agaricus spp.,
Cortinarius caperatus[4]
Lepiota brunneoincarnata
Chodat & C. Martín
deadly dapperling amatoxins liver Coniferous woodland
Europe
Lepiota castanea
Quél
chestnut dapperling amatoxins liver Coniferous woodland
Europe
Lepiota helveola
Bres.
amatoxins liver Coniferous woodland
Europe
Lepiota subincarnata
deadly parasol amatoxins liver Coniferous woodland
North America
Pholiotina rugosa
(Peck) Singer
more commonly known as Conocybe filaris
amatoxins liver grassland, lawns, rich soil and compost
North America, Europe and Asia
Psilocybe spp.
Pleurocybella porrigens non-proteinogenic amino acids Liver Woodland (various)
North America, Europe and Asia
Podostroma cornu-damae
(Patouillard) Hongo & Izawa
Trichothecene mycotoxins Inhibits eukaryotic protein synthesis Japan
Trogia venenata
Zhu L.Yang, Y.C.Li & L.P.Tang
Little White Two toxic amino acids [5] Causes cardiac arrest (Yunnan Sudden Death Syndrome) Yunnan, China
Fungi where isolated deaths have been reported
Scientific nameCommon nameActive AgentToxicityHabitatSimilar edible speciesPicture
Amanita muscaria Fly agaric Muscimol, ibotenic acid CNS Northern hemisphere, coniferous and deciduous woodland Puffball
Boletus pulcherrimus
Fr.
muscarine severe gastrointestinal Woodland
Western North America
Boletus edulis
Entoloma sinuatum
(Bull.) P. Kumm.
Livid agaric unknown severe gastrointestinal Deciduous woodland
North America, Europe
Clitopilus prunulus
Calocybe gambosa
Entoloma abortivum
Hypholoma fasciculare
(Huds.:Fr.) P. Kumm.
sulfur tuft Fasciculol E severe gastrointestinal Woodland
Western North America
Armillaria mellea
Hypholoma capnoides
Lactarius torminosus
(Schaeff.) Gray
woolly milk-cap unknown severe gastrointestinal Woodland
Northern Europe
Lactarius deliciosus
Paxillus involutus
(Batsch ex Fr.) Fr.
brown roll-rim unknown, possibly glycoprotein antigen extreme autoimmune reaction with hemolysis grassland
Europe
Russula subnigricans
Hongo
cycloprop-2-ene carboxylic acid rhabdomyolysis Japan, China and North America
Tricholoma equestre
(L.) P. Kumm.
yellow knight, man-on-horseback cycloprop-2-ene carboxylic acid rhabdomyolysis woodland
Europe

See also

Footnotes

  1. Yang Z, Li T. (2001). "Notes on three white Amanitae of section Phalloideae (Amanitaceae) from China". Mycotaxon 78: 439–48. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
  2. Hu J, Chen ZH, Zhang ZG, Zhang P. (2003). "Analysis of the main amatoxins and phallotoxins in Amanita exitialis, a new species in China". Weishengwu Xuebao 43 (5): 642–46. ISSN 0001-6209.
  3. Logemann H, Argueta J, Guzmán G, Montoya Bello L, Bandala Munoz VM, De Leon Chocooj R. (1987). "A deadly poisoning by mushrooms in Guatemala". Revista Mexicana de Micologia (in Spanish) 3: 211–16. ISSN 0187-3180.
  4. Zeitlmayr L. (1976). Wild Mushrooms:An Illustrated Handbook. Hertfordshire: Garden City Press. p. 77. ISBN 0-584-10324-7.
  5. Zhou, Z. Y.; Shi, G. Q.; Fontaine, R.; Wei, K.; Feng, T.; Wang, F.; Wang, G. Q.; Qu, Y.; Li, Z. H.; Dong, Z. J.; Zhu, H. J.; Yang, Z. L.; Zeng, G.; Liu, J. K. (2012). "Evidence for the Natural Toxins from the Mushroom Trogia venenata as a Cause of Sudden Unexpected Death in Yunnan Province, China". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 51 (10): 2368–2370. doi:10.1002/anie.201106502. PMID 22287497.
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