List of manned spacecraft

This is a list of Human spaceflight types, including space stations, sorted by nation and series in chronological order. Canceled programs are listed at the end.

Comparison

Scaled comparison of manned spacecraft, including names, manufacturers, and dates of operation

Current human spacecraft

Soyuz-TMA spacecraft

Shenzhou spacecraft

Orbital

Russian

• Soyuz (1967–present) 3 person Earth orbital;^[1] fourth and fifth generations continued operation by Russian Federation. 128 crewed spaceflights (including 1 sub-orbital) as of April 2016. 2 accidental crew losses.

Chinese

• Shenzhou (2003–present) 3 person Earth orbital craft. 5 flights as of April 2016.

Space stations

International Space Station

• International Space Station (2000–present) Unmanned initial assembly 1998-2000

Former human spacecraft

Orbital

Soviet/Russian

Apollo 17 spacecraft

• Vostok (1961–1963) single-person Earth orbital craft^[2] 6 flights.
  • Voskhod (1964–1965) 2 or 3 person Vostok derivative^[3] 2 flights.

American

• Mercury spacecraft (1961–1963) single-person Earth orbital craft^[4]6 flights (including 2 sub-orbital).
• Gemini spacecraft (1965–1966) 2 person Earth orbital craft^[5]10 flights.
• Apollo spacecraft (1968-1975) 15 flights; including 9 lunar missions (with 6 lunar landings).
  • Command/Service Module (1968–1975) 3 person Earth and lunar orbital craft^[6]
  • Lunar Module (1969–1972) 2 person lunar lander^[7]
• Space Shuttle (1981–2011) 8 person Earth orbital craft; first orbit-capable spaceplane; first partially reusable orbital spacecraft. 135 flights were made in 5 shuttles, of which 2 were accidentally destroyed and crews lost.

Suborbital

• X-15 (1963) single seat, air-launched spaceplane; two X-15 flights above the Kármán line occurred in 1963^[8]
• SpaceShipOne (2004) single seat, air-launched spaceplane; three flights above the Kármán line occurred in 2004.

Space stations

• Salyut series (1971–1991)^[9]Salyut's 1, 4, 6, and 7.
• Skylab (1973–1974) Three crews. De-orbited 1979.
• Almaz series (1973–1977) Military reconnaissance stations. Badged as Salyut 2, 3 and 5 as disinformation.
• Mir (1986–2000) 28 crews. De-orbited 2001.
• Tiangong 1 (2011–2012) 2 crews. Still in orbit but will not receive any further crews.

In development

Orbital

Orion ground test article

Dragon spacecraft during an uncrewed cargo mission to the ISS

American

• SpaceX's Dragon V2 - 7 person Earth orbital craft - 1st crewed flight planned for August 2017.^[10]
• Boeing's CST-100 Starliner - 7 person Earth orbital craft - 1st crewed flight planned for October 2017^[11]
• NASA's Orion - 4 person beyond Earth orbit craft ^[12] - 1st crewed flight planned for 2023. ^[13]
• Sierra Nevada's Dream Chaser - 7 person Earth orbital space plane^[14]
• Blue Origin's orbital spacecraft^[14]

Russian

• Federatsiya - 4 person Lunar capable craft - 1st crewed flight planned for 2024^[15]

Indian

• ISRO Orbital Vehicle^[16]

Iranian

• Iranian manned spaceship project^[17]

British

• Skylon unpiloted reusable space plane with possible Passenger Module (engine in development)^[18]

Suborbital

SpaceShipTwo with mothership in hangar

American

• Blue Origin's New Shepard - crewed flight planned for 2017.^[19]
• Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo^[20]
• XCOR Aerospace's Lynx^[21]

Space Stations

• Tiangong-2 - Chinese aim to launch in Q3 2016.^[22]

Proposed

American

• Golden Spike Company's Flyer (lunar)

European

• Advanced Re-entry Vehicle (ARV) 4 person spacecraft (orbital)^[23]
• ESA's Crew Space Transportation System (orbital)
• Mars One's Transit Living Module and Human Lander (Martian)

Japanese

• JAXA's HTV-R (orbital)

American

• The Spaceship Company's SpaceShipThree (suborbital)
• Masten Space Systems' O Series (orbital)
• Masten Space Systems' XL Series (orbital/lunar)

Canadian

• DreamSpace Group's XF1 (suborbital)^[24]

Cancelled

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

• Space Transportation System (1976 - 2011, all elements canceled, except the Space Shuttle, which took the name)
• VentureStar, Lockheed Martin X-33 demonstrator (canceled 2001) single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) shuttle
• Altair Lunar Surface Access Module for Constellation program

Joint NASA / United States Air Force

• Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar (canceled 1963) winged orbital space plane, launched by Titan 3
• Manned Orbiting Laboratory + Gemini-B spacecraft (canceled 1969)
• Rockwell X-30 or National AeroSpace Plane (canceled 1993) to be used as a hypersonic transport plane or as a single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) shuttle

Joint NASA / European Space Agency (ESA)

• X-38 (canceled 1999) lifting body crew-rescue vehicle for ISS

Soviet space program

• Soyuz 7K-VI Zvezda^[25] (1962-1968; military researching ship)
• Soyuz 7K-L1 (1967–1970) part of the abandoned Soviet manned lunar flyby program
• Soyuz L3 spacecraft (late 1960s to early 1970s); part of the abandoned Soviet manned lunar landing program (The LOK would carry two cosmonauts into orbit around the Moon, acting as "mother" spacecraft for the LK Lander, which would land one member of the crew to the surface)
  • Soyuz 7K-L3 (LOK) 2 person lunar orbital craft
  • LK Lander Module single-pilot lunar lander
• Spiral-EPOS (also known as EPOS – Russian acronym for Experimental Passenger Orbital Aircraft – canceled 1976)^[26]
• Shuttle Buran (1976-1988) canceled after one unmanned orbital flight^[27]
• Strelec (Archer; 1979 - 1991) universal military 3 person spaceship - tank, which was created within the project of cosmical complex Sapfir (Sapphire, project canceled)^[28]
• Zarya (project canceled 1989)
• MAKS (project canceled 1991)

Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA)

• Kliper (government funding canceled 2006)

European Space Agency (ESA)

• Hermes (project cancelled 1992)
• Hopper (project cancelled)
• ATV evolution (project not adopted)

Space stations

• Columbus-MTFF (project cancelled 1991)

China National Space Administration (CNSA)

• Shuguang (project cancelled 1972)
• FSW (unmanned flights only; manned program cancelled)

UK

• HOTOL (funding withdrawn 1986)
• HOTOL 2 (rejected 1991)

Japan

National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA)

• HOPE-X (project cancelled 2003)
• Fuji (project not adopted)

Other Japan

• Kankoh-maru (proposed)

Notes

1. Gatland, pp.148-165
2. Gatland, pp.109-115
3. Gatland, pp.131-113
4. Gatland, pp.148, 151-165
5. Gatland, pp.166-185, 266-275
6. Gatland, pp.190, 278-280
7. Gatland, pp.191, 207, 283, 284
8. Long, Tony (2007-07-19). "July 19, 1963: Cracking the 100-Kilometer-High Barrier ... in a Plane". Advance Publications. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
9. Gatland, pp.229-246
10. http://spaceflights.news/?p=15604
11. http://spaceflights.news/?p=1560
12. "Orion Quick Facts" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
13. http://www.space.com/30560-nasa-orion-space-capsule-crewed-launch-delay.html
14. Ferster, Warren (2011-04-18). "NASA Announces CCDev 2 Awards". Imaginova Corp. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
15. http://www.russianspaceweb.com/ptk-2015.html
16. http://www.bangaloremirror.com/bangalore/others/Indias-manned-space-mission-not-in-near-future-or-never/articleshow/50034034.cms
17. http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Too_Ambitious_to_be_True_Iran_Plans_to_Send_Humans_to_Space_by_2016_999.html
18. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3359967/Spaceplanes-vs-super-rockets-Expert-reveals-win-battle-cheap-space.html
19. http://news.discovery.com/space/private-spaceflight/inside-jeff-bezos-secret-rocket-factory-160311.htm
20. http://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/19/us/virgin-galactic-new-space-plane/
21. http://aerospace.xcor.com/reusable-launch-vehicles/lynx-spacecraft/
22. http://www.techtimes.com/articles/137291/20160229/china-prepares-to-launch-second-space-lab-tiangong-2-into-orbit-in-2016.htm
23. "printer friendly page ATV evolution: Advanced Reentry Vehicle (ARV)". European Space Agency. 2010-03-25. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
24. "Canadian space flight dreams live on". CBC News.

References

• Gatland, Kenneth (1976). Manned Spacecraft (2nd ed.). New York City: MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc. ISBN 0-02-542820-9.